Minerals最新文献

{"title":"Multi-Scale and Trans-Disciplinary Research and Technology Developments of Heap Bioleaching","authors":"Yan Jia, Renman Ruan, Jingkui Qu, Qiaoyi Tan, Heyun Sun, Xiaopeng Niu","doi":"10.3390/min14080808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080808","url":null,"abstract":"Heap bioleaching is considered to be a less energy-intensive metal-extraction technique compared to other methods, making it particularly attractive for low-grade sulfide ores. It has been successfully applied to recovery of copper, gold, and uranium from ores over decades. Despite its seemingly straightforward nature, heap bioleaching can experience failures if the ore is unsuitable or the heap leach process is not thoroughly investigated and well-developed. Therefore, multidisciplinary approaches are essential for research and development in heap bioleaching, as its performance depends on numerous processes operating across a wide range of length scales. This review focused on the current state of knowledge regarding the understanding of multi-scale mechanisms in heap bioleaching and the use of multidisciplinary approaches at different scales to develop the process. The investigation covered various scales, such as atomic and molecular, mineralogy and microbes, reaction particles, heap bioleaching units and full-scale factory production. Different approaches were employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the microbial molecular structure and metabolism, the structure and reaction of minerals, microbial–mineral interaction, particles and aggregation states, and multiphase flow transfer, as well as laboratory experiments, modeling, industrialization, and operation optimization. We emphasized the need for collaboration among researchers from different disciplines and stress the importance of considering the coupling effects of physical, chemical, and microbiological factors when running heap bioleaching plants. Such collaboration and coupling are vital for successful implementation and optimization of heap bioleaching processes. This paper aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of current research related to heap bioleaching at different scales and disciplines, and gave implications to heap bioleaching technology development.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis and Tectonic Evolution of I- and A-Type Granites of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah, Egypt: Evidence for Transition from Subduction to Post-Collision Magmatism","authors":"Amr El-Awady, Mabrouk Sami, Rainer Abart, Douaa Fathy, Esam S. Farahat, Mohamed S. Ahmed, Hassan Osman, Azza Ragab","doi":"10.3390/min14080806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080806","url":null,"abstract":"The Neoproterozoic granitic rocks of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt are of geodynamic interest and provide us with important information about the evolution and growth of the northern part of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) continental crust. They are primarily composed of granodiorites and syenogranites based on new field, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses. The granodiorites are marked by an enrichment of LILEs such as Sr, K, Rb, Ba compared to HFSEs like Nb, Ta, Ti and show a higher concentration of LREEs relative to HREEs. This composition suggests a subduction-related setting and aligns with the characteristics of subducted I-type granites in the ANS. Chemistry of the analyzed primary amphiboles in the investigated granodiorites support a calc-alkaline nature, mixed source and subduction-related setting. The granodiorites represent an early magmatic phase in this setting, likely formed from a mix of mantle-derived mafic magmas and lower crust material, with subsequent fractional crystallization. On the other hand, syenogranites exhibit high SiO2 (72.02–74.02 wt%), total alkali (7.82–8.01 wt%), and Al2O3 (13.79–14.25 wt%) levels, suggesting their derivation from peraluminous (A/CNK > 1) parental magmas. Their REE-normalized patterns are flat with a pronounced negative Eu anomaly, typical of post-collisional A2-type granites worldwide. These rocks originated from the partial melting of a juvenile lower crustal source (tonalite) in a post-collisional setting, driven by lithospheric delamination that facilitated mantle upwelling and underplating to the lower crust. Interaction between the upwelled mantle and lower crust led to fertilization (enrichment with HFSE and alkalis) of the lithosphere before partial melting. Fractional crystallization coupled with less considerable crustal assimilation are the main magmatic processes during the evolution of these rocks. The transition from subduction to post-collisional setting was accompanied by crustal uplifting, thickening and extensional collapse of ANS continental crust that caused emplacement of large masses of A-type granites in the northern ANS.