Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease最新文献

{"title":"Gut bacteria in children with autism spectrum disorders: challenges and promise of studying how a complex community influences a complex disease.","authors":"Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown,&nbsp;Catherine Lozupone,&nbsp;Dae-Wook Kang,&nbsp;James B Adams","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies suggest a role for the microbiota in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), potentially arising from their role in modulating the immune system and gastrointestinal (GI) function or from gut-brain interactions dependent or independent from the immune system. GI problems such as chronic constipation and/or diarrhea are common in children with ASD, and significantly worsen their behavior and their quality of life. Here we first summarize previously published data supporting that GI dysfunction is common in individuals with ASD and the role of the microbiota in ASD. Second, by comparing with other publically available microbiome datasets, we provide some evidence that the shifted microbiota can be a result of westernization and that this shift could also be framing an altered immune system. Third, we explore the possibility that gut-brain interactions could also be a direct result of microbially produced metabolites. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26914"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33128713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards large-cohort comparative studies to define the factors influencing the gut microbial community structure of ASD patients.","authors":"Daniel McDonald,&nbsp;Mady Hornig,&nbsp;Catherine Lozupone,&nbsp;Justine Debelius,&nbsp;Jack A Gilbert,&nbsp;Rob Knight","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Differences in the gut microbiota have been reported between individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurotypical controls, although direct evidence that changes in the microbiome contribute to causing ASD has been scarce to date. Here we summarize some considerations of experimental design that can help untangle causality in this complex system. In particular, large cross-sectional studies that can factor out important variables such as diet, prospective longitudinal studies that remove some of the influence of interpersonal variation in the microbiome (which is generally high, especially in children), and studies transferring microbial communities into germ-free mice may be especially useful. Controlling for the effects of technical variables, which have complicated efforts to combine existing studies, is critical when biological effect sizes are small. Large citizen-science studies with thousands of participants such as the American Gut Project have been effective at uncovering subtle microbiome effects in self-collected samples and with self-reported diet and behavior data, and may provide a useful complement to other types of traditionally funded and conducted studies in the case of ASD, especially in the hypothesis generation phase. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32995050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of diet to the composition of the human gut microbiota.","authors":"Daniela Graf,&nbsp;Raffaella Di Cagno,&nbsp;Frida Fåk,&nbsp;Harry J Flint,&nbsp;Margareta Nyman,&nbsp;Maria Saarela,&nbsp;Bernhard Watzl","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the human gut, millions of bacteria contribute to the microbiota, whose composition is specific for every individual. Although we are just at the very beginning of understanding the microbiota concept, we already know that the composition of the microbiota has a profound impact on human health. A key factor in determining gut microbiota composition is diet. Preliminary evidence suggests that dietary patterns are associated with distinct combinations of bacteria in the intestine, also called enterotypes. Western diets result in significantly different microbiota compositions than traditional diets. It is currently unknown which food constituents specifically promote growth and functionality of beneficial bacteria in the intestine. The aim of this review is to summarize the recently published evidence from human in vivo studies on the gut microbiota-modulating effects of diet. It includes sections on dietary patterns (e.g. Western diet), whole foods, food constituents, as wells as food-associated microbes and their influence on the composition of human gut microbiota. The conclusions highlight the problems faced by scientists in this fast-developing field of research, and the need for high-quality, large-scale human dietary intervention studies. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33033948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life.","authors":"Juan Miguel Rodríguez, Kiera Murphy, Catherine Stanton, R Paul Ross, Olivia I Kober, Nathalie Juge, Ekaterina Avershina, Knut Rudi, Arjan Narbad, Maria C Jenmalm, Julian R Marchesi, Maria Carmen Collado","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26050","DOIUrl":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestinal microbiota has become a relevant aspect of human health. Microbial colonization runs in parallel with immune system maturation and plays a role in intestinal physiology and regulation. Increasing evidence on early microbial contact suggest that human intestinal microbiota is seeded before birth. Maternal microbiota forms the first microbial inoculum, and from birth, the microbial diversity increases and converges toward an adult-like microbiota by the end of the first 3-5 years of life. Perinatal factors such as mode of delivery, diet, genetics, and intestinal mucin glycosylation all contribute to influence microbial colonization. Once established, the composition of the gut microbiota is relatively stable throughout adult life, but can be altered as a result of bacterial infections, antibiotic treatment, lifestyle, surgical, and a long-term change in diet. Shifts in this complex microbial system have been reported to increase the risk of disease. Therefore, an adequate establishment of microbiota and its maintenance throughout life would reduce the risk of disease in early and late life. This review discusses recent studies on the early colonization and factors influencing this process which impact on health. