Molecules最新文献

{"title":"One-Step Solvothermal Synthesis of Carbon Dots for Rapid and Accurate Determination of Hemin Content.","authors":"Yiaobo Zhang, Lin Liu, Jiahui He, Chengzhi Huang, Lei Zhan, Chunmei Li","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061343","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of sensitive and specific methods for the high-quality analysis of hemin-related drugs is significant in the pharmaceutical field. In this work, a simple and rapid method based on the fluorescent properties of carbon dots (CDs) was established for the determination of hemin in drugs. By taking melamine and ethylenediamine as the reaction materials, the fluorescent CDs were synthesized by a one-step solvothermal method, which can be used for the determination of hemin in drugs by the fluorescent inner filter effect. The as-prepared fluorescent CDs with rich functional groups on the surface displayed good water solubility, strong salt resistance, robust pH stability, and photobleaching resistance. Most importantly, the fluorescent excitation wavelength of fluorescent CDs was very close to the absorption wavelength of hemin, providing the evidence for the fluorescent inner filter effect. When the hemin concentration was in the range of 0.01-1 μM, there was a good linear relationship between the hemin content with the fluorescence intensity of CDs. The linear regression equation was (1 - <i>F</i>/<i>F</i>₀) = 0.0897<i>c</i> + 0.0124, with a correlation coefficient (<i>R</i>²) of 0.9982 and a detection limit of 9 nM. This assay was successfully used to determine the content of hemin in the tablet, which displayed 97.9-105.5% of the labelled amount, with a relative standard deviation of less than 3%. The developed fluorescence method for the detection of hemin content displays the advantages of accurate, rapid, and high sensitivity, which could prove to be a useful tool for the determination of hemin supplement tablets.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel N/P-Doped Carbon Shells/Mn_5.64P₃ with Hexagonal Crystal Structure Hybrid as a Prospective Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries.","authors":"Fei Wang, Jingxia Gao, Hui Li, Junle Zhang, Aiyun Jiang, Yong Liu, Fengzhang Ren","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061346","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tailored crystalline configuration coupled with submicron particles would be conducive to superior ionic conductivity, which could further improve the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, manganese phosphide (Mn_5.64P₃) particles with hexagonal crystal structure embedded into nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) co-doped carbon shells (Mn_5.64P₃-C) are successfully prepared by the self-template and recrystallization-self-assembly method. The electrochemical properties of as-synthesized Mn_5.64P₃-C as anode materials for LIBs are systematically investigated. The XRD and HRTEM combined with SAED indicate that the prepared Mn_5.64P₃-C hybrid with the ratio of 1:10 of Mn:C present a hexagonal crystal structure covered with a carbon layer. During charging/discharging at the current density of 0.5 A g^-1, the Mn_5.64P₃-C electrode exhibits the reversible capacity of 160 mAh g^-1 after 3000 cycles with high-capacity retention. The ex-situ XRD of initial discharge/charge process at different voltages implies that the Mn_5.64P₃ could be transformed to the amorphous Li<i>_x</i>Mn<i>_y</i>P<i>_z</i>. The N/P co-doped carbon shells can provide high specific area for electrolyte infiltration, and act as the buffer matrix to suppress the loss of the Mn_5.64P₃ active material during cycling. The Mn_5.64P₃ with the hexagonal crystal structure and N/P co-doped carbon shells could promote the further optimization and development of manganese phosphide for high-performance LIBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of AIE-Type Carbazole-Capped Triphenylmethyl Organic Radicals Featuring Non-Aufbau Electronic Structure and Enhanced Photostability.","authors":"Hazretomar Parida, Fudong Ma, Zunqi Liu, Zhaoze Ding, Obolda Ablikim","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061344","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we report two novel donor-acceptor (D-A•)-type triphenylmethyl radicals, TTM-1TPE-2Cz and TTM-2TPE-2Cz, synthesized by integrating an aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active 2-(1, 2, 2-triphenylethenyl)-9H-carbazole (TPE-2Cz) donor with tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical core. Despite the AIE unit's conventional ACQ-suppressing capability, both radicals exhibit complete emission quenching in solid/solution states but demonstrate 655 nm red emission in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-doped films. Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that the flexible TPE moiety unexpectedly enhances non-radiative decay while establishing a non-Aufbau electronic configuration through its strong electron-donating nature (-5.16 eV HOMO vs. -5.75 eV SOMO). Remarkably, these radicals achieve unprecedented photostability with half-lives (t₁/₂) 39,000- and 12,000-fold greater than pristine TTM, respectively. This work not only presents a synthetic strategy for stable radicals through non-Aufbau electronic engineering but also elucidates critical structure-property relationships between AIE units and radical photophysics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Growth of Au NPs on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots Decorated Graphene Composites for the Construction of an Electrochemical Immunosensor and Its Application in CEA Detection.","authors":"Zhengzheng Yan, Lujie Wang, Fei Yan","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061347","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an important tumor biomarker for the early clinical diagnosis of various cancers, and, therefore, the accurate and sensitive quantitative determination of CEA is of vital significance. In this study, we demonstrated the in situ growth of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) on nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites by using simple drop-coating and electrochemical deposition methods. N-GQDs@rGO can be formed through the π-π stacking interaction and possesses a high specific surface area and many functional groups, providing lots of anchor sites (amino moieties in NGQDs) for the in situ electrochemical growth of AuNPs without the addition of reductants and protective agents. Such AuNPs/N-GQDs@rGO ternary nanocomposites combine the characteristics of three nanomaterials, showing a large surface area, excellent solubility, good conductivity, catalytic activity, a simple fabrication process, and notable stability, which are further used to construct a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of CEA. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the AuNPs/N-GQDs@rGO-based electrochemical immunosensor achieves a broad linear response, ranging from 1 pg/mL to 0.5 μg/mL and a low detection limit of 0.13 pg/mL. Moreover, the AuNPs/N-GQDs@rGO-based electrochemical immunosensor shows exceptional selectivity, anti-interference, and anti-fouling capabilities for the direct analysis of CEA amounts in fetal bovine serum samples, showing vast potential in the clinical screening of cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Surface Plasmon Resonance and Docking Analysis for Mechanistic Insights of Tryptase Inhibitors.","authors":"Alessia Porta, Candida Manelfi, Carmine Talarico, Andrea Rosario Beccari, Margherita Brindisi, Vincenzo Summa, Daniela Iaconis, Marco Gobbi, Marten Beeg","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061338","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tryptase is a tetrameric serine protease and a key component of mast cell granules. Here, we explored an integrated approach to characterize tryptase ligands, combining novel experimental binding studies using Surface Plasmon Resonance, with in silico analysis through the Exscalate platform. For this, we focused on three inhibitors previously reported in the literature, including a bivalent inhibitor and its corresponding monovalent compound. All three ligands showed concentration-dependent binding to immobilized human tryptase with the bivalent inhibitor showing the highest affinity. Furthermore, Rmax values were similar, indicating that the compounds occupy all four binding pockets of the tryptase tetramer. This hypothesis was supported by in silico computational analysis that revealed the binding mode of the monovalent ligand, one in each monomer pocket, compared with crystal structure of the bivalent one, which simultaneously occupies two binding pockets. Additionally, we solved the 2.06 Å X-ray crystal structures of human Tryptase beta-2 (hTPSB2), in both its apo form and in complex with compound #<b>1</b>, experimentally confirming the binding mode and the key molecular interactions predicted by docking studies for this compound. This integrated approach offers a robust framework for elucidating both the strength and mode of interaction of potential tryptase inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation of Allosteric Tryptase Inhibitor from Methanol Extract of Rhubarb and Enhancement of Its Tryptase Inhibitory Activity by Compounds That Were Screened by In Silico Screening.","authors":"Hidetoshi Fujii, Moeno Ito, Kentaro Nishioka, Katsutoshi Nishino, Takanao Otsuka, Kazuhiro Irie, Takashi Tanaka, Masaya Nagao","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061341","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tryptase, which is abundant in human mast cells and is