Martin Darino, Namrata Jaiswal, Reynaldi Darma, Erika Kroll, Martin Urban, Youhuang Xiang, Moumita Srivastava, Hye-Seon Kim, Ariana Myers, Steven R Scofield, Roger W Innes, Kim E Hammond-Kosack, Matthew Helm
Chi Hzeng Wong, Jeffrey Alexander, Satyanarayana Tatineni
{"title":"Plant Viral Synergism: Co-expression of P1 and NIaPro Cistrons of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus and Triticum Mosaic Virus Is Required for Synergistic Interaction in Wheat.","authors":"Chi Hzeng Wong, Jeffrey Alexander, Satyanarayana Tatineni","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-10-24-0126-FI","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-10-24-0126-FI","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synergistic interactions among unrelated viruses in mixed infections can cause significant yield losses, and viral determinants of these interactions are poorly understood. Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) co-infection with wheat curl mite-transmitted wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) results in disease synergism with a drastically increased symptom phenotype of stunted growth, leaf bleaching, and enhanced titers of both viruses compared with individual virus infections. In this study, we examined the viral determinants responsible for WSMV-TriMV disease synergism through transient expression of select cistrons of WSMV in wheat through TriMV and vice-versa. We found that expression of WSMV P1, NIa, or NIaPro in wheat through TriMV or vice-versa elicited moderate to severe symptoms with a moderate or no increase in virus titer. However, co-expression of P1 and NIaPro of WSMV in wheat through TriMV or vice-versa exhibited a WSMV-TriMV disease synergism-like phenotype with enhanced accumulation of genomic RNA copies and coat protein. Additionally, we found that the P3 of both viruses is dispensable for synergism. HCPro and NIaVPg of WSMV and TriMV are not the primary determinants but might have a minor role in efficient synergism. In co-infected wheat, the accumulation of virus-specific small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) was increased, similar to viral genomic RNA copies, despite the presence of two viral RNA-silencing suppressors (VRSS), which function through sequestration of vsiRNAs. Our findings revealed that WSMV-TriMV disease synergism is not caused by the suppression of host posttranscriptional gene silencing by two VRSS proteins in co-infected wheat, and the P1 and NIaPro of both viruses collectively drive synergistic interactions between WSMV and TriMV in wheat. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 \"No Rights Reserved\" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2025.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"328-343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142624222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zengcui Zhang, Katherine L D Running, Sudeshi Seneviratne, Amanda R Peters Haugrud, Agnes Szabo-Hever, Gurminder Singh, Kateřina Holušová, István Molnár, Jaroslav Doležel, Timothy L Friesen, Justin D Faris
{"title":"Protein Kinase-Major Sperm Protein (PK-MSP) Genes Mediate Recognition of the Fungal Necrotrophic Effector SnTox3 to Cause Septoria nodorum Blotch in Wheat.","authors":"Zengcui Zhang, Katherine L D Running, Sudeshi Seneviratne, Amanda R Peters Haugrud, Agnes Szabo-Hever, Gurminder Singh, Kateřina Holušová, István Molnár, Jaroslav Doležel, Timothy L Friesen, Justin D Faris","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-10-24-0125-FI","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-10-24-0125-FI","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The wheat-<i>Parastagonospora nodorum</i> pathosystem has emerged as a model system for plant-necrotrophic fungal pathogen interactions. In this system, fungal necrotrophic effectors are recognized by specific host genes in an inverse gene-for-gene manner to induce programmed cell death and other host responses, which leads to disease. We previously cloned a wheat gene (<i>Snn3-D1</i>) encoding protein kinase and major sperm protein domains that recognizes the <i>P. nodorum</i> necrotrophic effector SnTox3. Here, we identified an <i>Snn3-D1</i> homoeolog (<i>Snn3-B1</i>) and a paralog (<i>Snn3-B2</i>) that also recognize SnTox3, leading to susceptibility. DNA sequence divergence of <i>Snn3-B1</i> and <i>Snn3-B2</i> and differences in transcriptional expression patterns and three-dimensional protein conformation were associated with a more severe programmed cell death response conferred by <i>Snn3-B2</i> compared with <i>Snn3-B1</i>. Both Snn3 proteins were localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm in wheat protoplasts, suggesting that they may have acquired novel functions compared with previously characterized major sperm protein domain-containing proteins in other species. <i>Snn3-B2</i> was previously shown to govern osmotic stress and salt tolerance, indicating that protein kinase-major sperm protein genes can act in plant defense responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Evaluation of a large collection of wheat lines showed that several alleles of each gene, including absent alleles, exist within the germplasm. Diagnostic markers were developed for the absent alleles of both genes, which will prove useful for marker-assisted selection in wheat to eliminate SnTox3 sensitivity and achieve better disease resistance. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 \"No Rights Reserved\" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2025.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"315-327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}