Minerals最新文献

{"title":"Reply to Yin, J. Comment on “Zhang et al. New Age Constraints of the Bilong Co Oil Shale in the Qiangtang Basin, Northern Tibet: Evidence from In Situ U–Pb Dating and Palaeontology. Minerals 2024, 14, 246”","authors":"Haowei Zhang, Jian Wang, Ahmed Mansour, Jianyong Zhang, Hengye Wei, Xiugen Fu, Lijun Shen, Shaoyun Xiong, Mohamed S. Ahmed, Thomas Gentzis, Lin Mu","doi":"10.3390/min14080789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080789","url":null,"abstract":"The comment by Yin (2024) referred to the systematic morphology and identification of the newly recovered in situ ammonite assemblage Tiltoniceras sp. and Hildoceratidae sp. from the Bilong Co section in the Qiangtang Basin. Yin (2024) suggests that Tiltoniceras sp. should be assigned to Oxycerites aspidoides. Upon re-examination of our paper and the reply to the released comment, it is demonstrated that the morphologic characteristics of the recovered ammonites are more consistent with Tiltoniceras rather than Oxycerites aspidoides. These ammonites, along with in situ calcite U–Pb age (ca. 181 Ma), carbon isotope stratigraphy, and age-diagnostic palynomorphs, constrain the age of the Bilong Co oil shale to the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) with plausible credentials.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key Technologies for Surface-Borehole Transient Electromagnetic Systems and Applications","authors":"Qingming Guo, Yurong Mao, Liangjun Yan, Wenhui Chen, Jupeng Yang, Xingbing Xie, Lei Zhou, Haojin Li","doi":"10.3390/min14080793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080793","url":null,"abstract":"The nonferrous metal mines in China are rapidly depleting due to years of mining, and it has become difficult to identify new mineral resources in the periphery of the old mining area. In order to deal with this situation, advanced technologies and equipment must be deployed. The borehole transient electromagnetic method (TEM) has become a key technology due to its deep investigative capabilities within conductive geological structures. In the present study, in order to meet the exploration needs at depths of less than 3000 m, surface-borehole TEM exploration was used to analyze the characteristics of electromagnetic signals generated by a long wire source and a large loop source, providing essential data for the development of key technologies, such as sensor parameter design and signal gain optimization of the TEM system in the borehole. This study discussed in detail two key technical problems as follows: firstly, the efficient synchronization mechanism between the ground transmitter system and the borehole electromagnetic signal acquisition system ensured the accuracy and timeliness of data acquisition; and secondly, the realization of mass storage technology, which effectively solved the problem of mass storage and real-time transmission of data in a deep borehole environment. The effectiveness of the surface-borehole TEM systems with a long wire source and a large loop source was verified by tests in real mines. The surface-borehole electromagnetic signal acquisition system developed in this study effectively collected electromagnetic signals in the borehole, and the results accurately reflected the stratigraphic information of mineral resources in the study area. This study can pave a new technical path for the exploration of deep and peripheral areas of non-ferrous metal mines and provide valuable experience and insights for mineral resource exploration in similarly complex geological environments.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary and Secondary Geochemical Signals in the Chemical Composition of Exoskeleton of Corumbella werneri (Tamengo Formation, Corumbá Group, Brazil): A Pilot Study","authors":"Ana Valéria Alves Calmon Almeida, Martino Giorgioni, Detlef Hans Gert Walde, Dermeval Aparecido Do Carmo, Guilherme de Oliveira Gonçalves","doi":"10.3390/min14080784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080784","url":null,"abstract":"The study of Neoproterozoic carbonate sequences is complicated due to several variables influencing the geochemical and mineralogical composition, compounded by the scarcity of environmental analogs. The Tamengo Formation in the Corumbá Group is one of the most extensively studied archives of the Neoproterozoic in South America and encompasses Ediacaran guide fossils of Corumbella werneri and Cloudina lucianoi. This research focused on a marl sample containing well-preserved bioclasts of exoskeletons of Corumbella werneri, which is one of the earliest biomineralizing organisms. By utilizing diverse techniques such as optical and SEM microscopy, QEMSCAN imaging, electron microprobe, in situ ICP-MS, and isotope analyses, this study reveals primary and secondary signals in the bioclastic exoskeletons and the matrix within. These findings shed light on the sedimentary environment and diagenetic history of the Tamengo Formation. It is revealed that Corumbella werneri likely inhabited calm conditions, just below the base of storm waves and above a sharp chemocline at the bottom. In addition, the presence of distinct hydrothermal signals in the composition of REEs indicates a potential magmatic event that occurred in the region after the deposition of the succession. This pilot study highlights that the history recorded in the Neoproterozoic rocks of the Tamengo Formation is complex, and thus more detailed studies integrating lithological, paleontological, and geochemical parameters are necessary to reach a correct interpretation of this sequence.