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of the Northeastern Margin of South China Block in Rodinia Supercontinent Evolution: A Case Study of Neoproterozoic Granitic Gneiss in Rizhao Area, Shandong Province","authors":"Xiaolong He, Zeyu Yang, Kai Liu, Wei Zhu, Honglei Zhan, Peng Yang, Tongzheng Wei, Shuxun Wang, Yaoyao Zhang","doi":"10.3390/min14080807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080807","url":null,"abstract":"The South China Plate is an important part of the Rodinia supercontinent in the Neoproterozoic. The Rizhao area, located on the northeastern margin of the South China Plate, records multiple periods of magmatism, among which Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss is of great significance to the tectonic evolution of the South China Block. In this study, systematic petrology, geochemistry, isotopic chronology, and zircon Hf isotopic analyses were carried out on gneisses samples of biotite alkali feldspar granitic and biotite monzogranitic compositions in the Rizhao area. Geochemical analyses suggest that these granitic rocks belong to the sub-alkaline series and have high potassium contents. They are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements K, Rb, and Ba; depleted in high field strength elements P, Nb, and Ti; enriched in light rare earth elements and moderately depleted in heavy rare earth elements; and have weak to moderate negative Eu anomalies and weak negative Ce anomalies. These rocks are post-orogenic A-type granites. LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from two biotite alkali-feldspar granitic gneiss samples yielded weighted mean ages of 785 ± 8 Ma (MSWD = 3.0) and 784 ± 6Ma (MSWD = 1.5), respectively, and a biotite monzogranitic gneiss sample yielded a weighted mean age of 789 ± 6 Ma (MSWD = 2.3). Lu-Hf isotopic analyses on zircon grains from the two types of Neoproterozoic-aged gneisses yielded negative εHf(t) values ranging from −19.3 to −8.8 and from −18.3 to −10.4, respectively, and the corresponding two-stage Hf model age ranges are 2848–3776 Ma and 2983–3682 Ma, respectively. These granites are the product of Neoproterozoic magmatic activity and are mainly derived from the partial melting of Archean continental crust. Combining the geochemical characteristics and zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic analyses, these A-type granitic gneisses appear to have formed in an intracontinental rift extension environment during the initial break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent, as part of the supercontinent break-up process at the northeastern margin of the South China Block.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source and U-Pb Chronology of Diagenetic Fluids in the Permian Maokou Formation Dolomite Reservoir, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China","authors":"Shuangjian Li, Jian Gao, Tianbo Yang, Tianyi Li, Tianjia Liu, Yunqing Hao, Zhiliang He, Entao Liu","doi":"10.3390/min14080803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080803","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrothermal dolomitization, facilitated by basement fault activities, had an important impact on the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite in the Sichuan Basin, which experienced complex diagenesis and presented strong reservoir heterogeneity. The source and age of diagenetic fluids in this succession remain controversial. In this study, various analyses were implemented on samples collected from outcrops and wells near the No. 15 fault in the eastern Sichuan Basin to reconstruct the multi-stage fluid activity and analyze the impact on reservoir development, including petrology, micro-domain isotopes, rare earth elements, homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb dating. The homogenization temperature of primary brine inclusions in fine-grained matrix dolomite and saddle dolomite is concentrated between 100 and 150 °C, which indicates that the impacts of abnormally high temperatures of other geological bodies. The δ13C and δ18O value and low 87Sr/86Sr value indicate that the diagenetic fluid of fine-grained matrix dolomite is mainly Permian seawater. The U-Pb ages of fine-grained matrix dolomite are ~260 Ma, which coincides with the age of the main magmatism of Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), and hydrothermal fluid provided a favorable high-temperature environment in the penecontemporaneous stage. While highly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr compositions suggests those of saddle dolomite, the high-temperature Sr-rich formation fluid. The U-Pb ages of saddle dolomite are 245–250 Ma, which coincides with the age of the 255~251 Ma magmatism of ELIP. This indicates that those should be the diagenetic products of the ELIP hydrothermal fluid in the shallow burial stage. The U-Pb age of coarse-grained calcite is 190–220 Ma, and it should be the diagenetic product of the deep burial stage. Brine inclusions associated with primary methane inclusions were developed in coarse-grained calcite, with a homogenization temperature range of 140.8–199.8 °C, which indicates that the formation fluid activities were related to hydrocarbon charging. The Permian Maokou Formation dolomite was firstly formed in the penecontemporaneous shallow burial stage, and then it was subjected to further hydrothermal dolomitization due to the basement faulting and the abnormally high heat flow during the active period of ELIP. Hydrothermal dolomitization contributed to the formation and maintenance of intercrystalline and dissolution pores, whereas it also formed saddle dolomite to fill the pores, and reduce the pore space. The influence of deep fluid activities on reservoir evolution is further distinguished.