Kimberly L. Ray, Marietjie Botes, Melanie Collier, Alden Yi, Steven Hershman, Thaís Monteiro, Mariana Genuino, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Damian Eke, Ricardo Chavarriaga, Amadi Ogonda Ihunwo, Fernanda Tovar Moll, Thomas E. Nichols, Franco Pestilli
{"title":"Reconciling global collaboration and data sovereignty in neuroscience","authors":"Kimberly L. Ray, Marietjie Botes, Melanie Collier, Alden Yi, Steven Hershman, Thaís Monteiro, Mariana Genuino, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Damian Eke, Ricardo Chavarriaga, Amadi Ogonda Ihunwo, Fernanda Tovar Moll, Thomas E. Nichols, Franco Pestilli","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02468-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41593-026-02468-w","url":null,"abstract":"As artificial intelligence (AI) elevates the economic and strategic value of data, governments are intensifying efforts to regulate the collection, use and cross-border transfer of personal information. Data are increasingly treated as national assets, subject to legal, economic and geopolitical controls. These shifts are reshaping scientific research, particularly in neuroscience and brain health, where progress depends on access to large, diverse and internationally distributed datasets. In parallel, advances in neuroimaging, neurotechnology and computational modeling are enabling population-scale neuroscience and the generation of AI-ready brain datasets. These developments further increase the strategic importance of neural data, amplifying both their scientific value and their governance complexity. The convergence of these trends exposes a fundamental tension between the need for an open science culture and data sovereignty. Without coordinated responses, these dynamics risk limiting representation, slowing innovation and reinforcing global inequities in brain health research. Here we argue that neuroscience requires an international data governance coordinating body capable of aligning research and regulatory priorities. In addition to outlining the distinct challenges posed by neural data, we propose strategies to support secure, equitable and sustainable global collaboration, as well as practical governance instruments to enable coordinated implementation across jurisdictions. Tension exists between the need for an open science culture and data sovereignty in global brain research. Ray et al. propose practical mechanisms for secure and equitable international collaboration.","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":"29 10","pages":"2397-2407"},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nana Matoba,Jessica C. McAfee,Oleh Krupa,Alvaro A. Beltran,Jessica L. Bell,Brandon D. Le,Jordan M. Valone,Hyunggyu Min,Gregory E. Crawford,Jesse R. Raab,Hyejung Won,Jason L. Stein
{"title":"Massively parallel assessment of gene regulatory activity at human cortical-structure-associated variants","authors":"Nana Matoba,Jessica C. McAfee,Oleh Krupa,Alvaro A. Beltran,Jessica L. Bell,Brandon D. Le,Jordan M. Valone,Hyunggyu Min,Gregory E. Crawford,Jesse R. Raab,Hyejung Won,Jason L. Stein","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02454-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-026-02454-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149021161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiqing Cai, Zhimin Zhang, Yuxin Wang, Shencai Liu, Jiarong Leng, Yun Chu, Jihang Liu, Yingying Fang, Bochong Chen, Wenquan Liang, Hong Wang, Lu Zhang, Weiguo Zou, Fan Yang, Qiancheng Song, Di Lu, Xiaochun Bai
{"title":"Tibial bone compression promotes recovery after brain injury through osteocyte PIEZO1","authors":"Zhiqing Cai, Zhimin Zhang, Yuxin Wang, Shencai Liu, Jiarong Leng, Yun Chu, Jihang Liu, Yingying Fang, Bochong Chen, Wenquan Liang, Hong Wang, Lu Zhang, Weiguo Zou, Fan Yang, Qiancheng Song, Di Lu, Xiaochun Bai","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02422-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-026-02422-w","url":null,"abstract":"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accelerates bone healing and induces heterotopic ossification, raising the question of whether an injured brain benefits from bone. Here we reveal that dynamic compressive tibial axial loading (DCTAL), a model of tibial bone compression, increased survival and promoted motor and cognitive recovery after stroke and TBI in mice, as well as in pig TBI models. DCTAL reduced neuron loss, attenuated chronic inflammation and astrogliosis and stimulated neuronal regeneration after TBI. Deletion of the mechanosensory channel Piezo1 in osteocytes reversed these benefits, while