Nature Reviews Materials最新文献_第2页

Binding energy referencing in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy X 射线光电子能谱中的结合能基准

IF 83.5 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00743-5

Grzegorz Greczynski, Lars Hultman

{"title":"Binding energy referencing in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","authors":"Grzegorz Greczynski, Lars Hultman","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00743-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00743-5","url":null,"abstract":"Binding energy (BE) referencing is critical to the reliability of chemical analysis performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Although the procedure is straightforward for metallic samples, no universal solution is available for insulators, wherein a build-up of positive charge during photoemission results in an uncontrolled change in the BE of the core-level peaks. As these peaks are used to assess the chemical bonding, shifts caused by charging lead to problems with spectra interpretation and contribute to an unacceptably large spread in the BE values reported for the same chemical state. It is often unclear which referencing methods should be applied to which sample type and which referencing approaches should be rejected. In this Perspective, we review essential concepts and key experiments related to BE referencing. We discuss energy diagrams and appropriate reference levels for conducting and insulating samples with and without electrical contact with the spectrometer, and we define criteria for the ultimate charge-reference method, using them to evaluate common referencing techniques. Although no method is free of issues, the most popular one, based on the adventitious carbon (AdC), turns out to be the least reliable. In particular, because the vacuum level aligns at the AdC–sample interface, the BE of the reference C 1s peak from AdC is not constant but varies with the sample work function. To rectify the situation, we suggest easy-to-do control experiments that refute the notion that the C 1s peak has constant BE. We further use the framework of energy diagrams to explain the consequences of the vacuum level alignment at the AdC–sample interface for measurements performed in the most common experimental configurations. Finally, we suggest ideas for improving the reliability of chemical analysis to stimulate the development of new referencing standards.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":83.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electronic and quantum properties of organic two-dimensional crystals 有机二维晶体的电子和量子特性

IF 83.5 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00740-8

Zhiyong Wang, Mingchao Wang, Thomas Heine, Xinliang Feng

{"title":"Electronic and quantum properties of organic two-dimensional crystals","authors":"Zhiyong Wang, Mingchao Wang, Thomas Heine, Xinliang Feng","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00740-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00740-8","url":null,"abstract":"Organic two-dimensional crystals (O2DCs) are a class of synthetic layered materials, typically constructed from π-conjugated building blocks, that show extended in-plane π-conjugation and/or interlayer electronic couplings. They are synthesized either directly as monolayer to few-layer nanosheets or as bulk crystals that can be exfoliated. O2DCs display customizable topological structures and layer-dependent physical attributes, offering a versatile material platform for exploring intriguing electronic and quantum phenomena. In this Review, we discuss the structure–property relationships and synthetic strategies of O2DCs, with particular emphasis on their unique electronic structures, charge transport properties and the emergence of quantum states, such as topological and superconducting phases, alongside different spin states. Furthermore, we highlight emerging device applications of O2DCs across electronics, optoelectronics and spintronics. Finally, we provide an outlook on the persistent challenges in synthetic chemistry, physics and materials science that must be addressed to further advance this field.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":83.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Materials’ mission to reach strange new worlds 材料抵达陌生新世界的使命

IF 79.8 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00747-1

引用次数: 0

Molecule-like synthesis of ligand-protected metal nanoclusters 配体保护金属纳米团簇的分子合成

IF 83.5 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00741-7

Qiaofeng Yao, Moshuqi Zhu, Zhucheng Yang, Xiaorong Song, Xun Yuan, Zhipu Zhang, Wenping Hu, Jianping Xie

{"title":"Molecule-like synthesis of ligand-protected metal nanoclusters","authors":"Qiaofeng Yao, Moshuqi Zhu, Zhucheng Yang, Xiaorong Song, Xun Yuan, Zhipu Zhang, Wenping Hu, Jianping Xie","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00741-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00741-7","url":null,"abstract":"Ligand-protected metal nanoclusters (NCs) are ultrasmall particles (<3 nm) that represent the molecular state of metal materials. Owing to their molecule-like structure — particularly their atomic precision and protein-like hierarchy — metal NCs feature numerous useful molecule-like properties, including discrete energy levels, strong luminescence, intrinsic magnetism and programmable catalytic activity. In this Review, by regarding metal NCs as metallic analogues of organic molecules, we summarize methodological and mechanistic advances in their precise synthesis at the molecular and atomic levels. We first decipher cluster structure based on a protein-like hierarchical scheme and discuss synthetic strategies that realize molecular monodispersity in these clusters. We resolve formation mechanisms of metal NCs at the molecular level, aiming to establish step-by-step reaction maps reminiscent of total synthesis routes of organic molecules. We then examine approaches to customize the composition and morphology of the metal core, metal–ligand interface and ligand shell at the atom level. This Review concludes with our perspectives on the future development of atomic precision chemistry in both metal NCs and other inorganic nanomaterials.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":83.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142580164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Atomically thin bioelectronics 超薄生物电子学

IF 79.8 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00728-4

Dmitry Kireev, Shanmukh Kutagulla, Juyeong Hong, Madison N. Wilson, Mehrdad Ramezani, Duygu Kuzum, Jong-Hyun Ahn, Deji Akinwande

{"title":"Atomically thin bioelectronics","authors":"Dmitry Kireev, Shanmukh Kutagulla, Juyeong Hong, Madison N. Wilson, Mehrdad Ramezani, Duygu Kuzum, Jong-Hyun Ahn, Deji Akinwande","doi":"10.1038/s41578-024-00728-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-024-00728-4","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue-like bioelectronics have emerged as practical, user-friendly and unobtrusive systems for seamless bidirectional integration with the human body. Two-dimensional materials, being led by the prototypical graphene, uniquely fit the task of creating ultrathin and functional interfaces with biological matter. In this Perspective, we comprehensively discuss 2D materials and their electrical, optical, environmental and mechanical properties relevant to bioelectronics. We present examples of 2D material-based bioelectronic devices for tissue interfacing (skintronics) and organ interfacing (organtronics). Importantly, we provide a roadmap for the future development of the field and highlight associated challenges yet to be solved. Tissue-like bioelectronics offer seamless integration with the human body, with 2D materials such as graphene being ideal for creating ultrathin interfaces with biological tissues. This Perspective covers the properties of 2D materials relevant to bioelectronics, showcases examples of their use in tissue and organ interfacing, and outlines future development directions and challenges in the field.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"9 12","pages":"906-922"},"PeriodicalIF":79.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Author Correction: Dielectric breakdown of oxide films in electronic devices 作者更正：电子设备中氧化膜的介电击穿

IF 83.5 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00752-4

Andrea Padovani, Paolo La Torraca, Jack Strand, Luca Larcher, Alexander L. Shluger

引用次数: 0

Two anions are better than one 两个阴离子比一个好

IF 79.8 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00751-5

Giulia Pacchioni

引用次数: 0

Mid-air capture of rocket booster towards reusable rocket technology 火箭助推器的空中捕获，实现可重复使用火箭技术

IF 79.8 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00748-0

Charlotte Allard

引用次数: 0

Search for signs of life on Jupiter’s moon Europa 寻找木星卫星木卫二上的生命迹象

IF 79.8 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00749-z

Charlotte Allard

引用次数: 0

Visualizing shock events in materials 可视化材料中的冲击事件

IF 79.8 1区材料科学

Nature Reviews Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00746-2

Ariane Vartanian

引用次数: 0