Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease最新文献

{"title":"<i>Mind the Gut</i>-displaying microbiome research through artistic collaboration.","authors":"Adam Bencard,&nbsp;Louise Emma Whiteley","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1555433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2018.1555433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents the <i>Mind the Gut</i> exhibition, opened in 2017 at the Medical Museion, the University of Copenhagen's museum for the culture and history of medicine. It is an experimental exhibition combining science, art, and history in an examination of the relationship between mind and gut, including the trillions of microbes that inhabits them. <i>Mind the Gut</i> was the result of a 2-year-long research and curatorial process, which began in 2015 when Museion was awarded the Bikuben Foundation Vision Award. The exhibition brings together the long history of attempts to understand and intervene in the relationship between mind and gut, between emotions and digestion with cutting-edge biomedical research, and includes the perspectives of science, medicine, and personal experience, via a combination of artworks, historical objects from the Medical Museion collections, items from laboratories, and individual stories. The exhibition is organized around different ways the body has been handled in order to intervene in interactions between mind, gut, and bacteria, including imaging, electrifying, feeding, drugging, and opening surgically. This paper outlines some of the thoughts on science communication that motivated the exhibition, discussing why the displays emphasize the exploratory over the explanatory. Also discussed are several artistic collaborations that formed part of the displays. Ultimately, <i>Mind the Gut</i> is created to be a public space that encourages reflection and curiosity, by showing how biomedicine fits into social, cultural, historical, and directly personal contexts. The exhibition does not aim to provide answers about what food the visitors should eat or what the truth of how gut and brain interactions might be. Rather, it emphasizes process over result, hopefully encouraging the visitors to ask their own questions of the relationship between mind and gut, between body and microbes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"29 2","pages":"1555433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2018.1555433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36872028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Neurasthenia gastrica' revisited: perceptions of nerve-gut interactions in nervous exhaustion, 1880-1920.","authors":"Kristine Lillestøl","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1553438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2018.1553438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, some of the medical literature on the historical disease-concept of 'neurasthenia gastrica' is reviewed. Neurasthenia gastrica was defined as a sub-unit of the wider category of neurasthenia, also referred to as nervous exhaustion or nervous weakness. Neurasthenia was a commonly used diagnostic label at the end of the nineteenth century and a few decades onwards, and was used to describe a wide variety of symptoms for which no 'organic' basis could be found. In neurasthenia gastrica, however, the gastrointestinal symptoms predominated, and there was considerable debate as to how the gut interacted with the central nervous system in the development of these ailments. Some of these discussions may be seen as historical precedents for the current debates on the brain-gut-microbiota axis, particularly in relation to the so-called functional gastrointestinal disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"29 2","pages":"1553438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2018.1553438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36872027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance due to the content of potentially toxic metals in soil and fertilizing products.","authors":"Siamak Yazdankhah, Eystein Skjerve, Yngvild Wasteson","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1548248","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1548248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potentially toxic metals (PTM), along with PTM-resistant bacteria and PTM-resistance genes, may be introduced into soil and water through sewage systems, direct excretion, land application of biosolids (organic matter recycled from sewage, especially for use in agriculture) or animal manures as fertilizers, and irrigation with wastewater or treated effluents. In this review article, we have evaluated whether the content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (CrIII + CrVI), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in soil and fertilizing products play a role in the development, spreading, and persistence of bacterial resistance to these elements, as well as cross- or co-resistance to antimicrobial agents. Several of the articles included in this review reported the development of resistance against PTM in both sewage and manure. Although PTM like As, Hg, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni may be present in the fertilizing products, the concentration may be low since they occur due to pollution. In contrast, trace metals like Cu and Zn are actively added to animal feed in many countries. In several studies, several different bacterial species were shown to have a reduced susceptibility towards several PTM, simultaneously. However, neither the source of resistant bacteria nor the minimum co-selective concentration (MCC) for resistance induction are known. Co- or cross-resistance against <i>highly important antimicrobials</i> and <i>critically important antimicrobials</i> were identified in some of the bacterial isolates. This suggest that there is a genetic linkage or direct genetic causality between genetic determinants to these widely divergent antimicrobials, and metal resistance. Data regarding the routes and frequencies of transmission of AMR from bacteria of environmental origin to bacteria of animal and human origin were sparse. Due to the lack of such data, it is difficult to estimate the probability of development, transmission, and persistence of PTM resistance. <b>Abbreviations:</b> PTM: potentially toxic metals; AMR: antimicrobial resistance; ARG: antimicrobial resistance gene; MCC: minimum co-selective concentration; MDR: multidrug resistance; ARB: antimicrobial resistant bacteria; HGT: horizontal gene transfer; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"29 