Microwave and Optical Technology Letters最新文献

{"title":"Low-Sidelobe Sparse Synthesis for Cylindrical Conformal Arrays With Mutual Coupling","authors":"Yuanhao Chang,&nbsp;Fenggan Zhang,&nbsp;Fengchao Zhu,&nbsp;Jianwei Zhao,&nbsp;Fang He","doi":"10.1002/mop.70774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70774","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A coupling-aware sparse synthesis method is proposed for cylindrical conformal millimeter-wave arrays. A semi-empirical mutual-coupling model, calibrated against Ansys HFSS over 93 096 element pairs, reproduces the coupling matrix with 0.94 dB root-mean-square error and yields a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>7.4</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $7.4times 1{0}^{4}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> speedup relative to full-wave analysis. The model is embedded in a hybrid GA–DE optimizer driven by a multi-cut peak-sidelobe-level (PSLL) objective with circumferential and axial regularization. For a 432-element 28 GHz cylinder thinned to 50%, the method attains a worst-case PSLL of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>22.3</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $-22.3$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> dB, 3.2–6.1 dB below GA/DE/PSO/SA, while preserving 68.4% aperture efficiency at only 1.2 dB directivity loss.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Magnetless Nonreciprocal Differential Filtering Isolator With Common-Mode Suppression","authors":"Xingyi Nan,&nbsp;Zhongbao Wang,&nbsp;Qiuying Zhang,&nbsp;Hongmei Liu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70770","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents a novel magnetless nonreciprocal differential filtering isolator with common-mode (CM) suppression. The proposed differential isolator comprises a six-port differential filtering coupling network and a nonreciprocal active path, enabling differential-mode (DM) low-loss forward transmission and high reverse isolation while preserving CM suppression. The embedded filtering sections introduce two transmission zeros to enhance frequency selectivity without additional resonators. A mixed-mode <i>S</i>-parameter analysis is developed to clarify the isolation mechanism and stability condition. A fabricated prototype exhibits a forward DM insertion loss of 0.14 dB at 2.43 GHz, a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 6.98%, a 20-dB DM reverse isolation bandwidth of approximately 100 MHz, a peak isolation of 50 dB, and greater than 40 dB CM suppression.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a Broadband Planar Circularly Polarized Antenna Loading Notches","authors":"Guirong Feng,&nbsp;Jiaze Xu,&nbsp;Yabo Lu,&nbsp;Zixiang Wu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70765","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A simple broadband planar circularly polarized (CP) monopole antenna is proposed. The antenna consists of a novel moon-shaped monopole and a modified ground plane. The proposed moon-shaped monopole incorporates two circular notches to generate CP radiation in an ultra-wideband. Protruding a titled half-elliptical patch into the ground plane further extends the AR bandwidth in the higher band. The proposed antenna is very simple and compact. A prototype with an overall size of 0.34 λ × 0.37 λ × 0.02 λ (λ is the maximum wavelength) is fabricated and measured. The results show that the antenna can achieve an ultrawide impedance bandwidth of 134.8% (3.8−19.5 GHz) and a remarkable 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 97.1% (3.7−10.68 GHz). In addition, the antenna can generate right-hand circular polarized (RHCP) radiation in the +z direction, and left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) radiation in the −z direction. The proposed antenna exhibits promising application potential for broadband wireless communication systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Experimental Validation of a Novel Reconfigurable Multiband Modified Rhombus-Shaped Patch Antenna","authors":"Ibtissem Adoui,&nbsp;Mohammed Titaouine,&nbsp;Farouk Grine","doi":"10.1002/mop.70771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70771","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents a novel compact frequency-reconfigurable multiband antenna based on a modified rhombus-shaped patch loaded with dual open slots and a defected ground plane, targeting <i>S</i>-band, 5G Sub-6 GHz (NR n77/n78), Wi-Fi, and WLAN applications. Fabricated on FR-4 substrate (48 × 42 × 1.6 mm³), the antenna exhibits four resonances at 2.018, 3.80, 4.58, and 5.25 GHz. The highest and lowest resonances are shown to be independently tunable through the slot lengths L1 and Lg, offering flexible design control. Reconfiguration to a dual-band response (3.79 and 5.04 GHz) is demonstrated by switching the ground-slot conductivity, emulating a PIN diode's ON/OFF states. Measured results show good agreement with COMSOL Multiphysics simulations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Unbalanced-to-Balanced Switchable Quadruplexer With High Off-State