Nicotine & Tobacco Research最新文献

{"title":"The display and advertising of roll-your-own tobacco at points-of-sale in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru.","authors":"Emilia Elicabe, María Belén Arnaudo, Crawford Moodie, Catherine Best, Georgia Alexandrou, Raúl Mejia","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntaf002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>While roll-your-own tobacco consumption is highest in Europe, increased sales are reported in Latin America. We are unaware of any research that explores the display and advertising of roll-your-own tobacco in this region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational study was conducted at tobacco-selling points-of-sale (N=2,081) near schools in cities in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru between April and July 2023. In each of the 16 cities (four per country) schools were randomly selected and stratified according to neighbourhood socioeconomic status, with all points-of-sale located in pre-established routes around schools observed. A codebook was used to assess the display of roll-your-own tobacco and accessories (i.e. rolling papers and filters) and the presence of advertising for these products. Logistic regressions were employed to estimate the association between the display of roll-your-own tobacco and accessories (defined as being visible at the point-of-sale) and type of point-of-sale, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, and city.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Apart from a single store in Guatemala, roll-your-own tobacco and accessories were only observed in Argentina, at 110 (21.5%) points-of-sale. In Argentina, roll-your-own tobacco and accessories were more likely to be displayed in convenience and neighbourhood stores compared to kiosks, in high and middle socioeconomic neighbourhoods compared to low socioeconomic neighbourhoods, and in Cordoba and Santa Rosa than in Quilmes and San Salvador de Jujuy. Advertising for RYO tobacco (1.8%) and accessories (3.1%) at POS was uncommon.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides insight into roll-your-own tobacco penetration in multiple Latin American countries, finding that the display of this product is largely restricted to Argentina.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Increasing sales of roll-your-own tobacco have been reported in Latin America. Despite this, there is limited academic research on the consumption of roll-your-own tobacco in this region and no research on its presence at the point-of-sale. This study provides insight into roll-your-own tobacco and accessories penetration in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, finding that display of this product at points-of-sale is generally limited to Argentina. Continued monitoring of the display and marketing of this product is needed across these countries. Research in Argentina exploring how roll-your-own tobacco and accessories are perceived by smokers and young people would be of value.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal patterns in smoking abstinence in trials of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation: secondary analysis of data from a systematic review, with meta-analyses.","authors":"Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, Jazmine Chan, Eliza Zhitnik, Francesca Pesola, Peter Hajek, Nicola Lindson","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We set out to better understand patterns of smoking abstinence and relapse in trials of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Secondary analysis of studies from a Cochrane review. Studies had to test any type of e-cigarette intervention for smoking cessation. They had to follow-up for at least 6 months and report either: abstinence at multiple time points; abstinence using multiple definitions; relapse. We narratively synthesized data and conducted meta-analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 15 studies (n=7,233 participants). Using the Cochrane risk of bias tool v1, 5 were judged to be at high risk of bias, 8 were at low risk, and 2 at unclear risk. Absolute continuous abstinence rates tended to decline over time, but varying slopes. For absolute point prevalence abstinence, three studies demonstrated a shallow decline over time, two a steep decline, and three the opposite - an increase in abstinence over time. Data on relative abstinence rates (e-cigarettes versus control) were mixed. There were multiple instances of differences between point prevalence and continuous/sustained abstinence rates, both in trajectories over time and in terms of relative abstinence. The few studies addressing relapse highlighted mixed demographic and behavioural characteristics associated with relapse rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Smoking trajectories vary between trials of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Risk ratios may not be stable over time and may increase or decrease in favor of e-cigarettes depending on the study. Further data are needed, especially on relapse rates in early quitters who use e-cigarettes versus those who use other or no stop-smoking aids.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>While some have posited e-cigarettes might increase smoking relapse when used as a cessation tool, others have posited that combustible cigarette quit rates may increase over time in the same studies due to 'accidental quitting'. We set out to investigate this empirically and found considerable variation in smoking trajectories in e-cigarette trials. Data suggest risk ratios may not be stable over time and may increase or decrease in favor of e-cigarettes depending on the study. Further data are needed, especially on relapse rates in early quitters who use e-cigarettes versus those who use other or no stop-smoking aids.