MoleculesPub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.3390/molecules30132792
Wang Wang, Hanting Zhou, Akanksha Sen, Pengxia Zhang, Linhong Yuan, Shaobo Zhou
{"title":"Recent Advances in the Mechanisms and Applications of <i>Astragalus</i> Polysaccharides in Liver Cancer Treatment: An Overview.","authors":"Wang Wang, Hanting Zhou, Akanksha Sen, Pengxia Zhang, Linhong Yuan, Shaobo Zhou","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132792","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132792","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Astragalus</i> polysaccharides (APS), bioactive compounds derived from <i>Astragalus membranaceus</i>, have emerged as promising natural agents in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Preclinical studies indicate that APS exerts significant anti-liver cancer effects through multiple biological actions, including the promotion of apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, regulation of autophagy, and modulation of immune responses. These therapeutic effects are closely associated with the regulation of critical signalling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT, and TGF-β/Smad. APS also reshapes the tumour microenvironment by enhancing macrophage activity, reducing the regulatory T cell function, and improving host immune response. In addition, APS exhibits synergistic effects when combined with conventional chemotherapeutics and interventional treatments such as transarterial chemoembolisation, improving efficacy and reducing toxicity. Despite the robust experimental evidence, limitations such as low bioavailability and a lack of large-scale clinical trials remain challenges for clinical translation. This review summarises the recent advances in understanding the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activities of APS, their molecular targets and potential applications, aiming to provide a scientific basis for future studies and the development of APS-based therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12250682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.3390/molecules30132797
Amantay Iskanderov, Nurlan Merkhatuly, Ablaykhan Iskanderov, Saltanat Abeuova, Pavel Vojtisek
{"title":"Synthesis of Conjugated Tris- and Tetrakis (Carbazolyl) Azulenes with Intense Emission in the Visible Range.","authors":"Amantay Iskanderov, Nurlan Merkhatuly, Ablaykhan Iskanderov, Saltanat Abeuova, Pavel Vojtisek","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132797","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New conjugated carbazolyl-substituted azulenes, such as 1,2,3-tris(carbazolyl)azulene and 1,2,3,6-tetrakis(carbazolyl)azulene, were synthesized via cross-coupling reactions in high yields. The resulting compounds exhibit a significant ability to absorb and emit light in the visible region, in the range of 400 to 600 nanometers. Studies have shown that azulene with carbazolyl substituents at positions 1, 2, 3, and 6 possesses unique photophysical properties, manifested as intense emission in the blue photoluminescence region (λ<sub>PL</sub> at 444 and 490 nm), which is not observed in the original azulene. This feature arises due to the donor properties of carbazolyl substituents, which have a strong effect on the electronic structure of azulene, creating the conditions for a permitted HOMO-LUMO electronic transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel HDAC6 Inhibitor Enhances the Efficacy of Paclitaxel Against Ovarian Cancer Cells.","authors":"An-Jui Chi, Jui-Ling Hsu, Yun-Xin Xiao, Ji-Wang Chern, Jih-Hwa Guh, Chao-Wu Yu, Lih-Ching Hsu","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132793","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ovarian cancer cells overexpress HDAC6, and selective HDAC6 inhibitors have been considered potential new drugs for ovarian cancer either alone or in combination with other anticancer agents. We screened 46 potential novel HDAC6 inhibitors in ES-2 ovarian cancer cells and showed that compound <b>25253</b> demonstrated the most potent anti-proliferative activity and effective synergy with paclitaxel, which was also validated in TOV21G ovarian cancer cells. The combination of <b>25253</b> and paclitaxel significantly induced subG1 and apoptotic cells, revealed by PI staining assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay, respectively. Western blot analysis showed downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, and upregulation of Bax and Bak, indicating that apoptosis was mediated through the intrinsic pathway. The combination increased γ-H2AX and p-p53 protein levels, suggesting the induction of DNA damage. Furthermore, HDAC6 was downregulated and acetylated α-tubulin was profoundly increased. Compound <b>25253</b> enhanced the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on cell migration and invasion, possibly due to the extensive accumulation of acetylated α-tubulin, which affected microtubule dynamics. Taken together, the combination of <b>25253</b> and paclitaxel synergistically inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells and induced apoptosis, providing supporting evidence that the combination of HDAC6 inhibitors and paclitaxel may be a promising treatment strategy for ovarian cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.3390/molecules30132796
Elena Reinhardt, Lukas Bauer, Antonia H Stadler, Henrik R Wilke, Arthur Delage, Jörg Stierstorfer, Thomas M Klapötke
{"title":"Development of Melt-Castable Explosive: Targeted Synthesis of 3,5-Dinitro-4-Methylnitramino-1-Methylpyrazole and Functional Derivatization of Key Intermediates.","authors":"Elena Reinhardt, Lukas Bauer, Antonia H Stadler, Henrik R Wilke, Arthur Delage, Jörg Stierstorfer, Thomas M Klapötke","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132796","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The problems associated with TNT necessitate the development of novel melt-castable compounds with melting points between 70 and 120 °C, a crucial endeavor in the field of energetic materials. This study introduces a promising melt-castable explosive based on nitropyrazole, whose melt-castable properties were achieved by the introduction of methyl groups. The synthesis of 3,5-dinitro-4-methylnitramino-1-methylpyrazole involves a three-step process starting from 3,5-dinitro-4-chloropyrazole, including substitution, nitration, and methylation reactions. Additionally, two alternative synthesis routes and six energetic salts were examined. Structural elucidation was conducted using conventional methods such as NMR, IR, and X-ray, while the energetic properties of the compound, including thermal behavior, sensitivities, and theoretical performance, were investigated. Also, compatibility with common explosives was investigated, the experimental enthalpy of formation by bomb calorimetry was determined, and an SSRT test was performed. Furthermore, the melt-cast explosive underwent an Ames test in order to assess its toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.3390/molecules30132795