Suppression","authors":"Jidong Yu,&nbsp;Zhongbao Wang,&nbsp;Xining Zhang,&nbsp;Hongmei Liu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70767","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, a novel unbalanced-to-balanced switchable quadruplexer with high off-state suppression is proposed. Four channels are realized through four pairs of step impedance resonators and uniform impedance resonators with different center frequencies in the quadruplexer. Furthermore, the flexible and controllable channel switching function is achieved through loading PIN diodes and their bias circuits at the open-circuited ends of the resonators. To verify the feasibility of the proposed design, a quadruplexer with center frequencies of 1.227, 1.575, 1.9, and 2.3 GHz, respectively, is designed and fabricated. Measurement results indicate that the proposed quadruplexer achieves four independently controllable channels with an off-state suppression of up to 51 dB. It is expected to be applicable to combined applications of global navigation satellite systems and mobile communication systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Five-Notch Ultra-Wideband Flexible Antenna for Wearable Applications","authors":"Zhonggen Wang,&nbsp;Guoxiang Song,&nbsp;Wenyan Nie","doi":"10.1002/mop.70732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70732","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, an ultra-wideband (UWB) notch antenna for wearable applications is proposed, and the operating frequency of the antenna is 3.04 to 14.4 GHz. On the basis of the monopole UWB antenna, five notch bands from 3.87 to 4.27 GHz, 5.23 to 6.26 GHz, 8.4 to 8.56 GHz, 9.48 to 11 GHz, and 11.45 to 12.69 GHz are realized. The antenna uses Rogers 5880 material as the dielectric substrate and is only 0.45 mm thick. Due to the use of flexible materials and the low-profile nature of the antenna, the antenna can be slightly curved, which allows it to be applied in the wearable field. Five-notch bands are achieved by adding a notched structure on both sides of the microstrip line, inside the rectangular patch, and at the bottom of the substrate. By adding a metal through hole inside the substrate, an electric current is introduced into the notch structure at the bottom of the substrate to achieve a better notch effect. The overall antenna size is 30 × 25 × 0.45 mm³, which meets the design requirements of miniaturized antennas. By simulating the S₁₁ curved antenna and the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value of the human hand, the antenna is suitable for wearable applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wide-Band Slant Polarization Monopulse Antenna With 2-D Tracking Capability","authors":"Fazel Ghiasvand,&nbsp;Mahmoud Abbasi,&nbsp;Vahid Sarani,&nbsp;H. Ahrari Fardsarab","doi":"10.1002/mop.70752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70752","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A broadband monopulse antenna based on aperture coupled stacked patch antenna is presented. The microstrip feed line is applied in such a way that the antenna has slant polarization. So, the antenna's orientation relative to the target has no influence on the angle estimation. A reduced size meander-line rat-race coupler was used to design comparator network. Four meander-line rat-race was used to allowing tracking in both azimuth and elevation plane. Antenna dimension is 1.5<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>λ</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${{boldsymbol{lambda }}}_{{boldsymbol{0}}}times ,$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>1.5<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>λ</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${{boldsymbol{lambda }}}_{{boldsymbol{0}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> × 0.2<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>λ</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${{boldsymbol{lambda }}}_{{boldsymbol{0}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> at minimum frequency. All PCB antenna components, including monopulse comparator and radiation element was fabricated and is mechanically fastened using multiple screws to ensure a rigid integration. The bandwidth (VSWR &lt; 2) is 12%, and the operating frequency is 3.1–3.5 GHz. The Sum and difference pattern measured in anechoic chamber shows high stability and null depth better than −30 dB.