1","pages":"1548248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7273308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38056871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection of fast and slow growing bacteria from fecal microbiota using continuous culture with changing dilution rate.","authors":"K Adamberg,&nbsp;S Adamberg","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1549922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2018.1549922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Nutrient and energy metabolism in human colon depends on bacterial growth rate that is determined by the colonic transit rate. <b>Objective</b>: A novel approach, De-stat culture was used to distinguish the fast and slow growing sub-populations from fecal microbiota. <b>Design</b>: The enrichment and metabolism of bacteria from pooled fecal cultures of children was studied at dilution rates <i>D</i> = 0.2-0.0 1/h in mucin-supplemented media containing either arabinogalactan or apple pectin. <b>Results</b>: The study revealed clear differentiation of the fecal microbiota at higher (above 0.1 1/h) and lower (below 0.1 1/h) dilution rates, along with metabolic changes. Similarity of the fast and slow growing bacteria was observed in two different fecal pools and on both substrates, suggesting the dilution rate as the main triggering parameter for selection of bacteria. At high dilution rates, the species <i>Collinsella aerofaciens, Dorea longicatena, Escherichia coli, Lachnoclostridium torques</i>, and different <i>Bacteroides</i> (<i>B. caccae, B. fragilis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus</i>) were dominant in both media variants. At low dilution rates, <i>Akkermansia muciniphila, Eisenbergiella tayi, Negativicoccus succinivorans</i>, and a group of Ruminococcaceae became dominant in both media and in both fecal pools. This change in bacterial population accompanied by the increased production of propionic and butyric acids as well as higher consumption of alanine and branched chain amino acids at low dilution rates. <b>Conclusions</b>: The study suggests that specific growth rate has important effect on the dynamics of colon microbiota. Manipulation of the proportions of fast and slow growing gut bacteria through modulation of the transit rate could be a target in human nutrition studies. The De-stat study would enable to predict changes in microbiota composition associated with the decrease or increase of the colonic transit rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"29 1","pages":"1549922"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2018.1549922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36811214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut thinking: the gut microbiome and mental health beyond the head.","authors":"Grace Lucas","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1548250","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1548250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> In recent decades, dominant models of mental illness have become increasingly focused on the head, with mental disorders being figured as brain disorders. However, research into the active role that the microbiome-gut-brain axis plays in affecting mood and behaviour may lead to the conclusion that mental health is more than an internalised problem of individual brains. <b>Objective:</b> This article explores the implications of shifting understandings about mental health that have come about through research into links between the gut microbiome and mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. It aims to analyse the different ways that the lines between mind and body and mental and physical health are re-shaped by this research, which is starting to inform clinical and public understanding. <b>Design:</b> As mental health has become a pressing issue of political and public concern it has become increasingly constructed in socio-cultural and personal terms beyond clinical spaces, requiring a conceptual response that exceeds biomedical inquiry. This article argues that an interdisciplinary critical medical humanities approach is well positioned to analyse the impact of microbiome-gut-brain research on conceptions of mind. <b>Results:</b> The entanglement of mind and matter evinced by microbiome-gut-brain axis research potentially provides a different way to conceptualise the physical and social concomitants of mental distress. <b>Conclusion:</b> Mental health is not narrowly located in the head but is assimilated by the physical body and intermingled with the natural world, requiring different methods of research to unfold the meanings and implications of gut thinking for conceptions of human selfhood.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"29 2","pages":"1548250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6282467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36811215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autointoxication and historical precursors of the microbiome-gut-brain axis.","authors":"Manon Mathias","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1548249","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16512235.2018.1548249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article focuses on autointoxication, a discredited medical theory from the late nineteenth century that provides important points of reflection for today's research on the role of microbes in the human gut for mental health. It considers how the theory of autointoxication, which came into great prominence amongst physicians and the general public worldwide, fell from grace by the middle of the twentieth century, and briefly asks why studies of the human microbiome are now back in vogue. It departs from earlier articles on the topic firstly by arguing that autointoxication theory was especially prevalent in France, and secondly by focusing on the application of this theory to mental health. Bringing to light medical treatises and theses from this period which have so far remained unexamined, it shows that examining the development and reception of medical theories form the past can help us today in understanding both the pitfalls and promise of research in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"29 2","pages":"1548249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6263106/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36748069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut-brain axis in history and culture","authors":"J. Valeur","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2019.1602995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2019.1602995","url":null,"abstract":"The