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33029296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manipulating the gut microbiota to maintain health and treat disease.","authors":"Karen P Scott, Jean-Michel Antoine, Tore Midtvedt, Saskia van Hemert","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.25877","DOIUrl":"10.3402/mehd.v26.25877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The intestinal microbiota composition varies between healthy and diseased individuals for numerous diseases. Although any cause or effect relationship between the alterations in the gut microbiota and disease is not always clear, targeting the intestinal microbiota might offer new possibilities for prevention and/or treatment of disease.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Here we review some examples of manipulating the intestinal microbiota by prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbial transplants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prebiotics are best known for their ability to increase the number of bifidobacteria. However, specific prebiotics could potentially also stimulate other species they can also stimulate other species associated with health, like Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcus bromii, the Roseburia/Enterococcus rectale group, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Probiotics have beneficial health effects for different diseases and digestive symptoms. These effects can be due to the direct effect of the probiotic bacterium or its products itself, as well as effects of the probiotic on the resident microbiota. Probiotics can influence the microbiota composition as well as the activity of the resident microbiota. Fecal microbial transplants are a drastic intervention in the gut microbiota, aiming for total replacement of one microbiota by another. With numerous successful studies related to antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infection, the potential of fecal microbial transplants to treat other diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and metabolic and cardiovascular disorders is under investigation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Improved knowledge on the specific role of gut microbiota in prevention and treatment of disease will help more targeted manipulation of the intestinal microbiota. Further studies are necessary to see the (long term) effects for health of these interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"25877"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c1/12/MEHD-26-25877.PMC4315778.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33029864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease.","authors":"Simon Carding,&nbsp;Kristin Verbeke,&nbsp;Daniel T Vipond,&nbsp;Bernard M Corfe,&nbsp;Lauren J Owen","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is growing evidence that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of both intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. Intestinal disorders include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and coeliac disease, while extra-intestinal disorders include allergy, asthma, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33029294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food-producing animals and their health in relation to human health.","authors":"Guillermo Téllez,&nbsp;Andrea Lauková,&nbsp;Juan D Latorre,&nbsp;Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco,&nbsp;Billy M Hargis,&nbsp;Todd Callaway","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.25876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.25876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fields of immunology, microbiology, and nutrition converge in an astonishing way. Dietary ingredients have a profound effect on the composition of the gut microflora, which in turn regulates the physiology of metazoans. As such, nutritional components of the diet are of critical importance not only for meeting the nutrient requirements of the host, but also for the microbiome. During their coevolution, bacterial microbiota has established multiple mechanisms to influence the eukaryotic host, generally in a beneficial fashion. The microbiome encrypts a variety of metabolic functions that complements the physiology of their hosts. Over a century ago Eli Metchnikoff proposed the revolutionary idea to consume viable bacteria to promote health by modulating the intestinal microflora. The idea is more applicable now than ever, since bacterial antimicrobial resistance has become a serious worldwide problem both in medical and agricultural fields. The impending ban of antibiotics in animal feed due to the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes makes a compelling case for the development of alternative prophylactics. Nutritional approaches to counteract the debilitating effects of stress and infection may provide producers with useful alternatives to antibiotics. Improving the disease resistance of animals grown without antibiotics will benefit the animals' health, welfare, and production efficiency, and is also a key strategy in the effort to improve the microbiological safe status of animal-derived food products (e.g. by poultry, rabbits, ruminants, or pigs). This review presents some of the alternatives currently used in food-producing animals to influence their health in relation to human health. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"25876"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.25876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33029863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic?","authors":"Staci D Bilbo,&nbsp;Cynthia D Nevison,&nbsp;William Parker","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The field of autism research is currently divided based on a fundamental question regarding the nature of autism: Some are convinced that autism is a pandemic of modern culture, with environmental factors at the roots. Others are convinced that the disease is not pandemic in nature, but rather that it has been with humanity for millennia, with its biological and neurological underpinnings just now being understood.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this review, two lines of reasoning are examined which suggest that autism is indeed a pandemic of modern culture. First, given the widely appreciated derailment of immune function by modern culture, evidence that autism is strongly associated with aberrant immune function is examined. Second, evidence is reviewed indicating that autism is associated with 'triggers' that are, for the most part, a construct of modern culture. In light of this reasoning, current epidemiological evidence regarding the incidence of autism, including the role of changing awareness and diagnostic criteria, is examined. Finally, the potential role of the microbial flora (the microbiome) in the pathogenesis of autism is discussed, with the view that the microbial flora is a subset of the life associated with the human body, and that the entire human biome, including both the microbial flora and the fauna, has been radically destabilized by modern culture.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is suggested that the unequivocal way to resolve the debate regarding the pandemic nature of autism is to perform an experiment: monitor the prevalence of autism after normalizing immune function in a Western population using readily available approaches that address the well-known factors underlying the immune dysfunction in that population.</p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33014564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The human gut microbiota with reference to autism spectrum disorder: considering the whole as more than a sum of its parts.","authors":"Michael C Toh,&nbsp;Emma Allen-Vercoe","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v26.26309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human gut microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem that contributes an important component towards the health of its host. This highly complex ecosystem has been underestimated in its importance until recently, when a realization of the enormous scope of gut microbiota function has been (and continues to be) revealed. One of the more striking of these discoveries is the finding that the gut microbiota and the brain are connected, and thus there is potential for the microbiota in the gut to influence behavior and mental health. In this short review, we outline the link between brain and gut microbiota and urge the reader to consider the gut microbiota as an ecosystem 'organ' rather than just as a collection of microbes filling a niche, using the hypothesized role of the gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder to illustrate the concept. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"26 ","pages":"26309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v26.26309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33014565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc and copper in animal feed - development of resistance and co-resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria of animal origin.","authors":"Siamak Yazdankhah,&nbsp;Knut Rudi,&nbsp;Aksel Bernhoft","doi":"10.3402/mehd.v25.25862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v25.25862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Farmed animals such as pig and poultry receive additional Zn and Cu in their diets due to supplementing elements in compound feed as well as medical remedies. Enteral bacteria in farmed animals are shown to develop resistance to trace elements such as Zn and Cu. Resistance to Zn is often linked with resistance to methicillin in staphylococci, and Zn supplementation to animal feed may increase the proportion of multiresistant E. coli in the gut. Resistance to Cu in bacteria, in particular enterococci, is often associated with resistance to antimicrobial drugs like macrolides and glycopeptides (e.g. vancomycin). Such resistant bacteria may be transferred from the food-producing animals to humans (farmers, veterinarians, and consumers). Data on dose-response relation for Zn/Cu exposure and resistance are lacking; however, it seems more likely that a resistance-driven effect occurs at high trace element exposure than at more basal exposure levels. There is also lack of data which could demonstrate whether Zn/Cu-resistant bacteria may acquire antibiotic resistance genes/become antibiotics resistant, or if antibiotics-resistant bacteria are more capable to become Zn/Cu resistant than antibiotics-susceptible bacteria. Further research is needed to elucidate the link between Zn/Cu and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. </p>","PeriodicalId":18568,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/mehd.v25.25862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32749103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}