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Geophysical Methods in the Identification of Mineralized Structures and Ranking of Areas for Drilling as Exemplified by Alto Guaporé Orogenic Gold Province","authors":"Jorge Echague, Marcelo Leão-Santos, Rodrigo Melo, Thiago Mendes, Welitom Borges","doi":"10.3390/min14080788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080788","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral exploration works conducted in the Alto Guaporé Gold Province (AGGP), situated in the southwest region of the Amazon Craton in Brazil, faces the challenges of many gold provinces around the world, i.e., declines in the discoveries of new economic deposits and increases in exploration costs. Ground geophysical methods, combined with structural analyses and geological mapping, are valuable tools that have potential to improve accuracy in selecting exploration targets and in determining drilling locations. AGGP deposits are primarily associated with regional N20°–W50° inverse faulting and sheared geologic contacts between Meso-Neoproterozoic siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks and Mesoproterozoic basement (granite and volcano–sedimentary sequences). Mining currently occurring in the central portion of the province drives exploration works towards the many existing targets at the area. Among them, the ABP target is one of the most promising for being located few kilometers north of the Pau-a-Pique mine. At the ABP target, gold is associated with hydrothermal alteration located in the sheared contacts and in the hinge zone of folded metasedimentary sequence. Hydrothermal phases include Fe-oxides, sulfide (py), muscovite and quartz veins. In this study, we use magnetic and geoelectric (induced polarization) surveys coupled with structural and geological mapping to identify potential footprints within the ABP target. The results from induced polarization (IP) profiles successfully mapped the shape and orientation of the main structures down to approximately 350 m at the ABP target, indicating potential locations for hydrothermal alteration hosting gold. Additionally, 3D magnetic data inversions illustrated the distribution of magnetic susceptibilities and magnetization vectors associated with shear zone structures and isolated magnetic bodies. Magnetic data highlighted fault zones along the contacts between metamorphic rocks and granites, while IP data identified areas with high chargeability, correlating with sulfidation zones mineralized with gold. These findings suggest a metallogenic model where gold deposits are transported through deep structures connected to regional faults, implying significant tectonic and structural control over gold deposition. The results underscore the potential of multiparameter geophysics in identifying and characterizing deposits in both deep and strike, thereby advancing our understanding of mineral occurrences in the region and enhancing the search for new mineralized zones.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Mineral and Zircon Age Constraints on Provenance of Cenozoic Sandstones in the Gulf of Mexico Subsurface","authors":"Andrew C. Morton, Michael E. Strickler, C. Mark Fanning","doi":"10.3390/min14080779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080779","url":null,"abstract":"Combined heavy mineral analysis and detrital zircon geochronology have enabled us to track detritus supplied by the ancestral river systems draining the North American continent into the deep subsurface of the Gulf of Mexico, in both the coastal plain and the offshore deep water areas. During deposition of the Paleocene–Eocene Wilcox Group, sandstones in the western part of the area are interpreted as the products of the Rosita system derived via paleo-Rio Grande material, with a large component of sediment shed from the Western Cordillera. By contrast, samples from wells further east have high proportions of zircons derived from the Yavapai-Mazatzal Province and are attributed to the Rockdale system with sediment fed predominantly by the paleo-Colorado or paleo-Colorado-Brazos. There is evidence that sediment from the Rosita system occasionally extended into the central Gulf of Mexico, and, likewise, data indicate that the Rockdale system sporadically supplied sediment to the western part of the basin. During the Late Eocene of the central Gulf of Mexico (Yegua Formation) there was a distinct shift in provenance. The earlier Yegua sandstones have a large Grenville zircon component and are most likely to have had a paleo-Mississippi origin, whereas the later Yegua sandstones are dominated by zircons of Western Cordilleran origin, similar to Wilcox sandstones fed by the Rosita system via the paleo-Rio Grande. The switch from paleo-Mississippi to paleo-Rio Grande sourcing implies there was a major reorganisation of drainage patterns during the Late Eocene. Miocene sandstones in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico were principally sourced from the paleo-Mississippi, although the paleo-Red River is inferred to have contributed to the more westerly-located wells.