Microbial Cell Factories最新文献

{"title":"Inactivation of the conserved protease LonA increases production of xylanase and amylase in Bacillus subtilis.","authors":"Biwen Wang, Mariah B M J Kes, Anna C H van den Berg van Saparoea, Gaurav Dugar, Joen Luirink, Leendert W Hamoen","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02616-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02616-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacillus subtilis is widely used for industrial enzyme production due to its capacity to efficiently secrete proteins. However, secretion efficiency of enzymes varies widely, and optimizing secretion is crucial to make production commercially viable. Previously, we have shown that overexpression of the xylanase XynA lowers expression of Clp protein chaperones, and that inactivation of CtsR, which regulates and represses clp transcription, increases the production of XynA. In the current study, we examined whether the same is the case for overexpression of the α-amylase AmyM from Geobacillus stearothermophilus by B. subtilis, and why XynA shows a different timing of secretion compared to AmyM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transcriptome analyses revealed that B. subtilis cells overexpressing AmyM exhibited a distinct profile compared to XynA overexpressing cells, however there were also similarities and in both cases expression of CtsR controlled genes was downregulated. In contrast to XynA, inactivation of CtsR did not improve AmyM production. Upregulation of other protein chaperones, including GroEL/ES and DnaJ/K, by inactivating their transcriptional repressor HrcA, had almost no effect on XynA yields and in fact considerably lowered that of AmyM. Despite using the same promoter, the production of XynA peaks well before AmyM reaches its optimal secretion rate. Transcriptome and ribosome profiling indicated that this is neither related to transcription nor to translation regulation. We show that the reduced secretion in the stationary phase is partially due to the activity of secreted proteases, but also due to the activity of the intracellular protease LonA. The absence of this protein resulted in a 140% and 20% increased production for XynA and AmyM, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of transcriptome and ribosome profiling offered important information to determine at which cellular level production bottlenecks occurred. This helped us to identify LonA protease as an important factor influencing enzyme production yields in B. subtilis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"335"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11656851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melanin in fungi: advances in structure, biosynthesis, regulation, and metabolic engineering.","authors":"Yanping Qin, Yuxian Xia","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02614-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02614-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungi can synthesize a diverse range of melanins with appropriate physicochemical and biological characteristics for numerous applications in health, environmental protection, energy, and industry. Gaining deeper insights into the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, and regulatory mechanisms of fungal melanin would establish a basis for metabolic engineering approaches, aimed at enhancing production efficiency and creating custom-designed melanin with desirable material properties. Due to growing interest in their beneficial effects and applications, research on the structure, biosynthesis, and regulation of fungal melanin has significantly advanced. This review highlighted recent progress in fungal melanin production and applications, concentrating on structure, biosynthesis, and regulatory networks, and suggested how an improved understanding of melanin biosynthesis could enable efficient production for future applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"334"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11657710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic engineering strategies for L-Homoserine production in Escherichia coli.","authors":"Xin Jin, Sumeng Wang, Yanbing Wang, Qingsheng Qi, Quanfeng Liang","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02623-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02623-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>L-Homoserine, serves as a non-essential precursor for the essential amino acids derived from L-aspartate in both animals and humans. It finds widespread applications across the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and animal feed industries. Microbial fermentation, primarily utilizing Escherichia coli, is the dominant approach for L-Homoserine production. However, despite recent advancements in fermentative processes employing E. coli strains, low production efficiency remains a significant barrier to its commercial viability. This review explores the biosynthesis, secretion, and regulatory mechanisms of L-Homoserine in E. coli while assessing various metabolic engineering strategies aimed at improving production efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11657104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioprospecting secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties from soil bacteria in high-temperature ecosystems.","authors":"Sisay Demisie, Dong-Chan Oh, Adugna Abera, Geremew Tasew, Gizaw Dabessa Satessa, Fetene Fufa, Abebe Mekuria Shenkutie, Dawit Wolday, Ketema