Minerals最新文献

{"title":"Geology and Geochemistry of the Hongnipo Copper Deposit, Southwest China","authors":"Wangdong Yang, Gongwen Wang, Yunchou Xu","doi":"10.3390/min14090936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090936","url":null,"abstract":"The Hongnipo deposit, a newly discovered large copper deposit in the Kangdian Fe-Cu metallogenic belt of southwest China, is hosted in the Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Hekou group. The deposit comprises five strata-bound ore bodies and is associated with sporadically distributed gabbroic intrusions. Four stages of mineralization and alteration have been identified: sodic alteration (I), banded sulfide (II), magnetite (III), and sulfide vein/stockwork (IV). Extensive sodic alteration of stage I is confirmed by the composition of feldspars. Trace element analysis of magnetite suggests a formation temperature of 400 ± 50 °C and has a characteristic of IOCG deposits, while high δ18O values (8.3–11.0‰) of fluids from stage III indicate a magmatic water origin. Sulfide δ34SVCDT values from stages II and IV range from −2.6 to 10.9‰ and −1.5 to 9.9‰, respectively, suggesting a mixed sulfur source from magmatic H2S and reduced seawater sulfate. Chalcopyrite from Hongnipo shows a narrow δ65Cu range of −0.135 to 0.587‰, indicating formation at high temperatures. The lack of correlation between δ65Cu and δ34SVCDT values suggests distinct geochemical behaviors in mineralization. In summary, the Hongnipo deposit is classified as a Cu-rich section of a typical IOCG deposit.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fate of “Immobile” Ti in Hyaloclastites: An Evidence from Silica–Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks of the Urals Paleozoic Massive Sulfide Deposits","authors":"Nuriya R. Ayupova, Valery V. Maslennikov, Irina Yu. Melekestseva, Dmitry A. Artemyev, Elena V. Belogub","doi":"10.3390/min14090939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090939","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of Paleozoic silica–iron-rich sedimentary rocks in the Urals volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits is considered a result of seafloor alteration of hyaloclastites mixed with calcareous/organic or sulfide material. These rocks host various Ti mineral phases pointing to the transformation of precursor metacolloidal TiO2 phases to disordered anatase during seafloor alteration of hyaloclastites, which was later converted to globules and clusters and further to diagenetic rutile. The LA-ICP-MS analysis showed that the Ti content of hyaloclasts partly replaced by finely dispersed Si–Fe aggregates increases to 540–2950 ppm and decreases (<5 ppm) in full Si–Fe pseudomorphs after hyaloclasts. LA-ICP-MS element mapping reveals the enrichment in V, U, Cr, W, Nb, Pb, and Th of the anatase globules and the local accumulation of Zr, Y, and REE on their periphery. Corrosive biogenic textures in the outer zones of some hyaloclasts and biomorphic aggregates in rocks contain anatase particles in assemblage with apatite indicating the biophilic properties of Ti. This work fills the knowledge gaps about Ti mobilization during low-temperature seafloor alteration of hyaloclastites in VHMS deposits.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Nickel–Iron Concentrate from Low-Grade Laterite Nickel Ore by Solid-State Metalized Reduction and Magnetic Separation","authors":"Wei Wang, Sichun Hu, Shoujing Wang, Hongzhao Liu, Deshui Yu, Lin Liu, Hongliang Wang, Ke Wang","doi":"10.3390/min14090926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090926","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the process of solid-state metalized reduction and magnetic separation was investigated for preparation of nickel–iron concentrate from a low-grade laterite nickel ore. The effects of reduction temperature, reduction time, amount of dosages, and magnetic field strength on grades and recoveries of nickel and iron were studied. The results showed that nickel–iron concentrate with a nickel grade of 7.32%, nickel recovery of 81.84%, iron grade of 78.74%, and iron recovery of 69.78% were obtained under the conditions of a reduction temperature of 1200 °C, reduction time of 120 min, calcium fluoride addition of 12%, ferric oxide addition of 10%, coal addition of 12%, and magnetic field strength of 170 kA/m.