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Main Controlling Factors of the Cambrian Ultra-Deep Dolomite Reservoir in the Tarim Basin","authors":"Kehui Zhang, Xuelian You, Tianyi Ma, Jia Wang, Yifen Wu, Yi Lu, Shaoqi Zhang","doi":"10.3390/min14080775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080775","url":null,"abstract":"The genesis of deep-to-ultra-deep dolomite reservoirs in the Tarim Basin is crucial for exploration and development. The Cambrian subsalt dolomite reservoirs in the Tarim Basin are widely distributed, marking significant prospects for ultra-deep reservoir exploration. Based on big data methodologies, this study collects and analyzes porosity and permeability data of carbonate reservoirs in the western Tarim Basin, specifically targeting the Cambrian deep-oil and gas-reservoir research. Through an examination of the sedimentary evolution and distribution of carbonate–evaporite sequences, and considering sedimentary facies, stratigraphic sediment thickness, fault zone distribution, and source-reservoir assemblages as primary reference factors, the study explores the macro-distribution patterns of porosity and permeability, categorizing three favorable reservoir zones. The controlling factors for the development of Cambrian carbonate reservoirs on the western part of the Tarim Basin are analyzed from the perspectives of sedimentary and diagenetic periods. Factors such as tectonic activity, depositional environment, microbial activity, and pressure dissolution are analyzed to understand the main causes of differences in porosity and permeability distribution. Comprehensive analysis reveals that the porosity and permeability of the Series2 carbonate reservoirs are notably high, with extensive distribution areas, particularly in the Bachu–Tazhong and Keping regions. The geological pattern of “Three Paleo-uplifts and Two Depressions” facilitated the formation of inner-ramp and intra-platform shoals, creating conducive conditions for the emergence of high-porosity reservoirs. The characteristics of reservoir development are predominantly influenced by diagenetic and tectonic activities. The Miaolingian is chiefly affected by diagenesis, featuring high permeability but lower porosity and smaller distribution range; dolomitization, dissolution, and filling processes under a dry and hot paleoclimate significantly contribute to the formation and preservation of reservoir spaces. In the Furongian, the Keping and Bachu areas display elevated porosity and permeability levels, along with substantial sedimentary thickness. The conservation and development of porosity within thick dolomite sequences are mainly governed by high-energy-particulate shallow-shoal sedimentary facies and various dissolution actions during diagenesis, potentially indicating larger reserves.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slag after Smelting of Anode Mud: Role of Sulphiding Sintering","authors":"Lyudmila Sokolovskaya, Sergey Kvyatkovskiy, Sultanbek Kozhakhmetov, Anastassiya Semenova, Bulat Sukurov, Maral Dyussebekova, Alexander Shakhalov","doi":"10.3390/min14080781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080781","url":null,"abstract":"The study object was slag from the Balkhash copper smelter, obtained by re-melting anode mud containing nonferrous metals. The process flow for processing these slags includes sintering with Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and coal, followed by soda-alkaline leaching of the sinter and extraction of metals from the solution into marketable products. Since sintering is the main operation providing high selectivity, the composition of the products of this process was studied. The main transformations during sintering were determined, and the optimal parameters were identified. The structures of slags and sintered materials obtained during the experiments were studied by electron-probe microanalysis. Sintering was performed at 600–800 °C. The best results for sulphidization of slag components were obtained at 800 °C; a further increase in temperature leads to the smelting of sinter particles and slows down sulphidization. The optimal quantities of additives, based on the weight of the slag, are Na2SO4—45%, Na2CO3—15%, and reducing agent—41%, with a sintering time of 2 h. These conditions enable the sulphidization of non-ferrous metals in the slag to the entire depth of the polymetallic globules. The distinct concentration of harmful impurities (Ni, As, and Sb) was observed in the fine structure of the polymetallic globules.