Tafess","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02589-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02589-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ongoing emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens necessitate urgent solutions. Natural products from bacterial sources are recognized as a promising source of antibiotics. This study aimed to isolate and characterize soil microorganisms from extremely hot environments and to screen their secondary metabolites for antibacterial activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bacterial isolates were identified using standard culture techniques. Primary and secondary screenings for antimicrobial activity were conducted using the Modified Kirby-Bauer antibiotic susceptibility test against five bacterial species. Based on the efficacy of antimicrobial activity against these target pathogens, the isolate Pseudomonas sp. strain ASTU00105 was selected for further characterization through whole genomic sequencing. Secondary metabolites were analyzed using GC-MS, and antioxidant activities were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 76 isolates were identified, and their secondary metabolites were tested against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Candida albicans. Seventeen isolates (22.37%) exhibited antimicrobial activity. Isolate ASTU00105 exhibited the highest activity against all the test organisms and was selected for further analysis. Whole-genome sequencing using the Nanopore MinION sequencer revealed that strain ASTU00105 belonged to the genus Pseudomonas with the highest similarity (95.97%) to Pseudomonas stutzeri, and designated as Pseudomonas sp. strain ASTU00105. Upon Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis, the strain exhibited 87.81% sequence similarity with genes of the closest type strain, suggesting its novelty and distinctiveness within the Pseudomonas genus. The genomic analysis of the isolated strain revealed 6 biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) genes dispersed throughout the entire genome, which are implicated in the synthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. The major chemical compounds detected in the EtAc extracts as detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were phenol, 2,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) (36.6%), followed by 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester (12.22%), Eicosane (9.71%), Dibutyl phthalate (3.93%), and 1-Dodecanol (2.34%).</p><p><strong>In conclusion: </strong>Pseudomonas sp. strain ASTU00105 exhibited the greatest potential for producing secondary metabolites with significant antimicrobial activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"332"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11657271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-efficiency production of plant-derived pigment dopaxanthin in Escherichia coli by combination engineering.","authors":"Xiaolong Jiang, Liyan Tian, Wujiu Chen, Qinhong Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02597-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02597-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dopaxanthin is a natural pigment betaxanthins family member with the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. However, its relatively low content in plants limited the wide range of applications. Cost-efficient microbial production, therefore, showed an attractive alternative.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, an Escherichia coli strain equipped with the de novo biosynthetic pathway for hyperproducing dopaxanthin was constructed by combining metabolic engineering and protein engineering. Firstly, a high-performance rate-limiting levodopa 4,5-dioxygenase (DODA) was mined and characterized based on sequence similarity searching followed by whole-cell catalysis and de novo synthesis strategy. Then, the catalytic efficiency of DODA was increased 34 times with directed evolution. The mutated DODA significantly facilitated the production of dopaxanthin, with an increase of 40.17% in plasmid expression and 64.11% in genome expression, respectively. Finally, through connecting the blocked pathway from 3-dehydroshikimate to levodopa (L-DOPAOPA) and enhancing the expression level of DODA, a titer of dopaxanthin of 22.87 g/L was achieved from glucose as feedstock, which is 286 times higher than that in the previous report.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work not only established a promising platform for the environmentally friendly production of dopaxanthin but also laid a foundation for the commercialization of other betalain.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"331"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11657626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspergillus foetidus as a potent producer for β-galactosidase utilizing lemon peels and coffee waste powder: production optimization, purification, kinetic and thermodynamic characterization.","authors":"Walaa A Abdel Wahab, Shireen A A Saleh, Nermeen H Elzairy, Samia A Ahmed, Eman R Zaki, Walaa H Salama, Faten A Mostafa","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02600-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02600-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The main obstacle facing the utilization of microbial enzymes in industrial applications is the high cost of production substrates. As a result of the mentioned different wastes (coffee powder waste, dates nawah powder, molokhia stems, pea peels, lemon peels, and corn cobs) were investigated as low-cost nutritional substrates for the production of microbial β-galactosidase in this study. The purification of the enzyme and its kinetic and thermodynamics were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>β-galactosidase was effectively produced by Aspergillus foetidus utilizing lemon peels and coffee powder waste by solid-state fermentation technique. The production yield was improved through Plackett-Burman Design declaring the significant effect of lemon peels and coffee waste powder, and beef extract quantities on A. foetidus β-galactosidase production. Followed by Central Composite Design investigating each factor with five levels resulting in 37363.1 U.ml^- 1 production. The enzyme was fully purified by gel filtration technique through Sephadex G-150 giving one band with a molecular weight 40 KDa on SDS-PAGE gel. The maximal β-galactosidase activity was obtained at 50 °C with 0.4% ONPG. Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Hg²⁺ showed severe inhibitory effect on pure enzyme activity. Energy required for enzyme activation (E_a) and denaturation (E_d) were determined to be 17.40, and 43.86 KJ.mol^- 1, respectively. Parameters reflecting β-galactosidase thermal stability at 40, 45, and 50 °C as T_1/2 and D-values values were determined to be 283.92, 209.43, and 168.56 min, and 943.34, 695.84, and 560.06 min, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"330"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142837734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of a ciprofloxacin as a contaminant of emerging concern in water using microalgaebioremediation: mechanism, modeling, and kinetic studies.","authors":"Heba Salah, Nabila Shehata, Noha Khedr, Khaled N M Elsayed","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02591-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02591-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmaceutical residues, now recognized as a new category of environmental pollutants, have potentially risks to both ecosystems and human health effects. Recently, biosorption has emerged as one of the most promising strategies for managing these pharmaceutical wastes in water. Nevertheless, the environmental impact of the adsorbents presents a challenge to the advancement of this process. Therefore, the present study proposed two biosorbent: Chlorella vulgaris and Synechocystis sp. microalgae to manage Ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. The experimental findings revealed that the optimal conditions for adsorption conditions are CIP initial concentration 4.0 mg/L and pH 5 and 3 for Synechocystissp. and C. vulgaris, respectively. The adsorption process followed the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The main mechanism of biosorption is the complexation of CIP with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amido groups which was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) analyses. These analyses confirmed the presence of CIP on the surface of tested microalgal cells. These results indicated that the adsorption mechanism of CIP by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and C. vulgaris offers theoretical insights into the biosorption mechanisms of pharmaceutical residues.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"329"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142837737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailored culture strategies to promote antimicrobial secondary metabolite production in Diaporthe caliensis: a metabolomic approach.","authors":"Laura V Hoyos, Luis E Vasquez-Muñoz, Yuliana Osorio, Daniela Valencia-Revelo, Daiana Devia-Cometa, Miriam Große, Esteban Charria-Girón, Nelson H Caicedo-Ortega","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02567-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02567-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the search for new antimicrobial secondary metabolites of fungi, optimizing culture conditions remains a critical challenge, as standard laboratory approaches often result in low yields. While non-selective methods, such as modifying culture media, have been effective in expanding the chemical diversity of fungal metabolites, they have not yet established a direct link to key process parameters crucial for further optimization. This study investigates the capacity of Diaporthe caliensis as a biofactory for biologically active secondary metabolites, employing tailored culture media to explore the relationship between chemical diversity and critical process variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The metabolomic profiles, antibacterial activities, and production yields of the extracts were analyzed to progressively adjust the culture conditions. This study was conducted in five steps, evaluating carbon and nitrogen source concentration, nitrogen source type, salt supplementation, and pH adjustment. Altering the rice starch concentration affected biomass yield per unit of oxygen consumed, while modifications to the nitrogen source concentration influenced both the bioactivity and chemical space by Diaporthe caliensis. Despite changes at the metabolome level, the extracts consistently exhibited potent antibacterial activities, influenced by the nitrogen source, added salts and pH adjustments. For instance, when using corn steep liquor and rice starch, supplemented with micronutrients, different metabolites were produced depending on whether buffer or water was used, though both conditions showed similar antibacterial activities (IC₅₀ ≈ 0.10 mg mL^- 1 against Staphylococcus aureus and ≈ 0.14 mg mL^- 1 against Escherichia coli). In the treatment where buffer was used to stabilize pH change, there was an increase in the production of