{"title":"Highly Efficient Adsorption of Uranium(VI) Ions in Aqueous Solution by Imidazole-4,5-Dicarboxylic Acid-Functionalized UiO-66.","authors":"Tian Lan, Xiechun Liu, Haifeng Cong, Xiaofan Ding, Jing Zhao, Songtao Xiao","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142966","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, a novel adsorbent, UiO-66-H<sub>3</sub>IMDC, was successfully prepared by functionalizing UiO-66 with imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3IMDC). The effective functionalization of H<sub>3</sub>IMDC on UiO-66 was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The relationships between the adsorption of U(VI) on UiO-66-H<sub>3</sub>IMDC and the contact time, the pH of the solution, as well as the initial concentration of U(VI) were investigated. Additionally, the selective adsorption of U(VI) by UiO-66-H<sub>3</sub>IMDC and its cyclic regeneration performance were also studied. The results demonstrate that the UiO-66-H<sub>3</sub>IMDC adsorbent exhibits excellent adsorption performance for uranium in aqueous solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298460/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.3390/molecules30142965
Natalia Rukoyatkina, Tatyana Sokolova, Nikita Pronin, Andrei Whaley, Anastasiia O Whaley, Stepan Gambaryan
{"title":"Death of Leukemia Cells and Platelets Induced by 3,3'-Dihydroxy-4,5-Dimethoxybibenzyl Is Mediated by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway.","authors":"Natalia Rukoyatkina, Tatyana Sokolova, Nikita Pronin, Andrei Whaley, Anastasiia O Whaley, Stepan Gambaryan","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142965","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bibenzyls are now recognized as compounds for use in cancer therapy, and many molecules from the bibenzyl group have shown promising anticancer activity; therefore, the characterization of new bibenzyls with strong biological activity is important for developing new anticancer drugs. In this study, we compared the effects of three bibenzyls (3,3'-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybibenzyl and 3,5,3'-trihydroxy-4-methoxybibenzyl) isolated from <i>Empetrum nigrum</i> and erianin on platelets and the MOLT-3 T-lymphoblast cell line. Among the studied bibenzyls, 3,3'-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl significantly reduced the viability of MOLT-3 cells and platelets and induced strong phosphatidylserine (PS) surface exposure. We showed that 3,3'-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl induced the death of MOLT-3 cells and platelets, which was not mediated by apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, or calpain-dependent pathways, and that the p38 MAP kinase pathways are at least partly involved in the activity of 3,3'-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl. In conclusion, our data show that 3,3'-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl could be a promising candidate for future analysis as an anticancer drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.3390/molecules30142976
Dorota Sosnowska, Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda, Dominika Kajszczak, Anna Podsędek
{"title":"Bioactive Properties and Phenolic Profile of Bioaccessible and Bioavailable Fractions of Red Radish Microgreens After In Vitro Digestion.","authors":"Dorota Sosnowska, Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda, Dominika Kajszczak, Anna Podsędek","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142976","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health-promoting activity of radish microgreens after consumption depends on their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. In this study, we compared the composition of phenolic compounds, their cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities in cell lines, and antioxidant properties of the undigested radish microgreens with their fractions obtained after simulated in vitro digestion in the stomach, as well as in the small and large intestine. The results have demonstrated higher levels of total phenolics (by 70.35%) and total hydroxycinnamic acids (3.5 times increase), an increase in scavenging efficiency toward ABTS<sup>•+</sup> and superoxide anion radicals, and an increase in the reduction potential (FRAP method) in the gastric bioaccessible fraction. In contrast, small intestinal digestion negatively affected phenolic content (a reduction of 53.30-75.63%), except for total hydroxycinnamic acids (3-fold increase). Incubation of the non-bioavailable fraction with bacterial enzymes led to further degradation. Undigested microgreens had no negative impact on Caco-2, HT-29, and SH-SY5Y cells' metabolism at 0.05-2 mg/mL, while all digested samples at 1 mg/mL revealed their cytotoxic potential. All samples used at a non-cytotoxic concentration showed protective activity against H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and corticosterone-induced oxidative stress generation as well as reduced proinflammatory cytokines production. Overall, radish microgreens may exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities when consumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12299810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.3390/molecules30142977
