Neuropsychobiology最新文献

{"title":"Heartbeat-Evoked Potential in Major Depressive Disorder: A Biomarker for Differential Treatment Prediction between Venlafaxine and rTMS?","authors":"Lauren Zwienenberg,&nbsp;Hanneke van Dijk,&nbsp;Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert,&nbsp;Nikita van der Vinne,&nbsp;Richard Gevirtz,&nbsp;Evian Gordon,&nbsp;Alexander T Sack,&nbsp;Martijn Arns","doi":"10.1159/000529308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000529308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Currently, major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment plans are based on trial-and-error, and remission rates remain low. A strategy to replace trial-and-error and increase remission rates could be treatment stratification. We explored the heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) as a biomarker for treatment stratification to either antidepressant medication or rTMS treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two datasets were analyzed: (1) the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D; n = 1,008 MDD patients, randomized to escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine, and n = 336 healthy controls) and (2) a multi-site, open-label rTMS study (n = 196). The primary outcome measure was remission. Cardiac field artifacts were removed from the baseline EEG using independent component analysis (ICA). The HEP-peak was detected in a bandwidth of 20 ms around 8 ms and 270 ms (N8, N270) after the R-peak of the electrocardiogram signal. Differences between remitters and non-remitters were statistically assessed by repeated-measures ANOVAs for electrodes Fp1, Cz, and Oz.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the venlafaxine subgroup, remitters showed a lower HEP around the N8 peak than non-remitters on electrode site Cz (p = 0.004; d = 0.497). The rTMS group showed a non-significant difference in the opposite direction (d = -0.051). Retrospective stratification to one of the treatments based on the HEP resulted in enhanced treatment outcome prediction for venlafaxine (+22.98%) and rTMS (+10.66%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data suggest that the HEP could be used as a stratification biomarker between venlafaxine and rTMS; however, future out-of-sample replication is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":"82 3","pages":"158-167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9569274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Buffering Effects during Craft Activities in Parallel Group Session Revealed by EEG Analysis and Parasympathetic Activity.","authors":"Junya Orui,&nbsp;Keigo Shiraiwa,&nbsp;Fumie Tazaki,&nbsp;Takao Inoue,&nbsp;Masaya Ueda,&nbsp;Keita Ueno,&nbsp;Yasuo Naito,&nbsp;Ryouhei Ishii","doi":"10.1159/000531005","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000531005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The therapeutic structure of occupational therapy (OT) includes groups. Although the presence of others is expected to be relaxing due to the social buffering effect and the tend and befriend theory, it has not been sufficiently validated in accordance with the therapeutic structure of OT. The aim of this study was to investigate the electrophysiological evidence for the effectiveness of parallel groups and states of concentration on craft activities used in OT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty healthy young adults were used as controls to measure EEG and autonomic activity during craft activities in three conditions: alone, parallel, and nonparallel. EEG was analyzed using exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography, and autonomic activity was analyzed using Lorenz plot analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Parasympathetic activity was significantly higher in the parallel condition than in the alone condition. A significant negative correlation was found between current source density and parasympathetic activity in the region centered on the right insular cortex in the α1 band, and functional connectivity in regions including the anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex was associated with autonomic activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Craft activities that occurred during frontal midline theta rhythm also increased parasympathetic activity. The results suggest that the parallel groups used in OT and the intensive state of craft activities induce a social buffering effect that increases parasympathetic activity despite the absence of physical contact or social support. This provides evidence for the effectiveness of the therapeutic structure of occupational activities and groups in OT.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"287-299"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10614439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10028099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender-Related Differences in the Relationship between Homovanillic Acid in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Clinical Symptoms in Suicide Attempters.","authors":"Sofie Westling,&nbsp;Livia Ambrus","doi":"10.1159/000529803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000529803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Decreased dopaminergic activity - as reflected by lower levels of the major metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - may be involved in the pathophysiology of attempted suicide. An inverse association has also been found between dopaminergic activity and clinical symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-suicidal individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between CSF-HVA and clinical symptoms associated with an increased risk of suicide in individuals who attempted suicide.