Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease最新文献

{"title":"Anaerobically cultivated human intestinal microbiota as first-line treatment for Clostridium difficile infection.","authors":"Kjetil Garborg","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.27710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.27710","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract available. (Published: 29 May 2015) Citation: Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2015, 26: 27710 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.27710","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"27710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0f/4f/MEHD-26-27710.PMC4451095.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33349791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feces transplantation - EU recommendations.","authors":"Torbjörn Norén","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.28068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.28068","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract available. (Published: 29 May 2015) Citation: Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2015, 26 : 28068 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.28068","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"28068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9e/1e/MEHD-26-28068.PMC4451090.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33349797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing the thematic cluster.","authors":"Tore Midtvedt","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.27982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.27982","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract available. (Published: 29 May 2015) Citation: Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease 2015, 26: 27982 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.27982","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"27982"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4f/77/MEHD-26-27982.PMC4451097.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33349794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concluding remarks.","authors":"Tore Midtvedt","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.28169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.28169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"28169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7b/18/MEHD-26-28169.PMC4425810.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33162031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: the role of the mitochondria and the enteric microbiome.","authors":"Richard E Frye,&nbsp;Shannon Rose,&nbsp;John Slattery,&nbsp;Derrick F MacFabe","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.27458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.27458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects a significant number of individuals worldwide with the prevalence continuing to grow. It is becoming clear that a large subgroup of individuals with ASD demonstrate abnormalities in mitochondrial function as well as gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Interestingly, GI disturbances are common in individuals with mitochondrial disorders and have been reported to be highly prevalent in individuals with co-occurring ASD and mitochondrial disease. The majority of individuals with ASD and mitochondrial disorders do not manifest a primary genetic mutation, raising the possibility that their mitochondrial disorder is acquired or, at least, results from a combination of genetic susceptibility interacting with a wide range of environmental triggers. Mitochondria are very sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous environmental stressors such as toxicants, iatrogenic medications, immune activation, and metabolic disturbances. Many of these same environmental stressors have been associated with ASD, suggesting that the mitochondria could be the biological link between environmental stressors and neurometabolic abnormalities associated with ASD. This paper reviews the possible links between GI abnormalities, mitochondria, and ASD. First, we review the link between GI symptoms and abnormalities in mitochondrial function. Second, we review the evidence supporting the notion that environmental stressors linked to ASD can also adversely affect both mitochondria and GI function. Third, we review the evidence that enteric bacteria that are overrepresented in children with ASD, particularly Clostridia spp., produce short-chain fatty acid metabolites that are potentially toxic to the mitochondria. We provide an example of this gut-brain connection by highlighting the propionic acid rodent model of ASD and the clinical evidence that supports this animal model. Lastly, we discuss the potential therapeutic approaches that could be helpful for GI symptoms in ASD and mitochondrial disorders. To this end, this review aims to help better understand the underlying pathophysiology associated with ASD that may be related to concurrent mitochondrial and GI dysfunction. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"27458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.27458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33289565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"Richard E Frye,&nbsp;John Slattery","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.28168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.28168","url":null,"abstract":"A utism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder currently estimated to affect 1 in 68 individuals in the United States (1). The biological underpinnings of ASD are unclear at this time. Although research has concentrated on genetics (2), single gene defects and chromosomal abnormalities only account for a minority of ASD cases (3). An increasing number of research studies support evidence for underlying physiological disturbances, including mitochondrial dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress (2, 4, 5), which may be pathophysiological hallmarks of a very complex disease process that contribute, at least in part, to medical comorbidities associated with ASD as well as core and associated ASD symptoms. Furthermore, it is becoming clear that the internal environment of affected individuals as well as disturbances from the