Pouria Abdolmohammadi, Bashir Bietar, Juan Zhou, Christian Lehmann
{"title":"Mechanisms of Action of Propofol in Modulating Microglial Activation in Ischemic Stroke.","authors":"Pouria Abdolmohammadi, Bashir Bietar, Juan Zhou, Christian Lehmann","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132795","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic stroke, responsible for the majority of stroke cases worldwide, triggers profound neuroinflammatory responses largely mediated by microglia. Excessive activation of pro-inflammatory microglia exacerbates neuronal injury, highlighting the need for therapeutic strategies targeting microglial modulation. Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol), a widely used intravenous anesthetic, has emerged as a promising neuroprotective agent due to its potent anti-inflammatory properties. This review comprehensively explores the diverse cellular mechanisms by which propofol attenuates microglial activation and inflammation in ischemic stroke. By elucidating these molecular pathways, it underscores the therapeutic potential of propofol in mitigating ischemic brain injury and guiding future clinical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12251451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis of Novel 7-Phenyl-2,3-Dihydropyrrolo[2,1-<i>b</i>]Quinazolin-9(1<i>H</i>)-ones as Cholinesterase Inhibitors Targeting Alzheimer's Disease Through Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction.","authors":"Davron Turgunov, Lifei Nie, Azizbek Nasrullaev, Zarifa Murtazaeva, Bianlin Wang, Dilafruz Kholmurodova, Rustamkhon Kuryazov, Jiangyu Zhao, Khurshed Bozorov, Haji Akber Aisa","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132791","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An important field of research in medicinal and organic chemistry involves halogen-containing heterocyclic synthones, which form the backbone of more complex organic compounds. This study aimed to design and synthesize 28 novel derivatives of 7-aryl-2,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,1-<i>b</i>]quinazolin-9(1<i>H</i>)-one. The derivatives were created from 7-bromoquinoline intermediates to evaluate their potential as cholinesterase inhibitors for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The conditions for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction were optimized to improve yield and purity. The derivatives were evaluated for their anticholinesterase activity using Ellman's method, revealing that it most effectively inhibited cholinesterase within the micromolar range. 7-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,1-<i>b</i>]quinazolin-9(1<i>H</i>)-one derivative exhibited the highest inhibitory potency, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 6.084 ± 0.26 μM. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations provided insight into how this lead compound interacts with the enzyme, suggesting its potential as a drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12250785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.3390/molecules30132790
Caio Sena, Pedro Albuquerque, Jonas Oliveira, Davi Vieira
{"title":"Molecular Insights into the Interaction of Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonists: A Comprehensive Study Using Classical and Quantum Computational Methods.","authors":"Caio Sena, Pedro Albuquerque, Jonas Oliveira, Davi Vieira","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132790","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep disorders, such as insomnia and narcolepsy, significantly impact quality of life. They are often associated with long-term health consequences, including cardiovascular disease, immune dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. While traditional treatments, such as sedatives and hypnotics, can be effective, they are limited by issues of tolerance and dependence. The orexinergic system, particularly the orexin 1 receptor (OXR1), has emerged as a promising therapeutic target due to its central role in regulating sleep-wake cycles. In this study, we investigate the molecular interactions of three OXR1 antagonists-daridorexant, lemborexant, and suvorexant-using an integrated computational approach combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and the molecular fractionation with conjugate caps (MFCC) methodology. The MFCC approach enabled the precise quantification of interaction energies between ligands and key receptor residues, providing detailed insights into the contributions of specific amino acids to binding stability. Our results reveal that residues such as GLU204, HIS216, and ASN318 play critical roles in stabilizing ligand-receptor interactions, with a marked decrease in binding energy magnitude as dielectric constants increase. Daridorexant exhibited the strongest interaction energy, driven by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts, while lemborexant and suvorexant showed distinct stabilization patterns mediated by hydrophobic interactions. These findings provide a robust molecular basis for the rational design of next-generation OXR1 antagonists with improved efficacy and safety profiles. By elucidating drug-receptor interactions at the atomic level, this research underscores the impact of integrated computational approaches in drug discovery. It supports the development of precise targeted therapies for sleep disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12250729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.3390/molecules30132799