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ninety-five people (52 women; 43 men) who had recently attempted suicide received lumbar punctures to analyse levels of HVA in the CSF. They were also evaluated with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale, from which scores on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Brief Scale of Anxiety (BSA), and an item on suicidal thoughts were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among female participants, CSF-HVA was significantly and negatively correlated with BSA total scores, after adjusting for covariates (beta = -0.442, p = 0.002), but not with scores on the MADRS or suicidal thought item. No significant correlations were observed between CSF-HVA and symptoms among male participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that lower dopaminergic activity may be associated with clinical symptoms of anxiety among women who have recently attempted suicide.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":"82 3","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9571161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart Rate Variability for Evaluating Psychological Stress Changes in Healthy Adults: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Sarah Immanuel, Meseret N Teferra, Mathias Baumert, Niranjan Bidargaddi","doi":"10.1159/000530376","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000530376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The utility of heart rate variability (HRV) for characterizing psychological stress is primarily impacted by methodological considerations such as study populations, experienced versus induced stress, and method of stress assessment. Here, we review studies on the associations between HRV and psychological stress, examining the nature of stress, ways stress was assessed, and HRV metrics used. The review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines on select databases. Studies that examined the HRV-stress relationship via repeated measurements and validated psychometric instruments were included (n = 15). Participant numbers and ages ranged between 10 and 403 subjects and 18 and 60 years, respectively. Both experimental (n = 9) and real-life stress (n = 6) have been explored. While RMSSD was the most reported HRV metric (n = 10) significantly associated with stress, other metrics, including LF/HF (n = 7) and HF power (n = 6) were also reported. Various linear and nonlinear HRV metrics have been utilized, with nonlinear metrics used less often. The most frequently used psychometric instrument was the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (n = 10), though various other instruments have been reported. In conclusion, HRV is a valid measure of the psychological stress response. Standard stress induction and assessment protocols combined with validated HRV measures in different domains will improve the validity of findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":"82 4","pages":"187-202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10614455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10331640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Inflammatory Markers in Clinical High Risk of Developing Psychosis.","authors":"TianHong Zhang,&nbsp;JiaHui Zeng,&nbsp;YanYan Wei,&nbsp;JiaYi Ye,&nbsp;XiaoChen Tang,&nbsp;LiHua Xu,&nbsp;YeGang Hu,&nbsp;HaiChun Liu,&nbsp;Tao Chen,&nbsp;ChunBo Li,&nbsp;JiJun Wang","doi":"10.1159/000528770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000528770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Immune alterations are associated with the progression of psychosis. However, there are few studies designed to longitudinally measure inflammatory biomarkers during psychotic episodes. We aimed to assess changes in biomarkers from the prodromal phase to psychotic episodes in individuals with clinical high risk (CHR) of psychosis and compare converters and non-converters to psychosis as well as healthy controls (HCs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 394 individuals with CHR and 100 HCs. A total of 263 individuals with CHR completed the 1-year follow-up, and 47 had converted to psychosis. Interleukin (IL)-1β, 2, 6, 8, 10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured at baseline and 1 year after completion of the clinical assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The baseline serum levels of IL-10, IL-2, and IL-6 were significantly lower in the conversion group than in the non-conversion group (IL-10, p = 0.010; IL-2, p = 0.023; IL-6, p = 0.012) and HC (IL-6: p = 0.034). Self-controlled comparisons showed that IL-2 changed significantly (p = 0.028), and IL-6 levels tended toward significance (p = 0.088) in the conversion group. In the non-conversion group, serum levels of TNF-α (p = 0.017) and VEGF (p = 0.037) changed significantly. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant time effect related to TNF-α (F = 4.502, p = 0.037, effect size (η2) = 0.051), a group effect related to IL-1β (F = 4.590, p = 0.036, η2 = 0.062), and IL-2 (F = 7.521, p = 0.011, η2 = 0.212), but no time × group effect.