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy Interacts with Genetic Factors to Increase Risk for Low Birth Weight but not Harmful Offspring Smoking Behaviors in Europeans.","authors":"Pamela N Romero Villela, Kristen M Kelly, Jared V Balbona, Marissa A Ehringer, Matthew C Keller","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pregnant individuals who smoke face increased health risks because smoking harms both the mother and their developing offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using 307 417 Europeans from the UK Biobank, we examined whether exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSP) interacts with genetic risk to predict offspring birth weight (BW) and smoking behaviors. We investigated interactions between MSP and genetic risk at multiple levels: single variant, gene-level, and polygenic score. We examined self-reported BW, smoking initiation status (SI), age of smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, and smoking cessation status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One locus tagged by SNP rs72689499 on chromosome 14 reached significance for an interaction with MSP on the multiplicative (log10) scale for BW (p = 5.13x10-9). In gene-level testing, three genes on chromosome 1 and one gene on chromosome 14 reached significance for an interaction with MSP on both the additive and multiplicative scale for BW. These genes include: PTCH2, EIF2B3, PLK3, and TSHR. SNP and gene-level results were insignificant for all offspring smoking behaviors. We also detected an interaction between polygenic risk for smoking and MSP on SI on both the additive (p = 4.4x10-5) and multiplicative (p = 1.0x10-5) scale. We found evidence of gene-environment correlation in the polygenic risk analysis using a post-hoc t-test which showed that MSP-exposed offspring had a higher SI PGS than those unexposed to MSP (p = 5.9x10-623).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results support the main effect of MSP on BW and show a genetic interaction between MSP and genetic factors influencing BW.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>We detected interactions between maternal smoking and genetic factors to influence birth weight; these interactions were detectable at both the SNP and gene level. Many of the genes detected to interact with maternal smoking to influence birth weight have other reported associations with height or smoking-related traits. For smoking initiation, we detected a negative interaction between maternal smoking and polygenic risk, as well as evidence of gene-environment correlation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142896479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Philip Morris International's attempts to influence science and policy in Japan.","authors":"Sophie Braznell, Louis Laurence, Iona Fitzpatrick, Anna Gilmore","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142886092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco susceptibility and use among rural adolescents: The role of tobacco marketing exposure and screen media use.","authors":"Sunny Jung Kim, Kendall Fugate-Laus, Jeremy Barsell, Elizabeth K Do, Rashelle B Hayes, Bernard F Fuemmeler","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tobacco marketing has been found to increase pro-tobacco attitudes and susceptibilities; yet its impact on rural adolescents lacks research. We aim to examine the association between tobacco marketing exposure, screen use, and susceptibility and use of tobacco among a rural youth sample.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Youth (N = 697) enrolled in grades 9-11 that resided in rural counties in Virginia were recruited to participate in a survey in September 2022. We assessed demographics, tobacco use, susceptibility to tobacco use, screen media use, and exposure to tobacco marketing and warning messages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One in five (n= 144, 20.66%) participants reported using any tobacco products and 394 (56.53%) indicated susceptibility. High engagement in social media and texting were more likely to be tobacco ever-users than those who had low engagement with those screen media, X2(1) = 12.00 and X2(1) = 19.40, respectively (ps <.001). Greater exposure to pro-tobacco marketing on social media (OR: 2.03, 95% CI [1.37 - 3.03]) and higher-grade level (OR: 1.77, 95% CI [1.29 - 2.43]) were significantly associated with a greater likelihood of reporting \"ever-use\" of tobacco products, while controlling for mother's education, gender, and ethnicity. Among adolescents who never used tobacco products, a higher-grade level was associated with greater susceptibility to initiating tobacco product use (OR: 1.40, 95% CI [1.05 - 1.86]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this rural sample, greater social media/text use and exposure to pro-tobacco marketing on social media were significantly associated with tobacco ever use. Identification of these risk factors can help inform potential targets and timing for future tobacco prevention campaigns for rural youth.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Screen media use, tobacco marketing/warning exposure, and their associations with tobacco use and susceptibility were examined in a study with 697 rural Virginia youth. Heavy socia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"E-Cigarette Use, Cigarette Smoking, and Sex Are Associated With Nasal Microbiome Dysbiosis.","authors":"Elise Hickman, Cristian Roca, Bryan T Zorn, Meghan E Rebuli, Carole Robinette, Matthew C Wolfgang, Ilona Jaspers","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae176","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Previous research suggests that e-cigarettes can alter immune function, including in the nasal mucosa, in unique ways. The respiratory microbiome plays a key role in respiratory host defense, but the effects of e-cigarettes on the respiratory or nasal microbiome, are not well understood.