serum from DCTAL mice recapitulated them. Osteocytes transduced mechanical signals to directly secrete factors such as IL-1R2, APOL11a and HSP70, while indirectly increasing serum levels of BDNF, PF4 and dopamine. These factors synergistically protected against TBI. Altogether, we establish a bone–brain axis in which bone endocrine function can be modulated by mechanical forces to enhance brain repair after injury.","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149010475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qianru Zhao, Bing Feng, Vicky Dong, Lee How Lau, Hailan Liu, Meng Yu, Keqin Liang, Cindy Tran, Heidi Feng, Taylor Smiley, Peiyu Gao, Amy Yan, Hui Ye, Yuwei Jiang, Chunmei Wang, Pingwen Xu, Yanlin He
{"title":"Serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe control food-craving-like behavior during pregnancy in mice.","authors":"Qianru Zhao, Bing Feng, Vicky Dong, Lee How Lau, Hailan Liu, Meng Yu, Keqin Liang, Cindy Tran, Heidi Feng, Taylor Smiley, Peiyu Gao, Amy Yan, Hui Ye, Yuwei Jiang, Chunmei Wang, Pingwen Xu, Yanlin He","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02445-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-026-02445-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During pregnancy, physiological changes can alter food intake behaviors. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that female mice exhibit food-craving-like behavior during pregnancy, mirroring many patterns described in humans. We show that 5-HT<sup>DRN</sup> neuronal firing activity is reduced during pregnancy through increased small-conductance calcium-activated potassium type 3 (SK3) ion-channel activity. Genetic knockout of SK3 ion channels from 5-HT<sup>DRN</sup> neurons abolishes the pregnancy-associated suppression in 5-HT<sup>DRN</sup> neuronal firing activity and reduces food-craving-like behavior in pregnant mice. Conversely, overexpression of SK3 in 5-HT<sup>DRN</sup> neurons mimics pregnancy-induced food-craving-like behavior in virgin female mice. Moreover, activation of 5-HT<sup>DRN</sup> projections to ventral tegmental area inhibits food-craving-like behavior in pregnant mice. These findings provide novel insights into the role of 5-HT signaling in modulating food cravings during pregnancy and highlight potential targets for managing pregnancy-associated appetite dysregulation and maternal obesity in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reciprocal connections dynamically build consensus between neocortical areas.","authors":"Mitra Javadzadeh, Marine Schimel, Sonja B Hofer, Yashar Ahmadian, Guillaume Hennequin","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02437-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-026-02437-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neocortex is organized into specialized areas. Although computations within individual areas have been well studied, it is unclear how these regions function collectively and reconcile potential conflicts to form coherent percepts and decisions. We investigated the joint dynamics of primary (V1) and higher-order lateromedial (LM) visual areas in mice using simultaneous multi-area electrophysiological recordings along with focal optogenetic perturbations to causally manipulate neural activity. We used data-driven nonlinear system identification to construct biologically constrained latent circuit models of both areas. This approach revealed that reciprocal excitatory connections between V1 and LM implement an approximate line attractor in their joint dynamics: this selectively slows the decay of congruent activity patterns while accelerating the decay of inconsistent ones, thereby dynamically achieving inter-area consensus. This mechanism predicts different timescales for consistent versus inconsistent activity patterns across areas, which we verified in our data. These findings, together with our mechanistic theory, identify dynamic consensus building as a general principle of distributed cortical computation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rayyan T Jokhai, Carolyn E Dundes, Hadia S Ahsan, Rachel S Kang, Rachel E A Salomon-Shulman, Arjun Rajan, Yoon Seok Kim, Liam J Stanton, Christine Xu, Stephanie Do, Brennan D McDonald, José Miguel Andrade López, Hugo A Urrutia, Hannah Greenfeld, Alicia Wong, Yimiao Qu, Andrew S Petkovic, Yi Miao, K Christopher Garcia, Michelle Monje, Daniel E Wagner, Marianne E Bronner, Christopher J Lowe, Kyle M Loh