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Alterations in the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were found to precede the first episode of psychosis in the CHR population, particularly for those who later converted to psychosis. Longitudinal analysis supports the varied roles of cytokines in individuals with CHR with later psychotic conversion or non-conversion outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":"82 2","pages":"104-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9245749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000529291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000529291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":"82 2","pages":"130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10235191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and Changes in Brain Functions by an Occupational Therapy Program Incorporating Mindfulness in Outpatients with Anxiety and Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Atsuko Yamamoto,&nbsp;Banri Tsukuda,&nbsp;Shota Minami,&nbsp;Seina Hayamizu,&nbsp;Minami Naito,&nbsp;Yosuke Koshikawa,&nbsp;Toshiya Funatsuki,&nbsp;Chikashi Takano,&nbsp;Haruhiko Ogata,&nbsp;Yoshiteru Takekita,&nbsp;Keiichiro Nishida,&nbsp;Shunichiro Ikeda,&nbsp;Toshihiko Kinoshita,&nbsp;Masaki Kato","doi":"10.1159/000531487","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000531487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study examined the efficacy of an 8-week occupational therapy program incorporating mindfulness (MOT) as a form of psychiatric rehabilitation to ameliorate residual social and occupational impairment in patients with anxiety disorders and depression. The objective was to evaluate the effects of MOT on their personal well-being and to assess the impact of MOT on brain function using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a randomized, wait-list control trial with assessments performed at baseline, post-intervention (9 weeks), and follow-up (18 weeks) in outpatients with anxiety disorders and depression. The MOT was conducted in small groups, comprising eight weekly 1.5-h sessions. The primary outcome was the mean score change between the pre- and post-interventions with Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR) scale. Other clinical assessments and qEEG served as secondary and biological outcomes, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 25 patients (mean age: 44.1) were included in the analysis. The MOT group demonstrated a significantly improved QPR compared to the control group after adjusting for baseline covariates (p &lt; 0.01). This improvement was sustained for 9 weeks after the 8-week intervention. In the qEEG analysis, a significant increase in current source density in the β2 band of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was observed in the MOT group compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that MOT improves subjective well-being and potentially, global function. This suggests that MOT may serve as a viable option for those whose symptoms have abated but who still struggle with social and occupational functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"306-318"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10614488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9974149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Involvement of PGRMC1 Signaling in Cognitive Impairment Induced by Long-Term Clozapine Treatment in Rats.","authors":"Ting Cao, LiWei Wang, ShiMeng Jiao, Hui Chen, ChenQuan Lin, BiKui Zhang, HuaLin Cai","doi":"10.1159/000533148","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Progesterone receptor component 1 (PGRMC1) has been identified as a potential target in atypical antipsychotic drug-induced metabolic disturbances as well as neuroprotection in the central nervous system. In our study, we aimed to figure out the essential role of PGRMC1 signaling pathway underlying clozapine-induced cognitive impairment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In male SD rats, we utilized recombinant adeno-associated viruses (BBB 2.0) and the specific inhibitor of PGRMC1 (AG205) to regulate the expression of PGRMC1 in the brain, with a special focus on the hippocampus. Treatments of clozapine and AG205 were conducted for 28 days, and subsequent behavioral tests including modified elevated plus maze and Morris water maze were conducted to evaluate the cognitive performance. Hippocampal protein expressions were measured by Western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study showed that long-term clozapine administration led to cognitive impairment as confirmed by behavioral tests as well as histopathological examination in the hippocampus. Clozapine inhibited neural survival through the PGRMC1/EGFR/GLP1R-PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, leading to a decrease in the downstream survival factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and simultaneously promoted neural apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. Intriguingly, by targeting at the hippocampal PGRMC1, we found that inhibiting PGRMC1 mimics, while its upregulation notably mitigates clozapine-induced cognitive impairment through PGRMC1 and its downstream signaling pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PGRMC1-overexpression