Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02666-y
Matthias Willensdorfer, Verena Mitterauer, Matthias Hoelzl, Wolfgang Suttrop, Mark Cianciosa, Mike Dunne, Rainer Fischer, Nils Leuthold, Jonas Puchmayr, Oleg Samoylov, Guillermo Suárez López, Daniel Wendler
{"title":"Observation of magnetic islands in tokamak plasmas during the suppression of edge-localized modes","authors":"Matthias Willensdorfer, Verena Mitterauer, Matthias Hoelzl, Wolfgang Suttrop, Mark Cianciosa, Mike Dunne, Rainer Fischer, Nils Leuthold, Jonas Puchmayr, Oleg Samoylov, Guillermo Suárez López, Daniel Wendler","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02666-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02666-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In tokamaks, a leading platform for fusion energy, periodic filamentary plasma eruptions known as edge-localized modes occur in plasmas with high-energy confinement and steep pressure profiles at the plasma edge. These edge-localized modes could damage the tokamak wall but can be suppressed using small three-dimensional magnetic perturbations. Here we demonstrate that these magnetic perturbations can change the magnetic topology just inside the steep gradient region of the plasma edge. We identify signatures of a magnetic island, and their observation is linked to the suppression of edge-localized modes. We compare high-resolution measurements of perturbed magnetic surfaces with predictions from ideal magnetohydrodynamic theory where the magnetic topology is preserved. Although ideal magnetohydrodynamics adequately describes the measurements in plasmas exhibiting edge-localized modes, it proves insufficient for plasmas where these modes are suppressed. Nonlinear resistive magnetohydrodynamic modelling supports this observation. Our study experimentally confirms the predicted role of magnetic islands in inhibiting the occurrence of edge-localized modes. This will be beneficial for physics-based predictions in future fusion devices to control these modes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02687-7
Shashi Thutupalli
{"title":"The cost of cellular patterns","authors":"Shashi Thutupalli","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02687-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02687-7","url":null,"abstract":"The cell cortex consists of a chemical and a mechanical subsystem, but how energy is allocated between them is unknown. Now, measurements of the entropy production rate have revealed what determines the cell cortex’s energy budget.","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02677-9
Mingjie Xin, Wui Seng Leong, Zilong Chen, Yu Wang, Shau-Yu Lan
{"title":"Fast quantum gas formation via electromagnetically induced transparency cooling","authors":"Mingjie Xin, Wui Seng Leong, Zilong Chen, Yu Wang, Shau-Yu Lan","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02677-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02677-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultracold quantum gases play a pivotal role in many-body physics, quantum sensing and quantum simulation. Over time, methods such as evaporative cooling in bulk ensembles and precision laser-cooling have been employed to effectively achieve quantum degeneracy in atomic gases. A simpler and more rapid way to form quantum gases would, thus, hold considerable promise in advancing the field. Here, we report the creation of a quantum gas by cooling individual rubidium atoms pinned in a three-dimensional optical lattice using electromagnetically induced transparency and adiabatic expansion. After just 10 ms of cooling, we verified the phase transition from a thermal to a quantum gas by adiabatically transferring the atoms to optical dipole traps. We observed the collapse of atoms in three-dimensional traps, a distinctive hallmark of a quantum gas with negative scattering length. Additionally, in a one-dimensional optical trap, we observed the emergence of a stable and strongly correlated quantum gas. Our results introduce a versatile and fast approach to achieving quantum degenerate gases with minimal time and resource requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02675-x
Man Cheng, Qifeng Hu, Yuqiang Huang, Chenyang Ding, Xiao-Bin Qiang, Chenqiang Hua, Hanyan Fang, Jiong Lu, Yuxuan Peng, Jinbo Yang, Chuanying Xi, Li Pi, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Hai-Zhou Lu, Kostya S. Novoselov, Yunhao Lu, Yi Zheng
