{"title":"Examining the biological causes of eating disorders to inform treatment strategies","authors":"Claire J. Foldi, Kristi R. Griffiths","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00940-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00940-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite their prevalence, eating disorders (EDs) are under-researched and often misunderstood. A recent focus of research on the biological underpinnings of EDs has helped to reframe our understanding of their origins, but there remain a lack of effective treatment options, high rates of relapse and, unfortunately, high mortality and morbidity. In this Review, we highlight the many facets of normal and pathological feeding behaviour and body weight regulation and suggest that these provide a framework with which to develop integrative methods to study, and ultimately treat, EDs. We propose that a better understanding of the biological causes of ED, and their crucial interactions with psychological and environmental factors, is necessary to progress the field. This can be achieved through a combination of preclinical and clinical investigations, which provide complementary information on these highly complex disorders. In the era of individualized medicine and with the advent of artificial intelligence tools that allow the amalgamation of multimodal data, we hope that a better understanding of the biology of EDs may hold the answer to effectively overcoming the debilitating effects of these conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cerebellar circuit computations for predictive motor control","authors":"Katrina P. Nguyen, Abigail L. Person","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00936-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00936-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rise of the deep neural network as the workhorse of artificial intelligence has brought increased attention to how network architectures serve specialized functions. The cerebellum, with its largely shallow, feedforward architecture, provides a curious example of such a specialized network. Within the cerebellum, tiny supernumerary granule cells project to a monolayer of giant Purkinje neurons that reweight synaptic inputs under the instructive influence of a unitary synaptic input from climbing fibres. What might this predominantly feedforward organization confer computationally? Here we review evidence for and against the hypothesis that the cerebellum learns basic associative feedforward control policies to speed up motor control and learning. We contrast and link this feedforward control framework with another prominent set of theories proposing that the cerebellum computes internal models. Ultimately, we suggest that the cerebellum may implement control through mechanisms that resemble internal models but involve model-free implicit mappings of high-dimensional sensorimotor contexts to motor output.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"592 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An intriguing role of repeat-element RNAs in nerve injury repair","authors":"Sian Lewis","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00939-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00939-w","url":null,"abstract":"A polyA-tail-directed RNA sequencing approach that was used to investigate transcriptomic changes in dorsal root ganglia following nerve crush revealed unexpected upregulation of a specific set of B2-SINE transcriptional regulators that facilitate neuronal repair by co-ordinating axon transport and local translation.","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Value-free teaching in action","authors":"Jake Rogers","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00938-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00938-x","url":null,"abstract":"Movement-related dopamine neuronal activity in the tail of the striatum encodes a value-free action prediction error that reinforces state-action associations, biasing mice to repeat past actions.","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"447 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharif I. Kronemer, Peter A. Bandettini, Javier Gonzalez-Castillo
{"title":"Sleuthing subjectivity: a review of covert measures of consciousness","authors":"Sharif I. Kronemer, Peter A. Bandettini, Javier Gonzalez-Castillo","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00934-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00934-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Consciousness is private. Although conscious beings directly access their own conscious experiences, the consciousness of others must be inferred through overt report: observable behaviours — such as overt facial expressions, vocalizations and body gestures — that suggest the level, state and content of consciousness. However, overt report is limited because it can be erroneous (for example, resulting from wilful deception or being subject to recall error), absent (for example, during sleep and paralysis) or conflict with research goals (for example, in no-report paradigms and resting-state studies). These limitations encourage the search for covert measures of consciousness: physiological signals that disclose consciousness without relying on overt behaviour. This Review highlights emerging covert measures of consciousness in humans, including eye, skin, respiratory and heart signals. We also address the challenge of distinguishing physiological signals linked to conscious versus unconscious neural processing. Finally, we consider the ethical implications of infringing on the innate privacy of consciousness.