Microwave and Optical Technology Letters最新文献

{"title":"FMCW LiDAR Range Imaging and Recognition System Utilizing FPGA-Based Edge-Aware Processing","authors":"Shangwen Rong,&nbsp;Mengxi Zhou,&nbsp;Wenxuan Ma,&nbsp;Yunshan Zhang,&nbsp;Yibing Chen,&nbsp;Zhenxing Sun,&nbsp;Shuai Li,&nbsp;Jian Xin,&nbsp;Xiangfei Chen","doi":"10.1002/mop.70701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70701","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We present an FMCW LiDAR range imaging and recognition system utilizing FPGA-Based edge-aware processing. To mitigate the frequency sweep nonlinearity of the directly modulated laser, a simple correction method is first applied to improve chirp linearity. Based on the corrected signal, range estimation is performed via FFT-based beat-note peak detection, achieving reliable distance retrieval with a maximum absolute error below 25 mm in near-range measurements. The system further reconstructs range images through point-by-point scanning and implements a lightweight FPGA-based preprocessing pipeline, including median filtering, binarization, morphological operations, and Sobel edge extraction. The proposed processing effectively suppresses background noise, enhances contour continuity, and reduces redundant data, achieving a relative PSNR of 16.65 dB and a CNR of 12.70, while reducing the data volume by 87.5%. To evaluate the usability of the processed range images, a lightweight YOLO-based detector is employed as a representative downstream task and achieves a mean average precision ([email protected]) of 0.995 on a custom data set. These results demonstrate an effective and bandwidth-efficient FPGA-based solution for FMCW LiDAR range imaging and feature extraction.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Q Narrowband Filter Realized by CNC Fabrication With Low Frequency Offset","authors":"Ziyao Gong,&nbsp;Xiaojian Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaochi Lu,&nbsp;Hao Yang,&nbsp;Xianjin Deng,&nbsp;Jun Jiang","doi":"10.1002/mop.70714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70714","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A high Q narrowband THz bandpass filter structure for computer numerical control (CNC) milling is proposed in this letter. The proposed filter employs a TM330 rectangular over-mode cavity (ROMC) to lift the mode degeneracy. By introducing a novel coupling structure and feeding scheme, the target mode is decoupled and reconstructed, thereby achieving spurious suppression in the stopband while mitigating the impact of CNC fabrication tolerances on the center frequency shift. The results indicate that the proposed filter has a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 0.23% at the center frequency of 220.5 GHz. The fabricated filter demonstrates an insertion loss (IL) of 2.8 dB, a return loss (RL) of 17 dB with the passband, and a center frequency offset as low as 200 MHz. The unloaded <i>Q</i> factor (<i>Q_u</i>) extracted from the measurement results can reach 1500. This is the terahertz bandpass narrowband filter with the smallest fractional bandwidth, the smallest frequency offset under the same standard definition, and the highest unloaded <i>Q</i> factor among reported literature at present. The design structure of this work has application potential for low-cost, modular high-frequency high-<i>Q</i> narrowband filter design.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Semicircular Patch Antenna With Wide Range of Harmonics Suppression","authors":"Ashima Kaplesh,&nbsp;Chandra Shekhar Prasad,&nbsp;Saurabh Kumar","doi":"10.1002/mop.70692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70692","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this work, a novel dual-band dual-polarized semicircular patch antenna is presented working at 3.5 GHz (n78 5 G) (TM₁₁₀ mode) and 5.8 GHz (ISM) (TM₂₁₀ mode) with a wide range of harmonics suppression and miniaturization. An extensive modes analysis using surface current distribution is carried out for a circular patch to achieve the desired characteristics. Perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary is utilized to reduce the footprint (50%) from circular to semicircular. Further, the desired modes are excited using probe feeding; however, higher-order harmonics are also exciting. Again, the current distribution at different modes is studied. It is found that an incomplete circular slot centered at the feed point can break the current paths of the undesired harmonics and hence can suppress them. The optimized antenna is working at 3.5 and 5.8 GHz and all the harmonics up to 16 GHz are suppressed. A prototype is fabricated on a single-layer Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (<i>ε</i>_r = 2.2, <i>h</i> = 1.57 mm) and tested. The measured and simulated data are in good agreement. The peak gains are 5 and 7 dBi at 3.5 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The radiation gain profile exhibits a filter-like response.