{"title":"Quantum tunnelling with tunable spin geometric phases in van der Waals antiferromagnets","authors":"Man Cheng, Qifeng Hu, Yuqiang Huang, Chenyang Ding, Xiao-Bin Qiang, Chenqiang Hua, Hanyan Fang, Jiong Lu, Yuxuan Peng, Jinbo Yang, Chuanying Xi, Li Pi, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Hai-Zhou Lu, Kostya S. Novoselov, Yunhao Lu, Yi Zheng","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02675-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02675-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electron tunnelling in solids, a fundamental quantum phenomenon, lays the foundation for various modern technologies. The emergence of van der Waals magnets presents opportunities for discovering unconventional tunnelling phenomena. Here, we demonstrate quantum tunnelling with tunable spin geometric phases in a multilayer van der Waals antiferromagnet CrPS<sub>4</sub>. The spin geometric phase of electron tunnelling is controlled by magnetic-field-dependent metamagnetic phase transitions. The square lattice of a CrPS<sub>4</sub> monolayer causes strong <i>t</i><sub>2g</sub>-orbital delocalization near the conduction band minimum. This creates a one-dimensional spin system with reversed energy ordering between the <i>t</i><sub>2g</sub> and <i>e</i><sub>g</sub> spin channels, which prohibits both intralayer spin relaxation by means of collective magnon excitations and interlayer spin hopping between the <i>t</i><sub>2g</sub> and <i>e</i><sub>g</sub> spin channels. The resulting coherent electron transmission shows pronounced tunnel magnetoresistance oscillations, manifesting quantum interference of cyclic quantum evolutions of individual electron Bloch waves by means of the time-reversal symmetrical tunnelling loops. Our results suggest the appearance of Aharonov–Anandan phases that originate from the non-adiabatic generalization of the Berry’s phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142452600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02680-0
Alexandra Gade, Brenden Longfellow, Robert V. F. Janssens, Duc D. Dao, Frédéric Nowacki, Jeffrey A. Tostevin, Akaa D. Ayangeakaa, Marshall J. Basson, Christopher M. Campbell, Michael P. Carpenter, Joseph Chung-Jung, Heather L. Crawford, Benjamin P. Crider, Peter Farris, Stephen Gillespie, Ava M. Hill, Silvia M. Lenzi, Shumpei Noji, Jorge Pereira, Carlotta Porzio, Alfredo Poves, Elizabeth Rubino, Dirk Weisshaar
{"title":"In-beam spectroscopy reveals competing nuclear shapes in the rare isotope 62Cr","authors":"Alexandra Gade, Brenden Longfellow, Robert V. F. Janssens, Duc D. Dao, Frédéric Nowacki, Jeffrey A. Tostevin, Akaa D. Ayangeakaa, Marshall J. Basson, Christopher M. Campbell, Michael P. Carpenter, Joseph Chung-Jung, Heather L. Crawford, Benjamin P. Crider, Peter Farris, Stephen Gillespie, Ava M. Hill, Silvia M. Lenzi, Shumpei Noji, Jorge Pereira, Carlotta Porzio, Alfredo Poves, Elizabeth Rubino, Dirk Weisshaar","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02680-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02680-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent decades, rare-isotope facilities have enabled the study of short-lived, neutron-rich nuclei. Their measured properties indicate that shell structure changes in the regime of unbalanced neutron-to-proton ratios compared with that of stable nuclei. In the so-called islands of inversion in the nuclear chart—around the neutron-rich nuclei <sup>32</sup>Mg, <sup>42</sup>Si and <sup>64</sup>Cr, for example—the textbook shell model predicts spherical shapes due to the respective magic neutron numbers of 20, 28 and 40 of these nuclei. However, nuclei in these regions turn out to be deformed in their ground states. Another hallmark of these islands is shape coexistence, where a nucleus assumes different shapes with excitation energy. Here we present evidence for this phenomenon from the observation of an excited 0<sup>+</sup> state in <sup>62</sup>Cr, two neutrons away from the heart of the island of inversion around neutron number <i>N</i> = 40. We use large-scale shell-model calculations to interpret the results, and we report extrapolations for the doubly magic nucleus <sup>60</sup>Ca.</p>","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02668-w
Kwangrae Kim, Hyun-Woo J. Kim, Seunghyeok Ha, Hoon Kim, Jin-Kwang Kim, Jaehwon Kim, Junyoung Kwon, Jihoon Seol, Saegyeol Jung, Changyoung Kim, Daisuke Ishikawa, Taishun Manjo, Hiroshi Fukui, Alfred Q. R. Baron, Ahmet Alatas, Ayman Said, Michael Merz, Matthieu Le Tacon, Jin Mo Bok, Ki-Seok Kim, B. J. Kim