external environment (e.g. biome, diet, toxicants) play a significant role in the development of ASD, although the exact mechanisms behind these influences and how they contribute to a complex phenotypic expression of ASD is unclear at this time (2, 6). To this end, it is essential to have a broad consideration of factors that could cause and/or contribute to the development of ASD. One interesting aspect of ASD, and perhaps a clue to the putative etiological factors at play, is the medical conditions associated with ASD. One of the most prevalent reported medical conditions is gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (7). Not only are GI symptoms very prevalent, but many parents report significant improvements with change in diet. Parallel to the increasing awareness of the GI system and diet in relation to ASD, the general scientific and medical communities have been recognizing that the trillions of microbes that inhabit the human digestive tract, the so-called enteric microbiome, may influence host physiology, including the immune system and metabolism (8, 9), and may play a major role in modulating normal brain development as well as directly modulating behavior (10 12). This has resulted in studies more closely investigating the possible involvement of the enteric microbiome in ASD (13, 14). To accelerate the dissemination of knowledge, a worldwide collaboration between leaders in this field was held on Thursday, June 26, 2014 at the 1st International Symposium on the Microbiome in Health and Disease with a Special Focus on Autism (www.microbiome-autism. com). The symposium included clinicians, research scientists, and parents of children with ASD (See Table 1). Important highlights from the symposium are documented within seven manuscripts in this special issue of Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease along with this introduction and concluding remarks by Dr. Tore Midtvedt, the editor-in-chief of the journal. Two papers provide interesting perspectives on the microbiome with respect to health and disease, particularly commenting on how the microbiome may have changed because of self-imp","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"28168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ec/5d/MEHD-26-28168.PMC4425811.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33289564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms.","authors":"Richard E Frye,&nbsp;John Slattery,&nbsp;Derrick F MacFabe,&nbsp;Emma Allen-Vercoe,&nbsp;William Parker,&nbsp;John Rodakis,&nbsp;James B Adams,&nbsp;Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown,&nbsp;Ellen Bolte,&nbsp;Stephen Kahler,&nbsp;Jana Jennings,&nbsp;Jill James,&nbsp;Carl E Cerniglia,&nbsp;Tore Midtvedt","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a growing body of scientific evidence that the health of the microbiome (the trillions of microbes that inhabit the human host) plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host and that disruptions in the microbiome may play a role in certain disease processes. An increasing number of research studies have provided evidence that the composition of the gut (enteric) microbiome (GM) in at least a subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) deviates from what is usually observed in typically developing individuals. There are several lines of research that suggest that specific changes in the GM could be causative or highly associated with driving core and associated ASD symptoms, pathology, and comorbidities which include gastrointestinal symptoms, although it is also a possibility that these changes, in whole or in part, could be a consequence of underlying pathophysiological features associated with ASD. However, if the GM truly plays a causative role in ASD, then the manipulation of the GM could potentially be leveraged as a therapeutic approach to improve ASD symptoms and/or comorbidities, including gastrointestinal symptoms. One approach to investigating this possibility in greater detail includes a highly controlled clinical trial in which the GM is systematically manipulated to determine its significance in individuals with ASD. To outline the important issues that would be required to design such a study, a group of clinicians, research scientists, and parents of children with ASD participated in an interdisciplinary daylong workshop as an extension of the 1st International Symposium on the Microbiome in Health and Disease with a Special Focus on Autism (www.microbiome-autism.com). The group considered several aspects of designing clinical studies, including clinical trial design, treatments that could potentially be used in a clinical trial, appropriate ASD participants for the clinical trial, behavioral and cognitive assessments, important biomarkers, safety concerns, and ethical considerations. Overall, the group not only felt that this was a promising area of research for the ASD population and a promising avenue for potential treatment but also felt that further basic and translational research was needed to clarify the clinical utility of such treatments and to elucidate possible mechanisms responsible for a clinical response, so that new treatments and approaches may be discovered and/or fostered in the future. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26878"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26878","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33289563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activity of Origanum dictamnus (dittany) essential oil.","authors":"Gregoria Mitropoulou,&nbsp;Eleni Fitsiou,&nbsp;Elisavet Stavropoulou,&nbsp;Eleni Papavassilopoulou,&nbsp;Manolis Vamvakias,&nbsp;Aglaia Pappa,&nbsp;Antigoni Oreopoulou,&nbsp;Yiannis Kourkoutas","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nowadays, there has been an increased interest in essential oils from various plant origins as potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative agents. This trend can be mainly attributed to the rising number and severity of food poisoning outbreaks worldwide along with the recent negative consumer perception against artificial food additives and the demand for novel functional foods with possible health benefits. Origanum dictamnus (dittany) is an aromatic, tender perennial plant that only grows wild on the mountainsides and gorges of the island of Crete in Greece.