Jacqueline Poblete, Mario Aranda, Issis Quispe-Fuentes
{"title":"Efficient Conditions of Enzyme-Assisted Extractions and Pressurized Liquids for Recovering Polyphenols with Antioxidant Capacity from Pisco Grape Pomace as a Sustainable Strategy.","authors":"Jacqueline Poblete, Mario Aranda, Issis Quispe-Fuentes","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142977","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pisco industry generates significant environmental waste, particularly grape pomace, which is a rich source of phenolic compounds. Emerging extraction technologies offer promising alternatives for recovering these bioactive components. This study evaluated enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) techniques using response surface methodology to optimize phenolic compound yield and antioxidant capacity. Specifically, a D-optimal design was applied for EAE, and a Box-Behnken design was applied for PLE. The optimal extraction conditions for EAE were 0.75 U/mL of tannase, 40 U/mL of cellulase, 20 °C, and 15 min. For PLE, the optimal parameters were 54% ethanol, 113 °C, and three extraction cycles. These conditions yielded 38.49 mg GAE g<sup>-1</sup> dw and 50.03 mg GAE g<sup>-1</sup> dw of total polyphenols and antioxidant capacities of 342.47 μmol TE g<sup>-1</sup> dw and 371.00 μmol TE g<sup>-1</sup> dw, respectively. The extracts obtained under optimal conditions were further characterized through chromatographic techniques to determine their phenolic profiles. Seven phenolic compounds were identified: gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside hydrate, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, and kaempferol. PLE extracts exhibited the highest concentration of these compounds. These findings demonstrate that recovering antioxidant-rich phenolic compounds from pisco grape pomace using innovative extraction methods is a viable strategy for obtaining functional ingredients and supporting sustainable industrial practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12299454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.3390/molecules30142968
Idoya Fernández-Pan, Sandra Horvitz, Francisco C Ibañez, Paloma Vírseda, María José Beriain
{"title":"Protective Effect of Tomato By-Product in Refined Sunflower Oil with Different Lipid Profiles.","authors":"Idoya Fernández-Pan, Sandra Horvitz, Francisco C Ibañez, Paloma Vírseda, María José Beriain","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142968","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recovery of carotenoids, particularly lycopene, from industrial tomato by-products is contingent upon the composition of the raw material, the harvesting season, and the specifics of the extraction process. Industrial tomato by-product from three harvest seasons (S1, S2, and S3) was revalorized and used as a lycopene natural source. Pressurization-assisted extraction of lycopene was carried out using two types of refined sunflower oil (high oleic, HO, and low oleic, LO). The carotenoid and tocopherol content, as well as the fatty acid profile, were analyzed in the resulting HO and LO oil samples, and thermooxidation stability was evaluated. Lycopene recovery was found to be higher in the LO oil than in the HO oil using the by-product from the S3 harvest. Conversely, the tocopherol content declined in both oil types following the incorporation of the S3 by-products. The addition of by-products did not affect the thermooxidation stability of the HO oil. Conversely, the thermooxidation stability of the LO oil increased by about 3.2 ± 0.6 h, irrespective of the season. The findings of this study demonstrate that the addition of tomato by-product, regardless of its lycopene content, provides a protective effect against the thermooxidation of conventional sunflower oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.3390/molecules30142978
Aiman A Turgunbayeva, Nurgul A Sultanova, Mohammad Saleh Hamad, Victor A Savelyev, Elena I Chernyak, Irina Yu Bagryanskaya, Mikhail A Pokrovsky, Andrey G Pokrovsky, Nadezhda G Gemejiyeva, Elvira E Shults
