Microwave and Optical Technology Letters最新文献

{"title":"Design of A 26/36 GHz Dual-Band GaN MMIC Power Amplifier","authors":"Qi Cai,&nbsp;Dingyuan Zeng,&nbsp;Haoshen Zhu,&nbsp;Quan Xue,&nbsp;Wenquan Che","doi":"10.1002/mop.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This letter presents a design of a dual-band power amplifier (PA) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC). A modified dual-band component based bias integrated dual-band matching circuit is employed for both input and output network to achieve small size and low loss. For demonstration, one dual-band PA is designed using 0.15 μm GaN-on-SiC process at 28/39 GHz. The fabricated PA achieves peak output power of 31.4 and 29 dBm at the measured frequency of 26 and 36 GHz, respectively, while the measured maximum drain efficiency (DE) is 51.1% and 27.8% at the two frequencies. The proposed dual-band PA occupies an area of 1.4 mm × 1 mm including pads.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"28/38 GHz MEMS-Controlled SIW Antenna for 5G Communication Systems","authors":"Asmaa E. Farahat,&nbsp;Khalid F. A. Hussein","doi":"10.1002/mop.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70182","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A novel design for a reconfigurable antenna is proposed for 5G communication systems. The antenna operates in two bands 28 and 38 GHz. Two parallel slots have been created in the upper surface of the SIW antenna cavity. The configurability of the antenna is achieved through a rotary strip where the orientation of the strip specifies the operating frequency of either 28 or 38 GHz. The controlling strip can be rotated while touching the upper external wall surface of the SIW cavity through a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) servomotor. At the orientation where the rotary strip is rotated to be normal to the feed line and parallel to the slots, it operates at 28 GHz. At the orientation where the rotary strip is rotated to be parallel to the feed line and normal to the slots, it operates at 38 GHz. When the rotary strip is normal to the two radiating slots, it divides each slot into two equal slots. The radiation efficiency is improved by the dual-slot configuration at the two operating frequencies 28 and 38 GHz. The bandwidth at 28 GHz band is 1.1 GHz and at 38 GHz band 0.9 GHz. The peak value of the gain at the 28 GHz band is 5.4 dBi with a radiation efficiency of 80.5% and at the 38 GHz band 6 dBi with a radiation efficiency of 82%. To verify the achieved numerical results by simulations, a prototype of the antenna is fabricated and subjected to practical measurements showing good consent with the simulation results.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 77 GHz Millimeter-Wave Comb Antenna With Suppressed Side-Lobe","authors":"Jia Zhou,&nbsp;Qirui Wang,&nbsp;Yujie Yang,&nbsp;Yalun Li,&nbsp;Kai Kang,&nbsp;Hongyan Tang","doi":"10.1002/mop.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This letter presents a compact 77 GHz millimeter-wave comb antenna, exhibiting suppressed side-lobe and enhanced gain. In the conventional tapered comb antenna, a lager-width of the radiating stub performs a decreased resonance ability. By loading coupling patches and cutting notches on the elements, it is possible to increase the resonant ability and design an antenna array with a satisfying radiation pattern and gain. Low cost, low profile and ease of fabrication are further advantages of the proposed antenna array. Two arrays (1 × 13 and 4 × 13) operating at 77 GHz are designed to verify feasibility. The measured gain of the 4 × 13 antenna at the resonant frequency is 19.11 dBi, while the side-lobe is below −17.37 dB, in accordance with the simulation results, which indicate that the 77 GHz comb antenna is an option for radar communication systems requiring high gain and side-lobe suppression.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A High Bandwidth X Band Monopulse Comparator for Tracking Radio Detection and Ranging","authors":"Rashmi Priyadarshini B. K.,&nbsp;Anil Kumar H. L.,&nbsp;Rajendra Prasad P.,&nbsp;Saikeerthika K.,&nbsp;Malavika S.","doi":"10.1002/mop.