could protect hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment induced by clozapine. This effect appears to arise, in part, from the upregulated expression of PGRMC1/EGFR/GLP1R and the activation of downstream PI3K-Akt-BDNF and caspase-3 signaling pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"346-358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10523497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Oscillatory Power Indexes Treatment-Resistance to Multiple Therapies in Major Depressive Disorder.","authors":"Amourie Prentice, Ana Rita Barreiros, Nikita van der Vinne, Sven Stuiver, Hanneke van Dijk, Jeroen Antonius van Waarde, Mayuresh Korgaonkar, Alexander T Sack, Martijn Arns","doi":"10.1159/000533853","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>High rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) activity is proposed as a nonspecific prognostic marker for treatment response in major depressive disorder, independent of treatment modality. However, other studies report a negative association between baseline high rACC activation and treatment response. Interestingly, these contradictory findings were also found when focusing on oscillatory markers, specifically rACC-theta power. An explanation could be that rACC-theta activity dynamically changes according to number of previous treatment attempts and thus is mediated by level of treatment-resistance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Primarily, we analyzed differences in rACC- and frontal-theta activity in large national cross-sectional samples representing various levels of treatment-resistance and resistance to multimodal treatments in depressed patients (psychotherapy [n = 175], antidepressant medication [AD; n = 106], repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS; n = 196], and electroconvulsive therapy [ECT; n = 41]), and the respective difference between remitters and non-remitters. For exploratory purposes, we also investigated other frequency bands (delta, alpha, beta, gamma).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>rACC-theta activity was higher (p &lt; 0.001) in the more resistant rTMS and ECT patients relative to the less resistant psychotherapy and AD patients (psychotherapy-rTMS: d = 0.315; AD-rTMS: d = 0.320; psychotherapy-ECT: d = 1.031; AD-ECT: d = 1.034), with no difference between psychotherapy and AD patients. This association was even more pronounced after controlling for frontal-theta. Post hoc analyses also yielded effects for delta, beta, and gamma bands.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that by factoring in degree of treatment-resistance during interpretation of the rACC-theta biomarker, its usefulness in treatment selection and prognosis could potentially be improved substantially in future real-world practice. Future research should however also investigate specificity of the theta band.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"373-383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41237200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dopamine and Alcohol: A Review of in vivo PET and SPECT Studies.","authors":"Gianna Spitta, Maria Garbusow, Ralph Buchert, Andreas Heinz","doi":"10.1159/000534620","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alcohol-associated alterations of the dopaminergic (DA) system have been investigated via functional single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) positron emission tomography (PET) and imaging methods over many years, investigating presynaptic or postsynaptic markers, such as DA receptor and DA transporter availability, both with and without challenge. This review summarizes SPECT and PET studies on different levels of alcohol consumption to support the dimensional view of alcohol use disorder (AUD), ranging from acute consumption in social drinkers, individuals at high risk to patients with severe AUD and their association with blunted DA neurotransmission. Additionally, confounding factors of PET and SPECT studies of the DA system were discussed.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The included studies provided strong evidence that acute alcohol administration in social drinkers is followed by a DA release, particularly in the ventral striatum. In participants with AUD, DA release appears to be impaired as administration of a psychostimulant is followed by a blunted striatal DA. Furthermore, in recently detoxified participants with AUD, in vivo dopamine D2 and D3 receptor availability appears to be reduced, which may be a predisposing factor or the result of a neuroadaptive process influencing drug-induced DA release. DA transporter availability is reduced in AUD, whereas findings with respect to DA synthesis capacity are controversial.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>The DA system seems to be differently impaired during the development and persistence of AUD. In total, challenge studies (acute alcohol or psychostimulant administration) seem to be more consistent in their findings and might be less prone to the effects of confounders. Long-term studies with larger samples are required to better evaluate the alterations during chronic consumption and prolonged abstinence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"319-345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"107591742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}