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadband Orbital Angular Momentum Beam Generation Using a Planar Archimedean Spiral Antenna","authors":"V. Narasimha Nayak,&nbsp;G. Challa Ram,&nbsp;Nageswararao Naik Bhookya,&nbsp;Sakhamuri Suryanarayana,&nbsp;Madasu Venkateswara Rao","doi":"10.1002/mop.70696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70696","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a planar archimedean spiral antenna for broadband orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam generation. In contrast to OAM-based patch antennas with limited bandwidth, the proposed antenna is capable of producing OAM beams with a 20% fractional bandwidth (4.5–5.5 GHz). The design consists of four geometrically rotated archimedean spiral arms positioned at &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;9&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $9{0}^{circ }$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; relative to each other. Due to the geometric rotation of the radiating arms, there is an inherent azimuthal phase progression that results in the desired phase progression for OAM mode &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;ℓ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $ell =+1$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, thereby eliminating the need for a separate phase-shifting network for each feed point. The single-feed planar configuration exhibits good impedance matching, as indicated by &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∣&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;11&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∣&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $| {S}_{11}| $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; being less than &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $-10$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; dB over the entire operating band. Simulated and measured results confirm stable vortex beam generation with OAM purity values in the range of 70%–80% throughout the bandwidth. The three-dimensional phase distribution demonstrates a consistent &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;π&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of an ITO-Based Multifunctional Absorber Featuring Acoustic and Thermal Insulation With Optical Transparency","authors":"Jinghao Xiao,&nbsp;Min Zhu,&nbsp;Bo Lei,&nbsp;Lingling Wang,&nbsp;Yi Wang","doi":"10.1002/mop.70703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70703","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents a transparent dual-polarized sound-insulating and thermal-insulating electromagnetic absorber based on indium tin oxide (ITO) films and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Simulation results demonstrate that the absorber achieves broadband absorption over the 0.87–6.7 GHz range, with a relative bandwidth of 154%. The absorption mechanism is further clarified through analysis of surface current distributions and equivalent circuit model (ECM). Experimental measurements show good agreement with the simulation results. Compared with conventional absorbers, the proposed structure not only effectively absorbs electromagnetic waves but also integrates multiple functions, including optical transparency, sound insulation, and thermal insulation. It is highly suitable for multifunctional electromagnetic stealth applications requiring the integration of transparency, acoustic isolation, and thermal isolation, and shows broad prospects for window-integrated applications, particularly in the area of electromagnetic stealth for windows of military assets, such as military vehicle windows and aircraft pods.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Stability of the Proton-Implanted Ce3+-Doped Phosphate Glass Waveguide","authors":"Jia-Pei Wu,&nbsp;Yi-Jiang Liu,&nbsp;Cheng-jing Yang,&nbsp;Quan-Long He,&nbsp;Chun-Xiao Liu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70716","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A waveguide is fabricated in the Ce³⁺-doped phosphate glass by the 400 keV proton implantation with a dose of 8.0 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm². The simulation conducted with the SR and TRIM reveals the presence of an optical barrier at 3.32 µm, which corresponds to the maximum nuclear energy loss. The measurements by the prism coupler confirm that the barrier-type waveguide supports guided modes. The thermal stability of the waveguide is characterized via a 1 h thermal annealing at 310°C. Both the refractive index and the optical mode profiles demonstrate negligible changes after annealing, revealing resistance to modification induced by heat. The minimal difference in the reconstructed refractive index distributions and the consistent agreement between experimental and simulated indices of the modes further confirm the optical stability of the waveguide. These results demonstrate the remarkable thermal stability of the proton-implanted Ce³⁺-doped phosphate glass and its suitability as a robust material platform for integrated photonic applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimum Synthesis of Antenna Arrays of Arbitrary Geometry","authors":"Mohammad Khalaj-Amirhosseini","doi":"10.1002/mop.70694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70694","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Antenna arrays of arbitrary geometry having arbitrary position of antennas are dealt with. These general types of antenna arrays are a special case of conformal arrays which conform to some practical considerations, in fact. The arbitrary geometry arrays includes both nonuniform linear arrays and nonuniform planar arrays of arbitrary boundary. These types of antenna arrays are synthesized to have maximum directivity for a specified sidelobe level. For this purpose, both positions of antennas and the excitation currents of antennas are considered variable and are optimized simultaneously. Some relations are obtained for calculating directivity of antenna arrays of arbitrary geometry. The presented method is investigated by some examples. The optimum synthesized arrays have both higher directivity and lower amplitude dynamic range than the ordinary arrays.