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the Origin of Carbonado","authors":"Valentin Afanasiev, Vladimir Kovalevsky, Alexander Yelisseyev, Rudolf Mashkovtsev, Sergey Gromilov, Sargylana Ugapeva, Ekaterina Barabash, Oksana Ivanova, Anton Pavlushin","doi":"10.3390/min14090927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090927","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonado is a specific variety of diamonds, typical representatives of which are distributed in the diamond placers of Central Africa, Brazil, and Venezuela. Carbonado consists of the microcrystalline aggregates of diamonds, with inclusions of mineral matter. These aggregates appear as fragments that are rounded to varying degrees. Carbonado has been known for a long time, but its primary sources have not been found and its genesis remains unclear. We have substantiated the hypothesis that the most probable precursor of carbonado is shungite. Shungite is a specific form of non-crystalline, non-graphitic, fullerene-like carbon. Shungite rocks, currently known in Karelia (Russia), are natural microdispersed composite materials containing shungite—carbonaceous matter and mineral components of different compositions. The content of carbonaceous matter in shungite rocks is from less than 10% to 98%. The carbon isotopic composition of shungite is light ẟ13C from −25‰ to −40‰. The age of shungite rock is more than 2 billion years old, but earlier shungite was probably much more widespread. Known shungite rocks are more than 2 billion years old, but earlier shungite was probably much more widespread. Shungite rocks could recrystallize into diamond rock upon subduction to high pressure and temperature. The diamond rocks could then be exhumed to the Earth’s surface, where they could undergo disruption and reworking with formation of those very fragments that are known as “carbonado”.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis of an Episyenite from Iwagi Islet, Southwest Japan: Unique Li–Na Metasomatism during the Turonian","authors":"Teruyoshi Imaoka, Sachiho Akita, Tsuyoshi Ishikawa, Kenichiro Tani, Jun-Ichi Kimura, Qing Chang, Mariko Nagashima","doi":"10.3390/min14090929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090929","url":null,"abstract":"A unique Li–Na metasomatic rock from Iwagi Islet in Southwest (SW) Japan is an episyenite that contains new Li-rich minerals, including sugilite, katayamalite, murakamiite, and ferro-ferri-holmquistite. We present petrographical, mineralogical, and geochronological data for the protoliths and episyenite. We classified the metasomatic rocks based on the mineral assemblages, from the protolith biotite granite to albitized granite, quartz albitite, hedenbergite albitite, aegirine albitite, sugilite albitite, and katayamalite albitite. The protolith of hedenbergite albitites may have been metasomatic granite that has been subjected to calcic skarnization. Albitites are formed related to fractures and shear zones that focused the fluid flow and metasomatism. Extensive albitization and formation of abundant Li minerals requires involvement of external Li-Na-Cl-rich fluids, which might be related to deep high-temperature Arima-like brines derived from dehydration of the subducted oceanic slab. Formation of the albitites began with quartz dissolution and vug formation, and record interface-coupled dissolution–reprecipitation processes in an open system. The 40Ar/39Ar age of 91.5 ± 0.3 Ma determined for the katayamalite is slightly younger than the protolith zircon U–Pb age of 93.5 ± 1.7 Ma (Turonian), reasonably explaining the timing of Li–Na metasomatism after the petrogenesis of host granites.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Yanshanian Uranium Mineralization Age and Its Geological Significance in the Dashigou Carbonatite-Type Mo-REE-U Deposit, East Qinling Orogen, China","authors":"Guangwen Huang, Dehai Wu, Furong Li, Chunrong Pan, Pengfei Fan, Zhuang Min","doi":"10.3390/min14090928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090928","url":null,"abstract":"The Dashigou deposit is one of the most representative carbonatite-type Mo-REE deposits in the East Qinling metallogenic belt of China, with a molybdenum resource of more than 180 kt and a rare earth resource of 37.8 kt. Recent exploration has revealed a considerable scale of uranium mineralization within this deposit. Therefore, this study conducted detailed mineralogical and EPMA U-Th-Pb chemical dating on the uranium mineralization in the Dashigou deposit. The results indicate that the U-ore body in the Dashigou deposit mainly consists in carbonatite veins, and principally as anhedral, mesh-like uraninite. The mineral assemblage is characterized by uraninite + rutile + bastnasite + parisite or brannerite. The uraninite displays geochemical compositions of high Y and Ce and low Si, Ti, and Mg. The EPMA U-Th-Pb chemical dating is 144 ± 3.1 Ma, representing the Yanshanian uranium mineralization age in the region. The newly discovered uranium mineralization age indicates that the deposit experienced a uranium remobilization event during the Cretaceous and was formed in an intracontinental orogenic and extensional environment post-collision orogeny.