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on Zhang et al. New Age Constraints of the Bilong Co Oil Shale in the Qiangtang Basin, Northern Tibet: Evidence from In Situ U–Pb Dating and Palaeontology. Minerals 2024, 14, 246","authors":"Jiarun Yin","doi":"10.3390/min14080777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080777","url":null,"abstract":"Two species in question, Tiltoniceras sp. (Zhang et al., 2024, p. 6, Figure 5A,B,E) and “Hildoceratidae sp.”, belong to the misidentification of ammonites, the conclusion drawn by Zhang et al. (2024) lacks reliable evidence from ammonite biochronology to support the U–Pb Dating.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Geological Context of the 7th–6th Century BC Phoenician Era Shipwreck “Mazarrón 2” (Murcia, Spain)","authors":"María-Teresa Doménech-Carbó, Nuria Guasch-Ferré, Carla Álvarez-Romero, Rocío Castillo-Belinchón, Soledad Pérez-Mateo, Milagros Buendía-Ortuño","doi":"10.3390/min14080778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080778","url":null,"abstract":"The Mazarrón 2 shipwreck was found in 1994 on the beach of Playa de la Isla (Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain). This finding is extremely important because the boat and its lead cargo were still in a reasonable conservation state and, therefore, provided new data on naval construction, commercial goods, navigation routes, and the relationships between the Phoenicians and the local population in the 7th–6th century BC. Currently, the shipwreck remains underwater, protected by a metallic coffer. In the last 2 years, a Preliminary Studies Project has been carried out, supported by national and regional public institutions. This research aims to know the shipwreck’s conservation state and to determine the extraction and conservation methods at the Museo Nacional de Arqueología Subacuática ARQVA (Cartagena, Spain), where the conservation and restoration treatment will be conducted. The sampling strategy and analytical study included not only wood and other materials from the shipwreck and its cargo but also the seawater and the seabed materials in the vicinity of the shipwreck. This paper presents the results of the geochemical study of the archeological site. The applied methodology included physico-chemical tests, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray microanalysis, and X-ray microscopy. The results indicated that, despite the wreck being buried at a shallow depth (less than 50 cm) in a marine environment with a water column of 2–2.5 m, influenced by complex coastal dynamics that favor an oxic environment, early diagenetic processes like the formation of pyrite framboids are particularly intense in the pores and internal channels of the wreck’s wood, where a different dysoxic–anoxic environment prevails. These processes have been the main mechanisms to have affected the wreck and are related to the biogeochemistry of sediments. The sediments have been confirmed to be closely related to the geological context of the Mazarrón region. The conducted study found no significant evidence of pollution due to the lead cargo.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Oxidized Pellets from Sulfuric Acid Residue Containing Zinc and Lead by Chlorination Roasting and Its Mechanism of Dezincing and Lead Removal","authors":"Wei Liu, Jian Pan, Congcong Yang, Deqing Zhu, Zhengqi Guo, Siwei Li","doi":"10.3390/min14080780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080780","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of sulfur acid residue is an urgent problem confronting sulfuric acid production enterprises, especially the application of sulfur acid residue (SAR) containing lead and zinc. A method combining chlorination roasting using CaCl2 with pelletizing for processing SAR containing lead and zinc was used in this study, and the effect of calcium chloride on pelletizing performance was studied; in addition, the removal behavior of lead and zinc was also studied by using polarized light microscopy (Zeiss double Axioskop 40A), X ray diffraction, SEM and EDS. The results showed that CaCl2 migrated to the surface of the pellets during drying, and this phenomenon resulted in a lower removal rate of lead and zinc inside the pellets than outside the pellets during the preheating phase. When the roasting temperature was 1220 °C, with an increase in the basicity of pellets, the silicate minerals in the pellets gradually decomposed, the hematite particles were gradually refined, and more lead or zinc minerals were exposed, which further increased the removal rate of lead and zinc in the pellets. Finally, the SAR pellets with Pb and Zn removal rates up to 91.33 and 97.88%, and a compressive strength of 2789 N, could be obtained, which is very beneficial to the sustainable development of sulfuric acid mills.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}