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing on nasal samples from adult e-cigarette users, smokers, and nonsmokers, we determined that e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking are associated with differential respiratory microbiome dysbiosis and substantial sex-dependent differences in the nasal microbiome, particularly in e-cigarette users.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Staphylococcus aureus, a common respiratory pathogen, was more abundant in both e-cigarette users and smokers in comparison with nonsmokers, while Lactobacillus iners, often considered a protective species, was more abundant in smokers but less abundant in e-cigarette users in comparison with nonsmokers. In addition, we identified significant dysbiosis of the nasal microbiome between e-cigarette users and smokers with high versus low serum cotinine levels, an indicator of tobacco product use and toxicant exposure. We also analyzed nasal lavage fluid for immune mediators associated with host × microbiota interactions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our analysis identified disruption of immune mediators in the nose of e-cigarette users and smokers, which is indicative of disrupted respiratory mucosal immune responses. Taken together, our data identified unique, sex-dependent host immune dysfunction associated with e-cigarette use in the nasal mucosa. More broadly, our data highlight the need for continued inclusion and careful consideration of sex as an important variable in the context of toxicant exposures.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This is the first study investigating the effects of e-cigarette use and sex on the nasal microbiome, which is considered an important gatekeeper for protecting the lower respiratory tract from pathogens. We found significant sex, exposure group, and serum cotinine level-associated differences in the composition of the nasal microbiome, demonstrating the importance of considering sex in future nasal microbiome studies and warranting further investigation of the mechanisms by which e-cigarette use dysregulates nasal immune homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"114-124"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11663808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141634089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Activation mHealth Application for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.","authors":"Jaimee L Heffner, Edit Serfozo, Kelsey Baker, Melissa Gasser, Noreen Watson, Stacey B Daughters, Elisardo Becoňa, Jennifer B McClure","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae137","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Behavioral activation (BA) is an effective intervention for both depression and substance use disorders. Combining BA with a standard smoking cessation intervention may improve quit rates by addressing depressive symptoms, a key barrier to quitting. This study preliminarily evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of the BA-based Actify! mobile health application (mHealth app) for smoking cessation.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (n = 242) comparing Actify! with the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) app for smoking cessation (QuitGuide) on acceptability (user satisfaction, app openings), smoking abstinence, and mechanisms of change (BA and depressive symptoms) at 8 weeks and 6 months postrandomization. Participants were US adults recruited online who smoked daily.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Treatment satisfaction was uniformly higher in the Actify! arm. Number of app openings was similar across arms (M = 34.3 openings over 8 weeks in both arms). Self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA) at 8 weeks was 12.6% for Actify! versus 7.3% for QuitGuide. Differences in 30-day PPA continued through 6 months (18.5% for Actify! vs. 12.2% for QuitGuide). Changes between baseline and 8 weeks in depressive symptoms and BA favored Actify!. Planned subgroup analyses suggested greater benefit of Actify! among participants with pretreatment mild-to-moderate depression symptom severity compared to those with no depression symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Actify! showed considerable promise as a novel mHealth treatment, as evidenced by its high usage and higher user satisfaction and quit rates than QuitGuide at both short- and long-term follow-up. The next step is to evaluate Actify! in a fully powered efficacy trial.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Study findings demonstrate the promise of a BA-based mobile health app (Actify!) for smoking cessation as a population-level intervention that can effectively address depressive symptoms as a risk factor for worse smoking treatment outcomes. The Actify! app is the first standalone BA-based app to demonstrate potential for improved acceptability and efficacy relative to a standard care comparison app, with user satisfaction and smoking quit rates descriptively exceeding those of the NCI's QuitGuide app.