Characterization of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Recycling Perspective towards Circular Economy

IF 2.2 4区地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS

Minerals Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI:10.3390/min14090878

Lucas Fonseca Guimarães, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, Mentore Vaccari, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior

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Abstract

Recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles are widely studied today. To perform such recycling routes, it is necessary to know the composition of these batteries and their components. In this work, three pouch and three cylindrical LIBs were discharged, dismantled, and characterized, having their compositions known and quantified. The dismantling was performed using scissors, pliers, and a precision cutter equipment. The organic liquid electrolyte was quantified via mass loss after it evaporated at 60 °C for 24 h. The separators were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the cathode and anode active materials were analyzed using a scanning electronic microscope coupled to an energy-dispersive spectroscope (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XDR), and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). All LIBs were identified by type (NCA, NMC 442, NMC 811, LCO, and two LFP batteries), and a preliminary economic evaluation was conducted to understand their potential economic value (in USD/t). Both results (characterization and preliminary economic evaluation) were considered to discuss the perspective of recycling towards a circular economy for end-of-life LIBs.

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从循环经济角度分析锂离子电池的特性

如今，电动汽车和混合动力汽车所用锂离子电池的回收工艺已被广泛研究。要执行此类回收路线，就必须了解这些电池及其组件的成分。在这项工作中，对三块袋装和三块圆柱形锂离子电池进行了放电、拆解和表征，并对其成分进行了了解和量化。拆解过程中使用了剪刀、钳子和精密切割设备。使用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析了分离器，并使用扫描电子显微镜耦合能量色散光谱仪（SEM-EDS）、X 射线衍射（XDR）和能量色散 X 射线荧光光谱仪（EDXRF）分析了阴极和阳极活性材料。所有锂电池均按类型（NCA、NMC 442、NMC 811、LCO 和两个 LFP 电池）进行了鉴定，并进行了初步经济评估，以了解其潜在经济价值（以美元/吨计）。考虑到这两项结果（特征描述和初步经济评价），我们从循环经济的角度讨论了报废锂电池的回收问题。

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来源期刊

Minerals MINERALOGY-MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING

CiteScore

4.10

自引率

20.00%

发文量

1351

审稿时长

19.04 days

期刊介绍： Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X) is an international open access journal that covers the broad field of mineralogy, economic mineral resources, mineral exploration, innovative mining techniques and advances in mineral processing. It publishes reviews, regular research papers and short notes. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.