{"title":"Two parallel neural ectoderm progenitors contribute to the developing brain.","authors":"Rayyan T Jokhai, Carolyn E Dundes, Hadia S Ahsan, Rachel S Kang, Rachel E A Salomon-Shulman, Arjun Rajan, Yoon Seok Kim, Liam J Stanton, Christine Xu, Stephanie Do, Brennan D McDonald, José Miguel Andrade López, Hugo A Urrutia, Hannah Greenfeld, Alicia Wong, Yimiao Qu, Andrew S Petkovic, Yi Miao, K Christopher Garcia, Michelle Monje, Daniel E Wagner, Marianne E Bronner, Christopher J Lowe, Kyle M Loh","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02433-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41593-026-02433-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When and how different brain regions diversify from one another remains unresolved. Does a common neural ectoderm progenitor generate the entire brain? Or do multiple neural ectoderm progenitors exist, each restricted to form specific brain regions? Here our lineage tracing studies of mouse embryos support the latter model. Two parallel brain progenitors emerge simultaneously during gastrulation: anterior neural ectoderm (forebrain/midbrain progenitor) and posterior neural ectoderm (hindbrain progenitor). Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into anterior or posterior neural ectoderm-like cells revealed these were lineage committed to forebrain/midbrain versus hindbrain fates, respectively. They harbored diverging chromatin landscapes foreshadowing future forebrain/midbrain versus hindbrain identities. We further differentiated human pluripotent stem cells into hindbrain rhombomere 5/6-specific motor neurons, which were hitherto difficult to generate in vitro. Hence, we postulate the brain is a composite organ emanating from two lineage-restricted progenitors; these dual progenitors may be evolutionarily conserved across 550 million years from hemichordates to mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin A Filio, Amma Otchere, Subhiksha Srinivasan, Srijan Thota, Luke Drake, Lizmaylin Ramos, Philipp Maurus, Mark J Wagner
{"title":"Predictive and instructive cerebellar encoding of dopamine reward drives motivated behavior.","authors":"Benjamin A Filio, Amma Otchere, Subhiksha Srinivasan, Srijan Thota, Luke Drake, Lizmaylin Ramos, Philipp Maurus, Mark J Wagner","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02449-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41593-026-02449-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To learn motivated behaviors, animals must both anticipate rewards and reinforce actions that yield them. Although cerebellar activity encodes natural rewards such as water and food, it also coordinates physical movements such as eating and drinking. To disentangle reward from consummatory movements, we trained mice to push for delayed dopamine (DA) rewards delivered directly into the brain. Here we show that cerebellar input streams use both predictive and instructive codes for DA reward. Two-photon imaging revealed that many cerebellar granule cells (GrCs) predictively encoded DA rewards with sustained activity that 'stretched' to match 1-second or 2-second delay intervals before terminating upon reward receipt. By contrast, most cerebellar climbing fibers (CFs) spiked just after DA delivery. In mice also trained with water rewards, encoding strength for DA matched or exceeded that for water. Both cell types contributed causally: chronic GrC inhibition disrupted self-stimulation learning, and CF self-stimulation 'rewards' drove moderate operant learning in naive animals. Thus, cerebellar encoding of DA reward helps drive motivated behavior, suggesting deeper cerebellar integration in brain reward prediction networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13695450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan A Senne, Rebecca L Suthard, Rui Cao, Siria Coello, Amy H Monasterio, Evan A Ruesch, Michelle D Buzharsky, Marc W Howard, Steve Ramirez
{"title":"Hippocampal astrocytic sequences emerge during learning and memory recall.","authors":"Ryan A Senne, Rebecca L Suthard, Rui Cao, Siria Coello, Amy H Monasterio, Evan A Ruesch, Michelle D Buzharsky, Marc W Howard, Steve Ramirez","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02448-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41593-026-02448-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dorsal hippocampus is a heterogeneous structure with numerous cell types involved in generating and maintaining detailed representations of space and time. Although pyramidal neurons support associative memory through sequentially active 'time cells', non-neuronal contributions remain poorly understood. Here we used one-photon calcium imaging to track dorsal CA1 astrocytes across days in freely moving mice during contextual fear conditioning. Foot shock evoked robust