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"18-27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11663802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141284365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco Taxation in Spain: A Tax Laggard With a Brighter Possible Future.","authors":"Ángel López-Nicolás, J Robert Branston, Hana Ross","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae162","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In recent years tobacco taxation in Spain has regressed, with its Tobacconomics tax scorecard falling from 3.9 points (out of 5) in 2014, to only 2.625 in 2020. The objective of this research is to provide a detailed analysis of the causes behind this deterioration and identify possible ways forward for reversing this trend.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>A retrospective 2014-2022 analysis of manufactured cigarettes (FM) and roll-your-own tobacco (RYO) markets including tax structure/rates, affordability, retail price gaps across products, and price differentials with bordering countries. A market-level simulation model for 2028 studied the impact of various tax policy scenarios on smoking prevalence, premature deaths averted, smoking intensity, product substitution, government revenue, sales, and industry profit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A lack of tax increases in a context of inflation and income growth during the past 8 years means FM and RYO have become 13% more affordable, with a constant differential of €2 between 20 FM and RYO sticks, and the price gap between Spain and neighboring France increased. Modeling of two realistic reform scenarios that reduce/eliminate the price gap between FM and RYO suggest substantial increases in government revenues and up to 700 000 fewer smokers and 210 000 fewer premature deaths.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current European Union (EU) legislation on tobacco taxes leaves ample room for much-needed tobacco tax reform. For the sake of both public health and the economy, Spain should increase its Minimum Excise Tax. This would not only save lives, but also bring much-needed revenue for the government.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>The stance of Spain on tobacco taxes has deteriorated recently. This study argues that the failure of successive governments to raise minimum taxes in an inflationary context has made tobacco products more affordable, and quantifies the improvements in smoking prevalence and excise revenue that would accrue if the authorities act urgently increasing rates within realistic limits. Spain is representative of European countries where government inaction has rendered minimum tobacco taxes obsolete. Given the postponement of the revision of the EU Tobacco Tax Directive, this study highlights the need to act unilaterally within the existing legal framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Extent of Illicit Cigarette Sales in Five Rural Districts of Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"S M Abdullah, Saeed Ansaari, Melanie Boeckmann, Amina Khan, Kamran Siddiqi","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae155","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Illicit Tobacco Trade (ITT) subverts tobacco control efforts. Cigarette packs sold without legal health warnings undermine efforts to warn the public about the dangers of tobacco. Furthermore, cigarettes sold below minimum retail prices are indicative of tax evasion leading to revenue loss and budgetary deficits in high tobacco-burden economies. The extent of the ITT in rural areas of such countries might differ from urban. We estimated the extent of illicit cigarette sales in selected rural areas of Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>We analyzed cigarette packs collected from 85 villages in Pakistan as part of a cross-sectional consumer survey of 2550 rural households. We classified cigarette packs as noncompliant if these were missing: A text health warning, pictorial health warning (PHW), underage sale prohibition warning, retail price, or manufacturer details. To measure the extent of tax evasion, we estimated the proportion of packs purchased below the legal minimum retail price.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 35% (429/1228) of rural smokers were able to show their cigarette packs. Out of these, 89% (382/429) of packs were noncompliant with the cigarette packaging and labeling laws. In rural areas, 83% (357/429) of packs did not have PHW and 33.8% (145/429) did not have printed retail prices. Among all packs, 41% (177/429) were purchased below the minimum retail price of 63 Pakistani Rupees and hence highly likely to have evaded taxes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found a very high previously unreported proportion of noncompliant cigarette packs in selected rural areas of Pakistan indicating weaker implementation of tobacco control laws in rural areas.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This paper presents previously unreported estimates of the share of illicit cigarette sales in rural areas of Pakistan. Most packs (89%) in our sample were noncompliant with the packaging and labeling regulations and a significant proportion (41%) were purchased below the minimum price. The extent of illicit tobacco was found to be far greater in rural than in urban areas of Pakistan. Taking advantage of poor law enforcement, the tobacco industry may be complicit in flooding the rural markets with illegal and cheap cigarettes. Given this disparity, law enforcement authorities must focus on rural areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"143-147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11663807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141616940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to 2 papers to add an additional interest disclosure.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae236","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae236","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142471011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}