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Density Functional Theory Study on Structure and Properties of Sulfurized Cerussite (110) Surface","authors":"Cong Han, Yuxin Ao, Yanbai Shen, Sikai Zhao, Qiang Zhao, Shijie Zhou","doi":"10.3390/min14080801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080801","url":null,"abstract":"Cerussite is an essential lead oxide mineral with increasing economic importance as lead sulfide resources deplete. This study utilizes density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the structural and electronic properties of the sulfurized cerussite (110) surface. The results show that when the cerussite crystal cleaves along the (110) plane, only the surface layer atoms undergo relaxation to reconstruct the surface, while the atoms located deeper have almost no impact on the reconstructed surface structure. The Pb atoms on the cerussite (110) surface react with the sulfurizing agent to form a PbS deposition layer with a structure similar to galena. This PbS deposition layer is tightly adsorbed onto the lead oxide layer through Pb-S bonds formed by S and subsurface lead oxide structure Pb atoms. The chemical reactivity of Pb atoms in the PbS layer on the sulfurized cerussite (110) surface is more potent than that of Pb atoms on the galena surface; additionally, the Pb atoms closer to the lead oxide layer exhibit slightly higher chemical reactivity than those farther away. This study provides insight into sulfurized cerussite surfaces’ structure and properties at an atomic level and assists in explaining the floating behavior of cerussite.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inversion of TEM Responses in Tunnel with Steel Infrastructure and Its Application","authors":"Shang Ran, Jinsong Shen, Zuzhi Hu, Gang Long","doi":"10.3390/min14080802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080802","url":null,"abstract":"Steel infrastructure in tunnels significantly affects the accuracy of transient electromagnetic (TEM) data inversion. This study proposes and compares two methods to effectively mitigate this interference: the correction factor method and the prior information constraint method. The correction factor method constructs correction factors using interference data obtained in two ways. The first method, numerical simulation, is theoretically precise but relies heavily on accurate model parameters and requires significant computational resources. The second is conducted by measuring the interference data in the working space. While this approach is simple and operationally convenient, its effectiveness in correction is limited by the measured data quality. The a priori information constraint method improves the inversion by introducing a more accurate initial model. The inversion results of synthetic data indicate that the inversion based on the correction factor method and the prior information constraint method can effectively invert the anomaly. However, the delay effect remains a challenge for the correction factor method. Finally, we invert the field data measured in a mine tunnel by combining the interference processing methods.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statuary Qualities of White and Black Göktepe Identified in the Hispanic Valdetorres de Jarama Marble Collection","authors":"Maria Pilar Lapuente Mercadal, Trinidad Nogales-Basarrate","doi":"10.3390/min14080797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080797","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the role of the most common mineralogical techniques applied to the identification of the different statuary qualities in white, grey, and black Göktepe marble. For this purpose, the case of a Roman sculpture marble collection from the rural villa of Valdetorres de Jarama (central Iberia), dating to the 4th century AD, is presented. The mythological statuary, combining white, grey, and black marbles, is one of the most outstanding marble collections in the Aphrodisian style found in Hispania. The analytical results (achieved through Petrography, Cathodoluminescence, C and O isotopes, and Sr and Mn concentration) support the identification of two varieties of “black” Göktepe, traditionally referred to as bigio morato and bigio antico, as well as the best statuary quality of white Göktepe. In addition, the analytical identification of other Asiatic marbles in the Valdetorres collection, a white coarse-grain originally from the quarries of Aphrodisias city, and one small piece identified as Carian red from Iasos, corroborates the already suggested strong connection existing between artists and the stone material they chose for their works. Finally, the identification carried out on the marble of the bases that served as seats for the sculptures is noteworthy, as it is a white marble of lower quality whose analytical characteristics are consistent with the Microasiatic marble of Denizli. The use of these exotic and exceptional raw materials confirms the taste for luxury and decorative richness in Late Antique Hispanic rural villae and contributes to a better understanding of the distribution of Aphrodisian production and trade networks with the Western Roman provinces.