{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Secondary Metabolites in <i>Rheum tataricum</i> L.fil. Growing in Kazakhstan and Surveying of Its Anticancer Potential.","authors":"Aiman A Turgunbayeva, Nurgul A Sultanova, Mohammad Saleh Hamad, Victor A Savelyev, Elena I Chernyak, Irina Yu Bagryanskaya, Mikhail A Pokrovsky, Andrey G Pokrovsky, Nadezhda G Gemejiyeva, Elvira E Shults","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142978","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rheum tataricum</i> L.fil., known for its high tolerance to drought, salinity, and nutritional deficiency, is the least studied species of wild rhubarb. Extract of roots and rhizomes of <i>R. tataricum</i> has been traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases such as liver, kidney, womb, and bladder diseases and also relapsing fever. An ethanol extract of the roots of <i>R. tataricum</i> was prepared and further successively fractionated by extraction with <i>tert</i>-butyl methyl ether (<i>TBME</i>) and ethyl acetate (<i>EtOAc</i>). The obtained extract fractions were subjected to a series of chromatographic separations on silica gel for the isolation of its individual compounds. A total of 12 individual compounds, 2-<i>O</i>-β-<i>D</i>-glucopyranoside of <i>R</i>-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol (rhododendrin) <b>1</b>, gallic acid <b>2</b>, 2-<i>O</i>-β-<i>D</i>-glucopyranoside of <i>S</i>-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol (<i>epi</i>-rhododendrin) <b>3</b>, their aglycones (-)-(2<i>R</i>)-rhododendrol <b>4</b> and (+)-(2<i>S</i>)-rhododendrol <b>5</b>, gallotannin β-glucogallin <b>6</b>, chlorogenic acids (3,5-di-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid <b>7</b> and 5-<i>O</i>-caffeoyl-3-<i>O</i>-(<i>p</i>-coumaroyl) quinic acid <b>8</b>), 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanon (raspberry ketone) <b>9</b> and three stilbenes (rhaponticin <b>10</b>, desoxyrhaponticin <b>11</b> and resveratroloside <b>12</b>), were isolated and characterized. The structure of desoxyrhaponticin <b>11</b> was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. The results of in vitro biological assays (the MTT test) showed that ethanol extract <i>Rheum tataricum</i> was non-toxic against the normal epithelial VERO cells. The isolated compounds <b>1</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>11</b> and <b>12</b> exhibited cytotoxicity against a cervical cancer cell line (CaSki), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and glioblastoma cell line (SNB-19) at low micromolar concentrations. Polyhydroxystilbenes <b>11</b> and <b>12</b> showed the best potency against adenocarcinoma cells (GI<sub>50</sub> = 7-8 μM). The inhibition activity towards cancer cells was comparable to those of the standard drug doxorubicin. The available from <i>R. tataricum</i> secondary metabolites may serve as new leads for the discovery of anticancer drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12299285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extended Antimicrobial Profile of Chromone-Butenafine Hybrids.","authors":"Francesca Bonvicini, Lisa Menegaldo, Rebecca Orioli, Federica Belluti, Giovanna Angela Gentilomi, Silvia Gobbi, Alessandra Bisi","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142973","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal infections are recognized as a global health issue, in particular considering the spread of different forms of resistance to the commonly used antifungal drugs and their involvement in the occurrence of co-infections in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. In this paper, a small series of hybrid compounds were designed and synthesized by linking the privileged chromone and xanthone scaffolds, endowed with recognized antimicrobial potential, to the tert-butylbenzylamino portion of the antifungal drug butenafine, through selected linkers. The results showed for the xanthone-based compound <b>3</b> a promising activity towards <i>C. auris</i>, <i>C. tropicalis</i>, and <i>C. neoformans</i>, for which a high degree of resistance is commonly observed, together with a significant antibacterial potency towards Gram-positive bacteria, such as <i>S. aureus</i>. Considering that compound <b>3</b> displayed favorable selectivity and therapeutic indexes (9.1 and >16, respectively), it appeared as a valuable prototype, deserving further hit-to-lead optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Sensitive and Accurate Electrochemical Sensor Based on Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon for the Detection of Ascorbic Acid.","authors":"Yashuang Hei, Lisi Ba, Xingwei Shi, Huanhuan Guo, Sisi Wen, Bingxiao Zheng, Wenjie Gu, Zhiju Zhao","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142980","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ascorbic acid (AA) is a vital biomarker for human metabolic processes, and many