phomol-like compounds which are associated with known antibiotic properties. In contrast, in the treatments using water, the drop in pH stimulated the production of previously unidentified metabolites with potential antimicrobial activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study proposes a strategic methodology for the tailored formulation of culture media aiming to promote the biosynthesis of diverse secondary metabolites. This approach revealed the critical role of nutrient limitation and pH regulation in stimulating the production of polyketide-lactone derivatives, including the antibiotic phomol. Ultimately, the systematic, custom-designed culture conditions developed in this work offer a promising strategy for expanding the chemical diversity of Diaporthe caliensis, while providing valuable insights into the key parameters needed for optimizing this fungal biofactory.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"328"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient calcium fumarate overproduction from xylose and corncob-derived xylose by engineered strains of Aureobasidium pullulans var. Aubasidani DH177.","authors":"Peng Wang, Hao Chen, Xin Wei, Guang-Lei Liu, Zhe Chi, Bo Jiang, Zhen-Ming Chi","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02608-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02608-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Xylose from lignocellulose is one of the most abundant and important renewable and green raw materials. It is very important how to efficiently transform xylose into useful bioproducts such as fumaric acid and so on.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, it was found that the GC1 strain (∆gox, in which the GOX gene encoding glucose oxidase which could transform glucose into gluconic acid was removed) of A. pullulans var. aubasidani DH177 had the high ability to utilize xylose and corncob-derived xylose with CO₂ fixation derived from CaCO₃ to produce calcium fumarate. Overexpression of the XI gene encoding xylose isomerase, the XK gene encoding xylose kinase and the TKL gene coding for transketolase made the strain TKL-4 produce 73.1 g/L of calcium fumarate from xylose. At the same time, the transcriptional levels of the key ASS gene coding for argininosuccinate synthase and the ASL gene coding for argininosuccinate lyase in the ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) were also obviously enhanced. The results also demonstrated that the TKL-4 strain could produce more calcium fumarate from xylose and corncob-derived xylose than from glucose. During 10-liter fermentation, the TKL-4 strain could produce 88.5 g/L of calcium fumarate from xylose, the productivity was 0.52 g/h/L. Meanwhile, it could yield 85.6 g/L of calcium fumarate from corncob-derived xylose and the productivity was 0.51 g/h/L. During the same fermentation, the TKL-4 strain could transform the mixture containing 75.0 g/L glucose and 45.0 g/L xylose to produce 78.7 ± 1.1 g/L calcium fumarate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This indicated that the TKL-4 strain constructed in this study indeed could actively transform xylose and corncob-derived xylose into calcium fumarate through the green ways.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"327"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11616135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of TUDCA from chicken bile: immobilized dual-enzymatic system for producing artificial bear bile substitute.","authors":"Tang Shijing, Pan Yinping, Yang Qiong, Lou Deshuai, Zhu Liancai, Tan Jun, Liu Shaoyong, Wang Bochu","doi":"10.1186/s12934-024-02592-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12934-024-02592-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bear bile, a valuable animal-derived medicinal substance primarily composed of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), is widely distributed in the medicinal market across various countries due to its significant therapeutic potential. Given the extreme cruelty involved in bear bile extraction, researchers are focusing on developing synthetic bear bile powder as a more humane alternative. This review presents an industrially practical and environmentally friendly process for producing an artificial substitute for bear bile powder using inexpensive and readily available chicken bile powder through an immobilized 7α-,7β-HSDH dual-enzymatic syste. Current technology has facilitated the industrial production of TUDCA from Tauodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) using chicken bile powder. The review begins by examining the chemical composition, structure, and properties of bear bile, followed by an outline of the pharmacological mechanisms and manufacturing methods of TUDCA, covering chemical synthesis and biotransformation methods, and a discussion on their respective advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the process of converting chicken bile powder into bear bile powder using an immobilized 7α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases(7α-HSDH) with 7β- Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases (7β-HSDH) dual-enzyme system is thoroughly explained. The main objective of this review is to propose a comprehensive strategy for the complete synthesis of artificial bear bile from chicken bile within a controlled laboratory setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":18582,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell Factories","volume":"23 1","pages":"326"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11613824/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}