astrocytic calcium-event sequences with a time-compressed structure that resembled time-cell activity. Similar sequences re-emerged during later exposure to the conditioned context despite the absence of shock, but were not detected in a distinct context. Within the conditioned context, spontaneous astrocytic activity was associated with transitions across behavioral states, including freezing; this relationship was absent in the new context. Together, these findings suggest that astrocytes contribute to hippocampal representations of the temporal structure of associative memories and motivate further study of how diverse hippocampal cell types jointly encode experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clara Kwon Starkweather, Ethan H Willbrand, Kristin Sellers, Patrick W Hullett, Andrew D Krystal, A Moses Lee, Kevin S Weiner, Jon T Willie, Peter Brunner, Ming Hsu, Edward F Chang, Robert T Knight
{"title":"Intracranial recordings in humans reveal differential contributions of medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex to approach-avoidance decision-making.","authors":"Clara Kwon Starkweather, Ethan H Willbrand, Kristin Sellers, Patrick W Hullett, Andrew D Krystal, A Moses Lee, Kevin S Weiner, Jon T Willie, Peter Brunner, Ming Hsu, Edward F Chang, Robert T Knight","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02444-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-026-02444-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approach-avoidance refers to the psychological conflict in which deciding to approach a reward also carries potential punishment. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is proposed to arbitrate approach-avoidance decisions, yet little is known about the real-time computations within OFC during these decisions. We conducted intracranial recordings in humans implanted with stereotactic electroencephalography electrodes in the OFC while they played a gamified approach-avoidance task. Here we identified two anatomically distinct signals within the OFC prior to approach: an increase in activity within the medial compartment and a decrease within the lateral compartment. Prior to decisions, these signals rapidly alternated between discrete pro-approach and pro-avoidant states, thus introducing a new functional architecture within the human OFC during decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samantha C. Brosler, Jessie R. Liu, Alexander B. Silva, Irina P. Hallinan, Cady M. Kurtz-Miott, Jonah F. B. Dunkel Wilker, Adelyn Tu-Chan, Karunesh Ganguly, Edward F. Chang
{"title":"Simultaneous speech and gesture decoding for multimodal communication in paralysis","authors":"Samantha C. Brosler, Jessie R. Liu, Alexander B. Silva, Irina P. Hallinan, Cady M. Kurtz-Miott, Jonah F. B. Dunkel Wilker, Adelyn Tu-Chan, Karunesh Ganguly, Edward F. Chang","doi":"10.1038/s41593-026-02446-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41593-026-02446-2","url":null,"abstract":"Stroke and neurodegenerative diseases can impair speech and nonverbal gestures, limiting natural communication. Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to restore these functions by translating neural activity into commands for external devices, although prior work has primarily focused on decoding speech or gestures in isolation. Here we show that neural signals recorded with a single high-density electrocorticography implant can support simultaneous decoding of speech and gestures in people with paralysis. We first show that isolated upper-limb and orofacial movements can be reliably decoded among three participants. Using parallel speech and gesture decoders, we then enabled participants to control a personalized virtual avatar by attempting speech and gestures simultaneously or in isolation. Training models on both isolated and simultaneous data improved performance across behavioral contexts. These findings demonstrate that one cortical implant can support multi-effector control and provide a step toward BCIs that enable more natural communication for people with paralysis. Brosler et al. develop a brain–computer interface that simultaneously decodes speech and gestures from a single cortical implant to animate a virtual avatar, providing a step toward more flexible communication for people with paralysis.","PeriodicalId":19076,"journal":{"name":"Nature neuroscience","volume":"29 10","pages":"2445-2455"},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-026-02446-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148970377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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