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mono-pulse antennas in radio detection and ranging (RADAR) has been a significant focus. The accurate localization and tracking of targets remain fundamental challenges in various RADAR applications. This paper introduces a cutting-edge X-band mono-pulse comparator (MPC) designed for exceptional tracking performance. The precise target tracking system lies the eight-port mono-pulse comparator. Its four input channels—sum, azimuth difference, elevation difference, and a guarded port—feed into a sophisticated network that generates four output channels: sum, azimuth, elevation, and a termination port. This high-bandwidth design enables the MPC to deliver accurate angle measurements, ensuring effective target tracking. The inclusion of a mono-pulse antenna in the design proves instrumental in reducing side lobes, contributing to improved tracking accuracy. The high-bandwidth MPC demonstrates superior target azimuth measurement compared to angular position estimation. When integrated with an active antenna array unit, the MPC achieves exceptional performance metrics, including a side lobe of better than –30 dB and a null depth exceeding –50 dB. This high-bandwidth mono-pulse comparator excels in providing a return loss or voltage standing wave ratio surpassing –10 dB across a bandwidth of over 1 GHz.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Detection of the Carbon Dioxide Using a Compact Differential Absorption LiDAR","authors":"Tao Zhu,&nbsp;Boyang Xue,&nbsp;Hui Li,&nbsp;Zhangjun Wang,&nbsp;Chao Chen","doi":"10.1002/mop.70184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a major greenhouse gas contributing to climate change. Especially, the real-time monitoring of its spatial and temporal variations have drawn significant attention in the past few decades. In the present work, we proposed a Differential Absorption LiDAR (DIAL) system for the CO₂ concentration profiling. By employing a dual-wavelength 1.5 μm fiber laser and an InGaAs/InP negative feedback avalanche diode (NFAD) based free-running single-photon detector (SPD), it allowed the system to be compact, with low power consumptions. Comparisons between different laser pulse durations, laser pulse energies and peak powers were performed in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (<i>SNR</i>) of the backscattering signals of the LiDAR. It is shown that the three parameters have a combined effect on the signal response behavior. After the optimization of the laser pulse energy, the signal integration time, and the workflow of CO₂ profile retrieval, the analytical performance of the LiDAR system has been evaluated. The temporal evolution of the measured CO₂ concentration nicely coincides with the values from a standard CO₂ detector, with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.7 and a relative standard deviation within 6.8%. Subsequently, vertical observations were carried out to obtain the height-time plot of the CO₂ concentrations, with a high spatial-temporal resolution of 25 m and 15 min, respectively. The results indicated a diurnal variation of CO₂ concentration at the nearshore region. This compact DIAL system shows promising analytical potential streamlining online monitoring of atmospheric CO₂ over the ocean based on buoy platforms.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber Sensor for Liquid Level Detection Based on Micro-Arc Air Cavity Structure","authors":"Shuqin Cao,&nbsp;Beibei Mao,&nbsp;Weihao Cheng,&nbsp;Mingzhu Yang,&nbsp;Jingfei Ye,&nbsp;Yongfeng Wu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A novel liquid level sensor is devised, leveraging the principle of Fabry-Perot interferometry (FPI). The sensor amalgamates micro-arc and air cavity structures. The micro-arc is fabricated through flame pyrolysis, while the air cavity is created by fusion splicing a SiO₂ microtube with single-mode fiber (SMF). When alterations occur in either the liquid level or temperature, the spectral information primarily manifests as variations in reflected light intensity. Consequently, it provides a new perspective for liquid level and temperature measurements. The FPI sensor is a three-wave interference model. To realize low-temperature sensitivity, an optical fiber is fused at the end of FPI to reduce the reflection of the third reflector. The temperature sensitivity of the sensor is measured at 0.0856 dB/°C, the liquid level sensitivity is determined to be 0.2185 dB/mm. Therefore, the sensor is suitable for conducting liquid level measurements in industrial applications. Additionally, the sensor is simple in structure and does not need special treatment, making it highly competitive in industrial production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Extremely Low-Profile Wideband Patch Antenna for 5G Smartphones","authors":"Hui Li,&nbsp;Mengdi Liu,&nbsp;Tianxi Feng","doi":"10.1002/mop.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this article, an extremely low-profile and broadband microstrip patch antenna is proposed for 5G mobile applications. By cutting two asymmetrical slots and loading additional metallic vias on the aperture-couped patch antenna, the TM₁₀ and anti-TM₁₀ mode are excited simultaneously to achieve the broadband operation with an extremely low-profile of 0.9 mm (0.013λ₀). A prototype of the proposed antenna was fabricated and tested, with the measured −6-dB bandwidth of 780 MHz (4.28–5.06 GHz), covering the 5G N79 band. The total efficiencies are between 65% and 85%. The proposed antenna provides a feasible solution for 5G mobile handset antenna on the back cover of the device.