gut–brain axis and the microbiome have recently acquired an important position in explaining a wide range of human behaviours and emotions. Researchers have typically presented developments in understandings of the microbiome as radical and new, offering huge potential for better understandings of our bodies and what it means to be human. Without refuting the value of this research, this article insists that, traditionally, doctors and patients acknowledged the complex interactions between their guts and emotions, although using alternative models often based on nerves or psychology. For example, nineteenthcentury doctors and patients would have been well acquainted with the idea that their stomachs and minds were somehow connected, and that this interaction could produce positive or negative physical and mental health impacts. To demonstrate this, this article offers a snapshot of medical and public thought on (what we currently call) the gut–brain axis in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, using Britain as a key case study due to the prevalence of gastric problems in that country. It commences by exploring how nineteenth-century doctors and patients took for granted the intimate relations between gut and mind and used their ideas on this to debate personal health, medical theory and social and political discourse. The article then moves on to argue that various medical sub-disciplines emerged (anatomy, physiology, surgery) that threatened to reduce the stomach to a physiologically complex organ but, in doing so, inadvertently began to erase ideas of a gut–mind connection. However, these new models proved unsatisfactory, allowing more holistic ideas of the body–mind relationship to continue to carry currency in twentieth-century psychological and medical thought. In the late century, pharmacological developments once again threatened to minimise the gut–brain axis, before it once again became popular in the early twenty-first century, now debated through a new language of microbiology. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 31 August 2018 Revised 18 October 2018 Accepted 25 October 2018","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2019.1602995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47415451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut-brain axis in history and culture","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2019.1567968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2019.1567968","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2019.1567968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46612851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Issue Title Page - Gut-brain axis in history and culture","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2019.1598041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2019.1598041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2019.1598041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46968870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contextualising the microbiota-gut-brain axis in history and culture.","authors":"Alison M Moore,&nbsp;Manon Mathias,&nbsp;Jørgen Valeur","doi":"10.1080/16512235.2019.1546267","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16512235.2019.1546267","url":null,"abstract":"This special edition on humanistic approaches to the microbiota–gut–brain axis was inspired by two symposia organised by literary scholar Dr Manon Mathias at the University of Aberdeen in 2017 and at the University of Glasgow in 2018, both involving the participation of medical historian Dr Alison M. Moore and gastroenterological researcher Dr Jørgen Valeur, with all the contributors to this special edition having spoken at one or other symposium. Mathias and Moore are among the rare cohort of humanities scholars who approach past literary, cultural and medical concepts with the aim of contextualising current medical models and research findings, while Valeur is among the even rarer cohort of medical researchers and clinicians to see inherent value in humanistic understandings of health. It is the shared premise of all three editors that historical and cultural perspectives enrich the current understanding of microbial ecology, and the science of microbe–host interactions. One reason it should interest all medical researchers and clinicians to read the articles in a special edition such as this, is to consider what is truly novel in current scientific models and what may be inherited from past medical concepts. Such earlier concepts may help or hinder current science, but without researchers knowing anything about them, it is most likely that their influence will not be helpful. As the American enteric nervous system researcher Michael D. Gershon noted in his 1998 book on the Second Brain, ‘hubris for scientists comes from inadequate knowledge and appreciation of the past’ [1]. Indeed, failures to see what is truly new in the treatment of gastroenterological disorders can be found throughout the scientific record. The history of faecal microbial transplant (FMT) is a case in point: though often claimed as a ‘new’ therapy [2], it has existed in the form of oral administration in European medical traditions since Ancient Greece, featured in severalmajorworks ofmedical description of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries [3], and has been used in Chinese medical traditions since the Don-jin dynasty (4 century CE) [4]. Rectal delivery of FMT was used by the American doctor I.O. Wilson in 1910, following the identification of changes in faecal bacterial composition among patients with functional bowel disorders [5]. Thus, FMT is anything but ‘new’ and its historical and trans-cultural ubiquity may indeed lend support to the emergent scientific model of the gut microbiome as an essential organ of the human body, composed of organisms that have co-evolved with our own cells such that they are to some extent ‘us’. This indeed is the very argument that FMT researcher Alexander Khoruts has made for why this therapy for Clostridium difficile should be seen not as a ‘drug’ but as a ‘transplant’ [6]. Themounting evidence for commensal and symbiotic intestinal microbes lends itself to this interpretation, and is consistent with the acceptance of the microbia","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"30 Suppl 1","pages":"1546267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16512235.2019.1546267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36746988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}