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Efficient Separation of Apatite from Dolomite Using Fucoidan as an Eco-Friendly Depressant","authors":"Yifan Zhang, Bingqiao Yang, Bing Deng, Huihua Luo, Fang Zhou","doi":"10.3390/min14090922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090922","url":null,"abstract":"The aim is to explore new depressants for achieving the efficient separation of apatite and dolomite. In this work, fucoidan (FD) was examined as an eco-friendly dolomite depressant to separate dolomite from apatite. The depression ability and adsorption mechanisms were investigated. The flotation results indicated that FD selectively depressed dolomite. The flotation difference between dolomite and apatite reached 70% approximately at an FD concentration of 75 mg/L. Meanwhile, the recovery and grade of P2O5 reached 89.84% and 32.88% and that of MgO decreased to 1.64% and 34.24% in the artificially mixed minerals test. Wettability, zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that FD tended to adsorb onto dolomite, impeding the interaction of sodium oleate (NaOL) with dolomite, but barely affected that on apatite. Microcalorimetry analysis indicated that the adsorption heat of FD on dolomite was much higher and less time was required to achieve equilibrium. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results proved that the sulfonic acid radicals within FD chemically interacted with Mg atoms on dolomite while it weakly adsorbed on apatite.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 9","pages":"922-922"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/14/9/922/pdf?version=1725947118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147906797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogical Insights into PGM Recovery from Middle Group (1–4) Chromite Tailings","authors":"Nomsa Precilla Baloyi, Willie Nheta, Vusumuzi Sibanda, Mehdi Safari","doi":"10.3390/min14090924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090924","url":null,"abstract":"Variations in the recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs) are often attributed to mineralogical and other natural ore-type variations. To increase the recovery of PGMs by the flotation process, a comprehensive understanding of gangue and valuable minerals is essential for optimising the extraction and processing of metals. Recoveries may be improved if the questions of how, where, and why losses occur can be answered with a certain degree of confidence. A requirement is the availability of statistically reliable mineralogical data. The PGMs of MG-1–4 chromite tailings dumps of the western limb of the Bushveld complex (BC) were studied in detail to unravel the PGMs and the nature of the platinum group minerals in the sample. Characterisation of the chromite tailings via deportment analysis revealed that the sample contained a significant amount of 3E PGM + Au (Pt, Pd, Ru, and Au) and was concentrated in the -25 µm fraction. The results of automated mineralogical analysis showed that the sample was composed of the PGE-sulphides group, comprising 63.6 vol%, PGE-sulfarsenides 10.4 vol%, PGE-arsenides 1.3 vol%, PGE-bismuth tellurides 3.3 vol%, PGMs-alloy 4.1 vol%, and Laurite comprising 17.3 vol% of the total PGE population. The sample was composed of 66.5 vol% of liberated PGMs, 0.2 vol% attached to liberated BMS, 27.3 vol% of PGMs attached to or locked within silicate or oxide gangue composite particles, 0.2 vol% of PGMs associated with BMS attached to silicate or oxide gangue particles, and a low proportion (5.8 vol%) of PGMs reported being locked within gangue or oxide particles. The majority of PGM grains observed were reported in the fast-floating category (64.4 vol%), 27.6 vol% in the slow-floating 1 category, 2.2 vol% in the slow-floating 2 category, and 5.8 vol% to the non-floating category. The results of the study revealed that the PGMs of MG 1–4 chromite tailings were liberated; however, the low liberation index (&lt;0.2) suggested that a significant portion of PGMs remained trapped within gangue, hindering their recovery. This highlights the need for effective comminution (crushing and grinding) to achieve better liberation. The sample contained fine particles that were more prone to being lost in the tailings and to lowering recovery due to the slimes coating valuable minerals. The recovery of the PGMs from this complex’s polymetallic bodies of low-grade and complex mineralogy will be insufficient with traditional methods and thus innovation is needed. Innovation like advanced comminution, novel flotation equipment or reagents, selective leaching and bioprocessing can overcome these challenges.