involved in allergic inflammations such as asthma, is a serine protease. We isolated a tryptase inhibitor, procyanidin B8 3,3'-di-<i>O</i>-gallate (PB8GG'), a tannin, from the methanol extract of rhubarb (RHEI RHIDOMA), which is a traditional Chinese medicine (Kampo medicine in Japan). Since it did not inhibit another serine protease trypsin, PB8GG' specifically inhibited tryptase. A standard kinetic analysis of the inhibitory fashion of PB8GG' against tryptase suggested that PB8GG' inhibited tryptase in an allosteric manner. We searched for other tannins like PB8GG' expected to bind tryptase using AutoDock vina. Two ellagitannins, carpinins B and E, isolated from young leaves of <i>Carpinus japonica</i> were selected as candidates of tryptase inhibitors. Carpinins B and E themselves had almost no inhibitory activity against tryptase but enhanced the inhibitory activity of PB8GG' against tryptase. This is an example that shows that a combination of an allosteric inhibitor with other compounds that bind but have no inhibitory activity can be used to develop a clinically useful combinatorial enzyme inhibitor.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress in Epoxidation of Light Small-Molecule Olefins.","authors":"Guanghui Zhao, Tianfu Yang, Jincheng Liu, Xianming Xu, Yulong Wang, Yongjun Zhang, Meng Gao, Chao Xiong, Hongbing Ji","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061340","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light olefins, as important bulk raw materials in the petrochemical industry, play an irreplaceable role in the development of the manufacturing industry and the economy. The epoxides of light olefins are important intermediates for the synthesis of polymers, drugs, and fine chemicals, and their green, efficient, and safe synthesis has attracted much attention. This review focuses on the research progress of light olefin epoxidation and elucidates traditional epoxidation methods, such as the chlorohydrin method. Although these processes have mature processes, they have drawbacks, including equipment corrosion, environmental pollution, poor safety, and high waste emissions. Special emphasis is placed on catalytic epoxidation systems using oxygen or organic peroxides as oxygen sources. For homogeneous catalytic systems, certain metal complexes exhibit high activity and selectivity yet are difficult to separate and recycle. Moreover, heterogeneous catalytic systems have become a research hotspot due to their advantages of easy separation and reusability, with supported metal catalysts being a prime example. Meanwhile, the effects of reaction temperature, pressure, solvent, etc., on epoxidation are explored. The specific reaction mechanisms are also studied and analyzed. Current research challenges, including enhancing catalyst stability and reducing costs, are summarized. In the future, developing highly efficient, green, and economically viable epoxidation technologies for large-scale industrial applications represents an important research direction in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles and Their Application for Loading Cytisine and Its Phosphorus Derivative.","authors":"Serik D Fazylov, Oralgazy A Nurkenov, Zhangeldy S Nurmaganbetov, Akmaral Zh Sarsenbekova, Ryszhan Ye Bakirova, Olzhas T Seilkhanov, Alexandr K Sviderskiy, Ardak K Syzdykov, Anel Zh Mendibayeva","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061337","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the synthesis and properties of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized silver nanoparticles and their loading with a drug component are considered. β-Cyclodextrin was used as a reducing agent and stabilizer in the preparation of silver nanoparticles. The use of β-CD-AgNPs in loading molecules of the alkaloid cytisine (Cz) and its O,O-dimethyl-N-cytisinilphosphate (CzP) derivative, which have pronounced antiviral properties, was studied. The formation of β-CD-Cz-AgNPs and β-CD-CzP-AgNPs was confirmed by UV spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the obtained β-CD-Cz-AgNP and β-CD-CzP-AgNP nanocomposites were well dispersed with particle sizes in the range of 3-20 nm. ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR and COSY, HMQC, HMBC and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the reduction and encapsulation of AgNPs by β-Cz, and the TEM imaging results showed an increase in the size of nanoparticles after the introduction of cytisine and its phosphorus derivative. The kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation process of β-CD, Cz, CzP and their inclusion complexes Cz(CzP)-β-CD-AgNPs under isothermal conditions, which ensure the preservation of the kinetic triplet, were determined. The differences in the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the studied materials are described by the parameters of the Šesták-Berggren model (m and n), which demonstrated differences for different compounds: for β-CD, the values of the parameters m and n are 0.47 and 0.53, respectively, while for CzP-β-CD-AgNPs they reach values of 0.66 and 1.34. These results indicate differences in the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the studied materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of New N-Methyl Substituted Thiazole-Derived Polyphenolic Compounds.","authors":"Alexandra Cătălina Cornea, Gabriel Marc, Ioana Ionuț, Cristina Moldovan, Anca Stana, Smaranda Dafina Oniga, Adrian Pîrnău, Laurian Vlase, Ilioara Oniga, Ovidiu Oniga","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061345","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reactive oxygen species play a significant role in various pathological conditions, driving the need for novel, potent antioxidants. While polyphenols are known for their antioxidant properties, their limited stability and bioavailability present challenges for therapeutic applications. To address these limitations, a series of novel thiazolyl-polyphenolic compounds was synthesized via a multi-step synthetic route incorporating Hantzsch heterocyclization in the final step. The synthesized compounds <b>7a</b>-<b>k</b> were structurally characterized using spectroscopic techniques, including NMR, MS, and IR. In silico thermodynamic calculations, including HOMO-LUMO gap and bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) calculations, revealed a promising antioxidant profile for these compounds and indicated that the substitution in position 2 of the thiazole ring does not substantially influence the antioxidant activity conferred by the catechol moiety in position 4. The antioxidant capacity of the synthesized compounds was experimentally validated using a panel of six distinct assays: two radical scavenging assays (ABTS and DPPH) and four electron transfer-based assays (RP, TAC, FRAP, and CUPRAC). The in vitro evaluation demonstrated that compounds <b>7j</b> and <b>7k</b> exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity compared to the established antioxidant standards, ascorbic acid and Trolox. These findings suggest that the strategic modifications in position 2 of the thiazole scaffold represent a promising direction for future research aimed at developing novel therapeutic agents with enhanced antioxidant properties. The present study is limited to the in vitro evaluation of compounds based on the N-methyl substituted thiazole scaffold, but future studies can include modifications such as changing the substituent on the thiazole nitrogen, the hydrazone linker or possible insertion of substituents in position 5 of thiazole ring of substituents with various electronic or physico-chemical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring the Composition of HA/PEG Mixed Nano-Assemblies for Anticancer Drug Delivery.","authors":"Beatrice Zurletti, Ilaria Andreana, Iris Chiara Salaroglio, Valeria Bincoletto, Maela Manzoli, Barbara Rolando, Paola Milla, Chiara Riganti, Barbara Stella, Silvia Arpicco","doi":"10.3390/molecules30061349","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30061349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-assembling amphiphilic polymers represent highly promising materials with emerging applications across various fields. In these polymers, the presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments within their structure drives the self-assembly process in aqueous environments, leading to organized structures capable of incorporating lipophilic drugs. Their high chemical versatility enables the design of tailored structures to meet specific requirements, such as the active targeting ability, thereby broadening their potential applications. In this work, a polyethylene glycol-phospholipid conjugate was employed to form nanocarriers loaded with a lipophilic derivative of gemcitabine. To achieve nano-assemblies actively targeted towards cancer cells overexpressing the hyaluronic acid (HA) receptor CD44, a HA-phospholipid conjugate was co-formulated in various molar ratios (1%, 10%, and 20%). All formulations exhibited a mean diameter below 130 nm, a negative zeta potential (approximately -30 mV), and a high encapsulation efficiency (above 90%). These nano-assemblies demonstrated stability during storage and effectively released the encapsulated drug in a cell culture medium. Upon incubation with cancer cells, the nano-assemblies were internalized via a CD44 endocytosis-mediated mechanism, with the extent of internalization depending on the HA conjugate content. Consistently, cell viability studies revealed that the nanocarriers decorated with higher amounts of HA exerted a higher cytotoxicity, enabling a fine tuning of the nano-assembly properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}