diseases are strongly linked to aberrant variations in its content. It is crucial to detect the levels of AA with sensitivity, speed, and accuracy. In this work, three-dimensional honeycomb-like porous carbons derived from discarded walnut (green) husks (DWGH-HCPCs) were synthesized using a process involving hydrothermal treatment, freeze-drying, and carbonization. The DWGH-HCPCs, with a high specific surface area of 419.72 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, large pore volume of 0.35 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> and high density of defective sites, are used to fabricate the electrochemical sensor for the detection of AA. The electrochemical performance of the DWGH-HCPC-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (DWGH-HCPC/GCE) was investigated through chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry, and cyclic voltammetry. Compared with the GCE, the DWGH-HCPC/GCE exhibits higher sensitivities (34.7 μA mM<sup>-1</sup> and 22.7 μA mM<sup>-1</sup>), a wider linear range (10-1040 μM and 1040-3380 μM), and a lower detection limit (0.26 μM) for AA detection. Specifically, the real sample concentrations of AA in beverages and artificial urine were successfully identified by DWGH-HCPC/GCE. Additionally, the DWGH-HCPC/GCE demonstrated great feasibility in the simultaneous detection of AA, dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA). Therefore, as a green, eco-friendly, and low-cost electrode modifier, DWGH-HCPCs have broad prospects in the development of electrochemical sensing platforms for food and medical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.3390/molecules30142979
Oluwasegun Eric Ajayi, Rosa Bellavita, Lorenzo Emiliano Imbò, Sara Palladino, Simone Braccia, Annarita Falanga, Stefania Galdiero
{"title":"Boosting AMPs' Power: From Structural Engineering to Nanotechnology-Based Delivery.","authors":"Oluwasegun Eric Ajayi, Rosa Bellavita, Lorenzo Emiliano Imbò, Sara Palladino, Simone Braccia, Annarita Falanga, Stefania Galdiero","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142979","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a powerful support to conventional antibiotics in addressing the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and unique mechanisms of action enable diverse potential applications, including combating multidrug-resistant pathogens, immune modulation, and cancer therapy. Their clinical implementation is hindered by challenges such as toxicity, instability, and high production costs. Recent advances in AMP design, optimization, and delivery mechanisms such as nanoparticle conjugation and rational engineering have enhanced their efficacy, stability, and specificity. Integrating AMPs into precision medicine and combining them with existing therapies promises to overcome current limitations. With ongoing advancements, AMPs have the potential to redefine infection management and possibly other medical problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MoleculesPub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.3390/molecules30142959
Jia-Liang Zhu, Mei-Lin Chen
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Radical-Mediated Intramolecular Cyano-Group Migration.","authors":"Jia-Liang Zhu, Mei-Lin Chen","doi":"10.3390/molecules30142959","DOIUrl":"10.3390/molecules30142959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The radical-mediated intramolecular translocation of cyano groups has been recognized as a useful tool for the site-selective functionalization of organic molecules. The process is believed to proceed through the addition of an in situ-generated carbon-centered radical to the nitrile triple bond, followed by the β-scission of the resulting cyclic iminyl radical intermediate to relocate the cyano group and produce a more stable carbon radical for further elaboration. Beginning in the early 1960s and continuing for the next forty years, the research in this particular area has seen a surge of growth during the past two decades with advancements in radical chemistry and photocatalysis. The present article attempts to conduct a comprehensive review of existing studies on this topic by covering the literature from 1961 to 2025. The procedures developed for the purpose are grouped and discussed in four sections according to the strategies used to generate the initial carbon radicals, which include (i) hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), (ii) radical addition to the π system, (iii) halogen-atom transfer (XAT), and (iv) the homolytic fission of a C-C single bond. In each section, a specific emphasis will be placed on reaction conditions, substrate scopes, and mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"30 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}