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144130170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On analogies in vertebrate and insect visual systems","authors":"Ryosuke Tanaka, Ruben Portugues","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00932-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00932-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite the large evolutionary distance between vertebrates and insects, the visual systems of these two taxa bear remarkable similarities that have been noted repeatedly, including by pioneering neuroanatomists such as Ramón y Cajal. Fuelled by the advent of transgenic approaches in neuroscience, studies of visual system anatomy and function in both vertebrates and insects have made dramatic progress during the past two decades, revealing even deeper analogies between their visual systems than were noted by earlier observers. Such across-taxa comparisons have tended to focus on either elementary motion detection or relatively peripheral layers of the visual systems. By contrast, the aims of this Review are to expand the scope of this comparison to pathways outside visual motion detection, as well as to deeper visual structures. To achieve these aims, we primarily discuss examples from recent work in larval zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) and the fruitfly (<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>), a pair of genetically tractable model organisms with comparatively sized, small brains. In particular, we argue that the brains of both vertebrates and insects are equipped with third-order visual structures that specialize in shared behavioural tasks, including postural and course stabilization, approach and avoidance, and some other behaviours. These wider analogies between the two distant taxa highlight shared behavioural goals and associated evolutionary constraints and suggest that studies on vertebrate and insect vision have a lot to inspire each other.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144130169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neuroferroptosis in health and diseases","authors":"Peng Lei, Tara Walker, Scott Ayton","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00930-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00930-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ferroptosis is a type of cell death process defined by iron-dependent peroxidation of phospholipids leading to the destruction of cellular membranes and death of the cell. Ferroptosis occurs throughout the body, but a considerable research focus on ferroptosis in the brain — neuroferroptosis — has been driven by the rich lipid and iron content of the brain as well as its high oxygen consumption. Neurons also have an exceptionally large surface area and metabolic demand, which necessitates specific mechanisms (such as lipid antioxidants) to engage constantly to protect the plasma membrane against lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis has been extensively linked to neurodegeneration and ischaemia and is increasingly implicated in physiological processes such as neuronal reprogramming. Astrocytes provide metabolic support to neurons, enabling them to defend against ferroptosis, yet ferroptotic signals in microglia can propagate damage to astrocytes and neurons, highlighting the complex intercellular (patho)physiology of neuroferroptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144087867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa L. Perreault, Rudi Taylor-Bragge, Hervé Chneiweiss, Andre D. McLachlan, T. Ryan Gregory, Roksana Khalid, Katherine Bassil, Anna Lydia Svalastog, Minerva R. Velarde, Judy Illes
{"title":"Indigenous representation in neuroscience scholarship, teaching and care","authors":"Melissa L. Perreault, Rudi Taylor-Bragge, Hervé Chneiweiss, Andre D. McLachlan, T. Ryan Gregory, Roksana Khalid, Katherine Bassil, Anna Lydia Svalastog, Minerva R. Velarde, Judy Illes","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00933-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00933-2","url":null,"abstract":"Despite a global push to recognize Indigenous knowledge systems in research, neuroscience remains embedded in Euro-Western ways of means and methods. Authentic capacity-building will bring Indigenous ways of knowing and doing to the neuroscience workforce, to research and to training, and will lead to diversified and strengthened approaches to discovery and clinical care strategies.","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael C. Anderson, Maite Crespo-Garcia, S. Subbulakshmi
{"title":"Brain mechanisms underlying the inhibitory control of thought","authors":"Michael C. Anderson, Maite Crespo-Garcia, S. Subbulakshmi","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00929-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00929-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Controlling action and thought requires the capacity to stop mental processes. Over the past two decades, evidence has grown that a domain-general inhibitory control mechanism supported by the right lateral prefrontal cortex achieves these functions. However, current views of the neural mechanisms of inhibitory control derive largely from research into the stopping of action. Whereas action stopping is a convenient empirical model, it does not invoke thought inhibition and cannot be used to identify the unique features of this process. Here, we review research that addresses how organisms stop a key process that drives thoughts: memory retrieval. This work has shown that retrieval stopping shares right dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal mechanisms with action stopping, consistent with a domain-general inhibitory control mechanism, but also recruits a distinct fronto-temporal pathway that determines the success of mental control. As part of this pathway, GABAergic inhibition within the hippocampus influences the efficacy of prefrontal control over thought. These unique elements of mental control suggest that hippocampal disinhibition is a transdiagnostic factor underlying intrusive thinking, linking the fronto-temporal control pathway to preclinical models of psychiatric disorders and fear extinction. We suggest that retrieval-stopping deficits may underlie the intrusive thinking that is common across many psychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}