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Photonic Crystal All-Optical Analog-to-Digital Using Nonlinear Kerr Effect","authors":"Negar Esmaeili,&nbsp;Fariborz Parandin,&nbsp;Mohammad S. Feali,&nbsp;Farzin Shama","doi":"10.1002/mop.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents an innovative approach to the design of an optical analog-to-digital converter (OADC) that employs square nonlinear ring resonators. The configuration consists of dielectric silicon rods alongside nonlinear rods fabricated from doped glass, utilizing the Kerr optical effect to realize the intended operational capabilities. The proposed architecture incorporates a nonlinear three-channel demultiplexer along with an optical encoder. The nonlinear demultiplexer transforms the continuous input signal into three distinct quantized levels, while the optical encoder produces two-bit binary codes corresponding to the demultiplexer's output channel. The performance of this optical analog-to-digital converter (OADC) has been evaluated through plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) methodologies. Results demonstrate that the OADC exhibits a compact footprint of 324 µm² and achieves a sampling rate of 125 GS/s, significantly exceeding the capabilities of traditional analog-to-digital converter designs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Integrated Rectenna and Arrays Based on Planar Aperture Antenna With High Conversion Efficiency Under Low Incident Power Densities","authors":"Ken Zhang,&nbsp;Shaowei Liao,&nbsp;Kun Tang,&nbsp;Wenquan Che,&nbsp;Quan Xue","doi":"10.1002/mop.70177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70177","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;A novel integrated rectenna based on planar aperture antenna (PAA) working at 35 GHz without extra matching network between the antenna and rectifier is proposed in this letter. The PAA simultaneously serves as both the power receiving device and the impedance matching network of the diode, thus eliminating insertion loss of the matching network. Meanwhile, more RF power can be collected at a low incident power density because of a PAA featuring a high gain. These lead to a high RF-to-DC power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 53.1% at a low power density of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;7.46&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mstyle&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;mW&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mstyle&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∕&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mstyle&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;cm&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mstyle&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $7.46,,text{mW}unicode{x02215}{text{cm}}^{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, surpassing that of most millimeter-wave (MMW) rectennas. Moreover, the rectenna features a simple structure with only one laminate and thus low fabrication cost. Furthermore, multiple rectenna elements are arranged in a sequential rotation manner and their output DC power is aggregated through DC power combining, forming two dual linearly polarized (DLP) rectenna arrays with &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $2times 2$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $4times 4$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; elements. When the polarization of the incident wave changes, the measured PCE of the &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Broadband Stacked Annular-Ring Antenna With Air Hole Integrated in Substrate","authors":"Min Guo,&nbsp;Yuan Yun Liu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents a circular polarization (CP) stacked annular-ring microstrip antenna (ARMSA) with a wide bandwidth and low profile. In this design, the two-layer annular ring excited by a single probe obtains a wide bandwidth by drilling an air hole in the substrate. The antenna profile decreases due to the combination of the single-fed structure and the air hole integrated into the substrate. To verify its performance, the prototype was fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the bandwidth in terms of VSWR less than 2 is 21.3% and with a maximum gain of 6.88 dBi. Moreover, the antenna has a stable radiation pattern in the operating frequency band, which agrees well with the simulation results. At the same time, a compact, low-profile structure is obtained. This broadband CP antenna with a simple structure is very suitable for phase array applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}