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"14 9","pages":"924-924"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/14/9/924/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147892764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Recovery of Cu2+ and Au from Washing Solution of Pyrite Concentrate Slag by Two Processes","authors":"Kun Zhu, Lei Qi, Libo Zhang","doi":"10.3390/min14090921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090921","url":null,"abstract":"A large amount of pyrite concentrate slag washing solution is produced in China every year, and this contains valuable components such as Cu2+ and Au. The traditional treatment method not only pollutes the environment but also wastes metal resources. For the washing solution containing Cu2+ 437 mg/L and Au 0.13 mg/L, two new processes comprehensive recovery schemes were developed and compared in this paper, namely iron powder replacement pore filtration and neutralization precipitation pore filtration. When the iron powder replacement pore filtration process was adopted, Cu2+ and Au were mainly comprehensively recovered in the form of a mixture of sponge copper and particulate gold. The test results showed that the replacement optimal conditions involved a pH of 3.0, iron powder dosage of 6 g/L, and replacement time of 3.0 h. After replacement, the filter cloth with below 1 μm pore size was used for filtration. The recovery rate of Cu2+ in the washing solution was 98.13 and the total recovery rate of Au was 95.83%. Otherwise, when the neutralization precipitation pore filtration process was adopted, Cu2+ and Au were mainly comprehensively recovered in the form of a mixture of copper hydroxide and particulate gold. The test results showed that sodium hydroxide was used as the precipitant and the optimum neutralization pH value was 6.5. After precipitation, the filter cloth with a below 1 μm pore size was used for filtration. The recovery rate of Cu2+ in the washing solution was 97.35% and the total recovery rate of Au was 93.54%. The economic benefit estimation of the two processes showed that the neutralization precipitation pore filtration process had the advantages of low material consumption, low cost and high economic benefit.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Thin Coal Seam Detection in Eastern Indian Coalfields Using ICWT-Decon-Based Seismic Attributes and Acoustic Impedance Inversion","authors":"Naresh Kumar Seelam, Thinesh Kumar, Santosh Dhubia, Gangumalla Srinivasa Rao, Sanjit Kumar Pal","doi":"10.3390/min14090920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090920","url":null,"abstract":"A high-resolution seismic survey (HRSS) is often used in coal exploration to bridge the data gap between two consecutive boreholes and avoid ambiguity in geological interpretation. The application of high-resolution seismic surveys in the Indian context is challenging as the delineation of thin non-coal layers within the coal layer requires a very high seismic data resolution. However, conventional seismic processing techniques fail to resolve thin coal/non-coal layers and faults, which is crucial for the precise estimation of coal resources and mine economics. To address these issues, we applied the inverse continuous wavelet transform deconvolution (ICWT-Decon) technique to post-stack depth-migrated seismic sections. We examined the feasibility of the ICWT-Decon technique in both a synthetic post-stack depth-migrated model and 2D/3D seismic data from the North Karanpura and Talcher Coalfields in Eastern India. The results offered enhanced seismic sections, attributes (similarity and sweetness), and acoustic inversion that aided in the precise positioning of faults and the delineation of a thin non-coal layer of 4.68 m within a 16.7 m coal seam at an approximate depth of 450 m to 550 m. This helped in the refinement of the resource estimation from 74.96 MT before applying ICWT-Decon to 55.92 MT afterward. Overall, the results of the study showed enhancements in the seismic data resolution, the better output of seismic attributes, and acoustic inversion, which could enable more precise lithological and structural interpretation.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}