{"title":"Origin of the chiral charge density wave in transition-metal dichalcogenide","authors":"Kwangrae Kim, Hyun-Woo J. Kim, Seunghyeok Ha, Hoon Kim, Jin-Kwang Kim, Jaehwon Kim, Junyoung Kwon, Jihoon Seol, Saegyeol Jung, Changyoung Kim, Daisuke Ishikawa, Taishun Manjo, Hiroshi Fukui, Alfred Q. R. Baron, Ahmet Alatas, Ayman Said, Michael Merz, Matthieu Le Tacon, Jin Mo Bok, Ki-Seok Kim, B. J. Kim","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02668-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02668-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chirality refers to a structure that lacks mirror symmetry. It can be observed in a wide range of platforms, from subatomic particles and molecules to living organisms. However, the underlying mechanisms that give rise to chirality in condensed matter systems have been a subject of considerable interest. Here we elucidate the mechanism of chiral charge density wave formation in the transition-metal dichalcogenide 1T-TiSe<sub>2</sub>. Based on symmetry analysis, we demonstrate that charge density modulations and ionic displacements follow distinct irreducible representations of the space group, despite exhibiting similar wave vectors and a strong coupling. This charge-lattice symmetry frustration induces lattice distortions that further break all symmetries that are not common to both sectors. This ultimately gives rise to chirality. Our theory is verified using Raman spectroscopy and inelastic X-ray scattering.</p>","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02664-0
Yuchen Li, Tian-Gang Zhou, Ze Wu, Pai Peng, Shengyu Zhang, Riqiang Fu, Ren Zhang, Wei Zheng, Pengfei Zhang, Hui Zhai, Xinhua Peng, Jiangfeng Du
{"title":"Emergent universal quench dynamics in randomly interacting spin models","authors":"Yuchen Li, Tian-Gang Zhou, Ze Wu, Pai Peng, Shengyu Zhang, Riqiang Fu, Ren Zhang, Wei Zheng, Pengfei Zhang, Hui Zhai, Xinhua Peng, Jiangfeng Du","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02664-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02664-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Universal behaviour often emerges in the low-energy equilibrium physics of quantum many-body systems, despite their microscopic differences. Recently, there has been a growing interest in studying the far-from-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems. Such dynamics usually involve highly excited states beyond the traditional low-energy theory description. Whether universality can also emerge in such non-equilibrium dynamics is the subject of current research. Here, we report the experimental observation of universal dynamics by monitoring the spin depolarization process in a solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance system, described by an ensemble of randomly interacting spins. The spin depolarization can be related to temporal spin–spin correlation functions at high temperatures. We discover that these correlation functions obey a universal functional form. This finding helps us identify the dominant interacting processes in the spin depolarization dynamics that lead to universality. Our observation demonstrates the existence of universality even in non-equilibrium dynamics at high temperatures, thereby complementing the well-established universality in low-energy physics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02635-5
Michal P. Heller, Alexandre Serantes, Michał Spaliński, Benjamin Withers
{"title":"The space of transport coefficients allowed by causality","authors":"Michal P. Heller, Alexandre Serantes, Michał Spaliński, Benjamin Withers","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02635-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02635-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As an effective theory, relativistic hydrodynamics is fixed by symmetries up to a set of transport coefficients. A lot of effort has been devoted to explicit calculations of these coefficients. Here we adopt a more general approach, deploying bootstrap techniques to rule out theories that are inconsistent with microscopic causality. What remains is a universal convex geometry in the space of transport coefficients, which we call the hydrohedron. The landscape of all consistent theories necessarily lies inside or on the edges of the hydrohedron. We analytically construct cross-sections of the hydrohedron corresponding to bounds on transport coefficients that appear in sound and diffusion modes’ dispersion relations for theories without stochastic fluctuations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature PhysicsPub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02682-y
{"title":"Old tools, new insights","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41567-024-02682-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41567-024-02682-y","url":null,"abstract":"Adapting an experimental tool for use in a new field can be as powerful as inventing a new technique.","PeriodicalId":19100,"journal":{"name":"Nature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":17.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02682-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142405649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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