Karen A Terrazas-Pineda, Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán, Claudia Ariadna Acero-Ortega, Juan Antonio Damas-Espinoza, Georgina Calderón-Domínguez, Rosalva Mora-Escobedo, Vicente Vega-Sánchez, Fabián Ricardo Gómez-de Anda
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Cinnamon, Tea Tree, and Thyme Essential Oils Against Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.) in Aquaculture Farms.","authors":"Karen A Terrazas-Pineda, Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán, Claudia Ariadna Acero-Ortega, Juan Antonio Damas-Espinoza, Georgina Calderón-Domínguez, Rosalva Mora-Escobedo, Vicente Vega-Sánchez, Fabián Ricardo Gómez-de Anda","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132799","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Overexploitation has led to a rise in pathogenic bacteria within aquaculture, increasing reliance on antibiotics, and developing microorganism resistance. This situation underscores the need to explore alternatives with a reduced ecological impact. Metabolites derived from essential oils have demonstrated antimicrobial properties that can inhibit or diminish the activity of various microorganisms. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamon (<i>Cinnamomum zeylanicum)</i>, tea tree (<i>Melaleuca alternifolia</i>), and thyme (<i>Thymus vulgaris</i>) essential oils against pathogenic bacteria (<i>Aeromonas</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Shewanella</i>, <i>Comamonas</i>, <i>Vibrio</i>, <i>Acinetobacter</i>, and <i>Empedobacter</i>) isolated from tilapia (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.) brooded in Hidalgo State, Mexico, were investigated. Diffusion tests were conducted using discs infused with 12 different antibiotics and discs infused with essential oils at concentrations of 15, 10, and 5 μL each. Minimal inhibitory concentration tests were performed using a 96-well microplate format. All bacterial strains exhibited multi-resistance to various antibiotics; however, thyme and cinnamon effectively inhibited the tested bacteria at the lowest concentrations, while tea tree oil was the least effective. The findings suggest the potential incorporation of thyme and cinnamon as an alternative prevention to decrease the use of antibiotic treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12250716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.3390/molecules30132786
Kyu Won Kim, Geonha Park, Sejin Ku, Young Pyo Jang
{"title":"Development of an HPTLC-MS Method for the Differentiation of Celosiae Semen: <i>Celosia argentea</i> Versus <i>C. cristata</i>.","authors":"Kyu Won Kim, Geonha Park, Sejin Ku, Young Pyo Jang","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132786","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celosiae Argentea Semen (CAS), derived from <i>Celosia argentea</i> L., is traditionally used in Korean and Chinese medicine to treat eye disorders and liver heat and is recognized in official Pharmacopeias. In contrast, Celosiae Cristatae Semen (CCS), despite its frequent presence in the market, is not officially listed. The morphological and chemical similarities between the two pose challenges for accurate identification. This study presents an integrative method combining digital image analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPTLC-MS) to differentiate CAS from CCS. Digital microscopy and ImageJ analysis showed that CCS has a projection area over twice that of CAS. Chemically, an optimized HPTLC method using ethyl acetate, methanol, water, and formic acid revealed distinct fingerprint patterns under UV 366 nm and white light. Notably, celosin F was exclusively detected in CAS, while celosin H, J, and K were characteristic of CCS. ESI-TOF-MS analysis confirmed these markers, resolving an overlap in <i>R</i><sub>F</sub> values. Repeatability tests showed total SDs of sucrose for intra-day, inter-day, and inter-analysis precision were 0.006, 0.004, and 0.005, respectively, confirming method reliability. This combined approach offers a rapid, reliable, and practical tool for distinguishing these two medicinal seeds, supporting enhanced quality control and regulatory standardization in pharmaceutical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12250623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Natural-Origin Edible Gels as Delivery Systems for Green Tea Extract: Formulation, Physicochemical, and Biopharmaceutic Profile Assessment.","authors":"Andreja Poceviciute, Agne Mazurkeviciute, Lina Raudone","doi":"10.3390/molecules30132789","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30132789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural-origin edible gels are gaining attention as innovative carriers for bioactive compounds, offering consumer-friendly formats and potential to enhance stability and bioavailability. This study aimed to develop and characterize edible gels incorporating <i>Camellia sinensis</i> (L.) Kuntze extract using different plant-based gelling agents, including whole flaxseeds, ground flaxseeds, medium-size oatmeal, and coarse oatmeal. The physical properties of the gels were evaluated by rheological (flow curve) and pH studies. The phytochemical composition of the green tea extract and gels with this extract and the main phenolic compounds, including catechins, gallic acid, and caffeine, were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The biopharmaceutical properties of the prepared gels were evaluated by dissolution testing. Rheological analysis revealed that oat-based gels exhibited higher viscosity (up to 24.33 Pa·s) compared to flaxseed-based gels. Despite differences in consistency, no statistically significant differences were found in total phenolic release among gel formulations (<i>p</i> > 0.05), except for epigallocatechin, which showed significantly higher release from coarse oatmeal gels (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The findings suggest that both flaxseed- and oatmeal-based gels are promising natural carriers for green tea phytochemicals, offering standardized dosing and potential cognitive health benefits. Further studies are warranted to assess the in vivo bioavailability and long-term stability of these formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12250661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}