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Rejection Broadband Bandstop Filter With a Single Transmission Zero","authors":"Chuan Shao,&nbsp;Xin Gao,&nbsp;Rong Cai,&nbsp;Yi Peng,&nbsp;Kai Xu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70717","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this letter, a broadband bandstop filter with high in-band rejection is presented, wherein a single transmission zero is strategically employed to achieve simultaneously enhanced bandwidth and suppression performance. The proposed filter originates from a center-loaded full-wavelength microstrip resonator, consequently yielding an extremely simple topology. In this design, by appropriately adjusting the characteristic impedances of the resonator and its loaded stub, the designed bandstop filter exhibits a 20-dB rejection bandwidth of 120%. In order to further extend the operating bandwidth while concurrently improving the in-band suppression level, a quarter-wavelength open-circuited stub is shunt-connected to the input and output ports. For experimental validation, a miniaturized broadband bandstop filter centered at 3 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results demonstrate a 40-dB rejection bandwidth of approximately 107%, which is in good agreement with the simulated responses, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the proposed synthesis approach.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Sensitive Cancer Cell Detection Based on the Vernier Effect of Taper-In-Taper Structured Optical Fibers","authors":"Zhengqi Wang,&nbsp;Yangliu Zhou,&nbsp;Bo Qian,&nbsp;Mingya Yang,&nbsp;Xiaonan Zhang,&nbsp;Benli Yu,&nbsp;Sheng Zhou","doi":"10.1002/mop.70699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70699","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early diagnosis of cancer is the key to improving the cure rate, but traditional detection methods (such as tissue biopsy and imaging examinations) often have problems such as strong invasiveness, insufficient sensitivity, or high cost. In this work, an ultrasensitive microfiber interferometer biosensor is proposed for cancer cell detection. An ultra-high refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 15225.665 nm/RIU was achieved by cascading two taper-in-taper structured fiber (TITF). TITF that is functionalized with biotin was employed to identify the biotin receptor protein (streptavidin) and the cancer cell exhibiting overexpression of surface biotin receptors (Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells, HepG2). The results of the experiments indicate that in the standard buffer sample, the detected concentrations of streptavidin (SA) were 11, 23, 46, and 92 pM, respectively, with a detection limit of 1.4 pM. The log-linear concentrations of HepG2 cells are 10, 10², 10³, and 10⁴ cells/mL, respectively, with a detection limit of 4 cells/mL. The specificity test revealed that TITF showed a lack of sensitivity to normal cells, particularly human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (HCT116). The proposed biosensor has good selectivity and sensitivity, providing a feasible method for the early diagnosis of cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Leaky-Wave Antenna With Single-Beam Full-Space Scanning Capability","authors":"Yueqi Lin,&nbsp;Xiangqi Nie,&nbsp;Liangsheng Li,&nbsp;Yuanxin Li","doi":"10.1002/mop.70693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70693","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A novel single-beam full-space scanning leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is presented in this letter. The proposed design comprises two primary components: a periodic leaky-wave antenna (PLWA) and a coupling plane. Firstly, a dual-beam full-space scanning PLWA based on double-sided parallel striplines (DSPSLs) is designed. The PLWA realizes beam scanning through <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $n=-1$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> space harmonic radiation. To improve the endfire characteristics of the antenna, Hansen-Woodyard (H-W) condition is implemented to guide the antenna design. Afterwards, a metal coupling plane is placed in the near field of the PLWA to realize conversion from dual-beam scanning to single-beam scanning. Compared with the existing single-beam scanning leaky-wave antennas, the proposed design achieves a wider impedance bandwidth of 4.3–10.2 GHz and a higher peak gain of 16.3 dBi. Different from conventional reflector-backed designs, the proposed near-field coupling plane coherently recombines dual beams into a single beam without degrading impedance matching or restricting full-space scanning and endfire radiation. A prototype of the LWA is simulated, fabricated and measured. In the operating frequency band of 4.3–10.2 GHz, the measured result shows that the antenna has a continuous scanning characteristics from <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>9</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>∘</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $-9{0}^{circ }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>+</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>9</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>∘</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $+9{0}^{circ }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> with a single main beam. Meanwhile, the proposed antenna does well in scanning directivity, the maximum gain reaches to 16.3 dBi.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}