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Low-Grade Iron Ore Beneficiation Techniques: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Mompati Mpho Bulayani, Prasad Raghupatruni, Tirivaviri Mamvura, Gwiranai Danha","doi":"10.3390/min14080796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080796","url":null,"abstract":"The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores is a key research and development topic in the mineral processing industry. The gradual exhaustion of high-grade iron ore reserves, and rising consumer iron and steel demand globally necessitate efficient low-quality iron ore beneficiation to meet steelmaking quality requirements. This comprehensive review explores various beneficiation techniques for low-quality iron ore, focusing on conventional methods including comminution, froth flotation and gravity separation. This article discusses the principles, processes, and equipment used in these techniques and highlights recent advancements and research efforts in the field. This review also emphasizes the importance of effective beneficiation processes in enhancing economic viability, sustainable resource management, and environmental conservation. Furthermore, it presents a case study of iron ore deposits in Botswana, highlighting the potential economic growth and sustainable development that can be achieved by maximizing resource utilization through reductive roasting, followed by magnetic separation of iron ore using semi-bituminous coal as a reductant. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into low-grade iron ore beneficiation techniques and their significance in meeting the growing demand for high-quality iron and steel products.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Pore Water Chemistry on Particle Association and Physical Properties of Lime-Treated Bentonite","authors":"Enza Vitale, Dimitri Deneele, Giacomo Russo","doi":"10.3390/min14080795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080795","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, an investigation on the influence of the chemical environment on the sedimentation behaviour of bentonite suspensions is performed with particular reference to the effect of lime addition on the clay particle arrangement. The role of lime content, cation valence and source of calcium ions is considered in the experimental work. At the microscale, particle interaction is analysed by means of zeta potential measurements. Soil fabric formation during sedimentation and its physical properties are inferred from dynamic light scattering measurements, sedimentation tests and Atterberg limits. The addition of cations to pore water promotes the flocculation of montmorillonite particles favouring the formation of particle aggregates, whose dimension depends on ion valence and concentration. The final height of sediments reflects the combined effect of the mutual interactions among particles and the development of secondary phases due to pozzolanic reactions. The influence of clay mineralogy and its effects on the physical properties of lime-treated bentonite is highlighted by comparison with experimental evidence on lime-treated kaolin.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"295 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Insight into the Influence of Fluid Inclusions in High-Purity Quartz Sand on the Bubble Defects in Quartz Glass: A Case Study from Vein Quartz in the Dabie Mountain","authors":"Shoujing Wang, Deshui Yu, Chi Ma, Fushuai Wei, Haiqi Zhang","doi":"10.3390/min14080794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080794","url":null,"abstract":"A purification process including flotation separation, acid leaching, calcination, and water quenching was conducted to obtain high-purity quartz sand. The surface morphology of the quartz after flotation separation, acid leaching, calcination, and water quenching reveals that the cracks, pits, and cavities on the quartz surface can be deepened and enlarged, and the more fluid inclusions, the greater the number and openness of cracks, pits, and cavities. The specific surface area is positively correlated with the number of cracks, pits, and cavities, the opacity of quartz glass, and the number of bubbles in quartz glass. The results of Raman spectroscopy analysis reveal that the bubbles in quartz glass are composed of nitrogen, which excludes the possibility of bubble formation in quartz glass caused by the gas composition (i.e., H2O) of unburst fluid inclusions in quartz sand. The formation of bubbles in quartz glass is more likely to be related to a high specific surface area and porosity, which increase the surface adsorption performance of quartz and contribute to the adsorption of more gas. The presented results suggest that using these methods to reduce the content of fluid inclusions in quartz cannot effectively solve the problem of bubbles in quartz glass, and using quartz raw materials with no or minor fluid inclusions is still the key to ensuring the quality of quartz products.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}