Dániel L. Barabási, André Ferreira Castro, Florian Engert
{"title":"Three systems of circuit formation: assembly, updating and tuning","authors":"Dániel L. Barabási, André Ferreira Castro, Florian Engert","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00910-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00910-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the relationship between genotype and neuronal circuit phenotype necessitates an integrated view of genetics, development, plasticity and learning. Challenging the prevailing notion that emphasizes learning and plasticity as primary drivers of circuit assembly, in this Perspective, we delineate a tripartite framework to clarify the respective roles that learning and plasticity might have in this process. In the first part of the framework, which we term System One, neural circuits are established purely through genetically driven algorithms, in which spike timing-dependent plasticity serves no instructive role. We propose that these circuits equip the animal with sufficient skill and knowledge to successfully engage the world. Next, System Two is governed by rare but critical ‘single-shot learning’ events, which occur in response to survival situations and prompt rapid synaptic reconfiguration. Such events serve as crucial updates to the existing hardwired knowledge base of an organism. Finally, System Three is characterized by a perpetual state of synaptic recalibration, involving continual plasticity for circuit stabilization and fine-tuning. By outlining the definitions and roles of these three core systems, our framework aims to resolve existing ambiguities related to and enrich our understanding of neural circuit formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143485670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sam Vanherle, Melanie Loix, Veronique E. Miron, Jerome J. A. Hendriks, Jeroen F. J. Bogie
{"title":"Lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS","authors":"Sam Vanherle, Melanie Loix, Veronique E. Miron, Jerome J. A. Hendriks, Jeroen F. J. Bogie","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00908-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00908-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lipid metabolism encompasses the catabolism and anabolism of lipids, and is fundamental for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, particularly within the lipid-rich CNS. Increasing evidence further underscores the importance of lipid remodelling and transfer within and between glial cells and neurons as key orchestrators of CNS lipid homeostasis. In this Review, we summarize and discuss the complex landscape of processes involved in lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS. Highlighted are key pathways, including those mediating lipid (and lipid droplet) biogenesis and breakdown, lipid oxidation and phospholipid metabolism, as well as cell–cell lipid transfer mediated via lipoproteins, extracellular vesicles and tunnelling nanotubes. We further explore how the dysregulation of these pathways contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the homeostatic and pathogenic impacts of environment, diet and lifestyle on CNS lipid metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143443321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pathways to sex preferences","authors":"Katherine Whalley","doi":"10.1038/s41583-025-00909-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00909-2","url":null,"abstract":"A study explores the sexually dimorphic circuits that regulate sociosexual preferences in mice.","PeriodicalId":19082,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143124760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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