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wideband Zellij-Shaped Microstrip Bandpass Filter for 5G Applications","authors":"Fatima Kiouach,&nbsp;Sudipta Das,&nbsp;Mohammed EL Ghzaoui,&nbsp;Wael Ali,&nbsp;Abeer D. Algarni","doi":"10.1002/mop.70743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70743","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An innovative wideband microstrip bandpass filter (WM-BPF) is proposed for FR1 5 G communication. The designed filter has a compact size of 11 × 13 mm² (0.45 λg × 0.53 λg), where λg refers to the guided wavelength of the resonant frequency. Its structure consist of a central resonator, inspired by traditional Moroccan Zellij patterns, positioned between two symmetrical rectangular sections. The proposed filter is optimized through a parametric study to acheive the desired performance characteristics. The modeling and analysis of the proposed BPF have been carried out using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) simulation tool, while the corresponding equivalent circuit has been created using the ADS (Advanced Design System). A prototype of the proposed WM-BPF is fabricated using an FR4 substrate with a thick of 0.8 mm and measured using a ZVA 67 VNA instrument. The fabricated filter exibits a resonant frequency at 6.16 GHz and a bandwidth of 3.72 GHz, ranging from 4.60 GHz to 8.32 GHz. The maximum value of S₁₁ is equal to −33.9 dB, and the fractional bandwidth is around 60.39%. The novelty of the proposed BPF lies in its ability to achieve a wide passband operation with high performance specifications while maintaining a very small size. These characteristics underscore the filter's relevance for 5 G deployment in nations such as the United States (4.94–4.99 GHz, 5.9–7.1 GHz), Canada (5.9–7.1 GHz), the U.K., Germany, France, Italy (5.9–6.4 GHz), China (4.8–5 GHz), Japan (4.5–4.9 GHz, 5.9–6.4 GHz), South Korea (4.72–4.82 GHz, 5.9–7.1 GHz), and Australia (5.9–6.4 GHz) by supporting 5 G FR1 New Radio (NR) bands including n96 (5.925–7.125 GHz), n102 (5.925–6.425 GHz), n104 (6.425–7.125 GHz).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Compact Dual-Band Multi-Feed Beam Steerable Antenna for WBAN Applications","authors":"Padmathilagam Sambandam,&nbsp;Malathi Kanagasabai,&nbsp;Mohammed Gulam Nabi Alsath,&nbsp;Shanmathi Shanmuganathan,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy,&nbsp;Arunkumar Shrivastav","doi":"10.1002/mop.70735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70735","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this letter, a novel compact dual-band multi-feed beam-steerable antenna for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications is proposed. The antenna occupies a compact size of 0.23 λ₀ × 0.23 λ₀ × 0.002 λ₀ and operates at 2.45 GHz (ISM/Bluetooth) and 5.2 GHz (ISM/WLAN) application bands. The radiator is excited using coaxial feed ports placed along its diagonals, enabling efficient power delivery and beam switching. Single-beam radiation is achieved by exciting an individual port, while dual-beam radiation is realized through simultaneous excitation of opposite ports. This capability allows the antenna to support concurrent sensing and communication tasks. The proposed design supports multiple WBAN communication modes, including on-body (omni-azimuthal) and off-body communication (eight single beams and two dual beams). The antenna is fabricated and experimentally validated, and measured results show good agreement with simulations. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis confirms compliance with the FCC limits. The proposed design exhibits stable impedance matching, good port isolation exceeding 15 dB, acceptable gain of 3.5/5.9 dBi, and controlled radiation characteristics across both operating bands, making it a promising candidate for WBAN applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection of Conformal Geometry for Huygen Box and Its Application to Antenna Array and Massive MIMO Antenna System","authors":"Aakash,&nbsp;Sudeb Bhattacharya,&nbsp;Anju Kumari Rai,&nbsp;Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava","doi":"10.1002/mop.70736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70736","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Huygen Box approach has shown promising results in terms of simulating the array of complex geometrical structures. The storage of fields at the surface of the Huygen Box reduces the computational cost significantly, but the selection of surface plays a major role in accuracy of the simulation result. This manuscript discusses the selection of conformal geometry of Huygen Box as per the radiating elements for accurate field storage. To support the proposed claim, two different antenna configurations viz. printed dipole and wired dipole placed over a reflector, acting as base station antenna, have been considered as radiating elements. Based on element geometry, the rectangular Huygen Box for printed dipole and cylindrical Huygen Box for the wire dipole are considered for storage of fields. The radiation patterns due to conformal geometries have been compared with the radiation pattern obtained from the actual structure. The patterns show a close match. The concept has been expanded to design &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;8&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;16&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $2times 1,4times 1,8times 1,16times 1,2times 2$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $4times 4$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; linear and planar arrays for both structures. The significant reduction in computation time has been observed using the proposed approach, up to 66% for linear and 82% for planar arrays. In the next part, an array of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"68 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}