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of O. dictamnus essential oil and its main components and assess its commercial potential in the food industry.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>O. dictamnus essential oil was initially analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine semi-quantitative chemical composition of the essential oils. Subsequently, the antimicrobial properties were assayed and the minimum inhibitory and non-inhibitory concentration values were determined. The antioxidant activity and cytotoxic action against the hepatoma adenocarcinoma cell line HepG2 of the essential oil and its main components were further evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The main constituents of O. dictamnus essential oil identified by GC-MS analysis were carvacrol (52.2%), γ-terpinene (8.4%), p-cymene (6.1%), linalool (1.4%), and caryophyllene (1.3%). O. dictamnus essential oil and its main components were effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger. In addition, the estimated IC50 value for the DPPH radical scavenging activity for O. dictamnus essential oil was 0.045±0.0042% (v/v) and was mainly attributed to carvacrol. The EC50 value for the essential oil in the 72h SRB assay in HepG2 cells was estimated to be 0.0069±0.00014% (v/v). Among the individual constituents tested, carvacrol was the most bioactive compound and accounted for the observed antiproliferative activity of the essential oil.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results revealed that O. dictamnus essential oil is a noteworthy growth inhibitor against the microbes studied. It also possesses significant antioxidant activity and demonstrated excellent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. Taken together, O. dictamnus essential oil may represent an effective and inexpensive source of potent natural antimicrobial agents with health-promoting properties, which may be incorporated in food systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33285028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of cultivated oregano (Origanum vulgare), sage (Salvia officinalis), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.","authors":"Maria Fournomiti,&nbsp;Athanasios Kimbaris,&nbsp;Ioanna Mantzourani,&nbsp;Stavros Plessas,&nbsp;Irene Theodoridou,&nbsp;Virginia Papaemmanouil,&nbsp;Ioannis Kapsiotis,&nbsp;Maria Panopoulou,&nbsp;Elisavet Stavropoulou,&nbsp;Eugenia E Bezirtzoglou,&nbsp;Athanasios Alexopoulos","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.23289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.23289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oregano (Origanum vulgare), sage (Salvia officinalis), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) are aromatic plants with ornamental, culinary, and phytotherapeutic use all over the world. In Europe, they are traditionally used in the southern countries, particularly in the Mediterranean region. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils (EOs) derived from those plants have captured the attention of scientists as they could be used as alternatives to the increasing resistance of traditional antibiotics against pathogen infections. Therefore, significant interest in the cultivation of various aromatic and medicinal plants is recorded during the last years. However, to gain a proper and marketable chemotype various factors during the cultivation should be considered as the geographical morphology, climatic, and farming conditions. In this frame, we have studied the antimicrobial efficiency of the EOs from oregano, sage, and thyme cultivated under different conditions in a region of NE Greece in comparison to the data available in literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Plants were purchased from a certified supplier, planted, and cultivated in an experimental field under different conditions and harvested after 9 months. EOs were extracted by using a Clevenger apparatus and tested for their antibacterial properties (Minimum inhibitory concentration - MIC) against clinical isolates of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (n=27), Klebsiella oxytoca (n=7), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=16) strains by using the broth microdilution assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that the most sensitive organism was K. oxytoca with a mean value of MIC of 0.9 µg/mL for oregano EOs and 8.1 µg/mL for thyme. The second most sensitive strain was K. pneumoniae with mean MIC values of 9.5 µg/mL for thyme and 73.5 µg/mL for oregano EOs. E. coli strains were among the most resistant to EOs antimicrobial action as the observed MICs were 24.8-28.6 µg/mL for thyme and above 125 µg/mL for thyme and sage. Most efficient were the EOs from thyme followed by those of oregano.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With MIC values above 150 µg/mL, sage EOs did not show any antibacterial efficiency against the majority of the strains. However, no significant differences were observed concerning the antimicrobial action of all EOs originating from irrigated versus non-irrigated cultivated aromatic plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"23289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.23289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33223349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An n=1 case report of a child with autism improving on antibiotics and a father's quest to understand what it may mean.","authors":"John Rodakis","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The author, a parent of a child with autism, describes an n=1 case in which his child's autism symptoms dramatically and rapidly improved following administration of a common antibiotic. The author asserts that this finding is not unusual in the autism population and that, when combined with prior recent medical research, suggests that a link between autism and the microbiome in some children is not just plausible, but in fact likely for some meaningful percentage of cases. The author argues for increased funding for a more thorough examination of links between autism and the microbiome and poses a series of questions to be further examined in future research. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33159845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}