Microsystems & Nanoengineering最新文献

{"title":"Advanced in vitro cardiac models for drug evaluation: integration of organoids, engineered tissues, and microphysiological systems.","authors":"Young Hyun Kim, Young Hoon Son, Yuri Choi, Min Suk Kim, Sung-Jin Park, Keel Yong Lee","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01249-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-026-01249-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In vitro cardiac model systems have rapidly advanced as complementary platforms to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal models, which, despite their long-standing contributions, exhibit inherent limitations in predicting human cardiac responses. This review highlights recent progress in biomimetic platforms that more faithfully recapitulate the structure and function of the human myocardium, including engineered three-dimensional (3D) tissues, chambered ventricular constructs, self-organizing cardiac organoids, and microphysiological systems. These models are increasingly being applied as Drug Development Tools (DDTs) for safety pharmacology, efficacy testing, and cardiotoxicity assessment, offering improved predictive performance compared to traditional assays. By incorporating key features, such as three-dimensional tissue architecture, multicellular composition, electromechanical coupling, and physiological loading, these platforms enhance the translational relevance of preclinical studies. Recent innovations include maturation-enhanced organoids, vascularized engineered heart tissues, chamber models with physiological pressure-volume dynamics, and chip-based platforms that enable the real-time assessment of contractility and electrophysiology. Importantly, the integration of immune and vascular components, as well as multi-organ connectivity, further extends their applicability to systemic drug evaluations and disease modeling. Collectively, these advances bridge the gap between reductionist in vitro assays and clinical studies and align with emerging regulatory paradigms that emphasize human-relevant and non-animal testing methods. By enabling mechanistic insights into human cardiogenesis, cardiomyocyte maturation, and patient-specific disease modeling, advanced in vitro cardiac platforms hold great promise for precision pharmacology and regenerative medicine. Overall, in vitro cardiac models represent a transformative paradigm for advancing drug discovery, improving safety predictions, and reducing the reliance on animal testing in cardiovascular research.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of reservoir computing using coupled microelectromechanical drum resonators via sideband-pumped phonon-cavity dynamics.","authors":"Theresa Farah, Loïc Flis, Pierre Laly, Guo-En Chang, Jun-Yu Ou, Yoshishige Tsuchiya, Yan Pennec, Bahram Djafari-Rouhani, Xin Zhou","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01287-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-026-01287-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reservoir computing is a bio-inspired machine learning paradigm that exploits the intrinsic dynamics of nonlinear systems with fading memory for efficient temporal information processing. Microelectromechanical resonators offer a promising platform for reservoir computing as they inherently possess the requisite nonlinear and temporal properties while also facilitating the integration of sensing and computing within a single platform. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a physical reservoir computing platform based on two capacitively coupled drum resonators, operating in the MHz frequency regime. Taking advantage of the concept of phonon-cavity electromechanics, a pump tone is applied at the sideband of the phonon cavity while probing one of the coupled modes, analogous to optomechanical systems, thereby creating nonlinear dynamics in energy transfer between the two resonators. Reservoir computing is implemented by exploiting the nonlinear response generated through pump amplitude modulation in combination with a time-delay feedback loop, and the performance is evaluated using both parity and Normalized Auto-Regressive Moving Average benchmarks. This work demonstrates a compact microelectromechanical platform for integrated sensing and reservoir computing and shows that the sideband pumping scheme provides a pathway for extending conventional single-resonator reservoir computing toward multimode architectures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppressing laser-power noise with a multifunctional liquid crystal polarization grating in miniaturized optically pumped magnetometers.","authors":"Zhibo Cui, Xu Xiao, Zinan Wei, Zhimou Fu, Kun Huang, Liangsong Pei, Xiangyang Zhou, Zhen Chai, Dongbi Bai","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01297-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41378-026-01297-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) enable high-resolution biomagnetic imaging, yet conventional single-beam designs are constrained by bulky, alignment-intensive polarization optics and susceptibility to laser-power noise. Here, we propose and demonstrate a compact, noise-suppressed OPM that uses a single planar liquid-crystal polarization grating (LCPG) functioning simultaneously as a high-efficiency polarization converter and a beam splitter. At the component level, the LCPG replaces multiple bulk elements, converts 795 nm light with 95% first-order diffraction efficiency and an ellipticity of ~44.6°, and exhibits robust performance against variations in incident-light polarization direction, ambient temperature, and angle of incidence. At the sensor level, a power-differential configuration effectively suppresses noise originating from pump-power fluctuations. We fabricated a probe with a total volume of 4 cm³ and benchmarked it against a conventional OPM: the LCPG-enabled differential mode achieves a sensitivity of 8.6 fT/Hz^1/2, representing an ~28% improvement over the conventional configuration. Importantly, the approach is compatible with mature, high-throughput, and cost-effective liquid-crystal manufacturing. These results demonstrate a scalable design strategy for OPMs that unites component-level efficiency, robustness, and cost-effectiveness with sensor-level compactness and noise suppression, paving the way for next-generation chip-scale quantum sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A synthetic method for preparing double channelling materials, and an operational mechanism for selective p- and n-type channels for gas sensing.","authors":"Myung Sik Choi, Han Gil Na, Jeong Yun Hwang, Seung Yong Lee, Sanghyun Ji, Jimyeong Park, Sun-Woo Choi, Kyu Hyoung Lee, Changhyun Jin","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01253-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-026-01253-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new synthetic strategy and associated mechanism have been developed, in which two carrier conduction channels of n- and p-type semiconductors on the surface of one material are automatically and advantageously selected during surface reactivity. The key step is to uniformly channel non-equilibrium metal oxides of CuO_x and SnO_x throughout the sample by applying a flame chemical vapour deposition technique for 5 s. Unlike the original SnO₂ semiconductor and Cu metal, the resulting material possessed intermediate physicochemical properties. It has been demonstrated that an oxidising gas, NO₂, and reducing gas, H₂S, can be alternately adsorbed, which was facilitated by the automatic selection of p- or n-type channels. This solid-solution sensing method utilizing non-equilibrium compositions can be employed in other applications involving semiconducting metal oxide gas sensing, even at low temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13144517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-sapphire-based high-temperature pressure sensor system with in situ temperature compensation: innovative cavity design, fabrication, and APSC-FFT algorithm.","authors":"Jiahang Tan, Feng Qin, Ning Wang, Zhiqiang Shao, Jie Zhang, Yong Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01290-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41378-026-01290-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Targeting the environment of gas-cooled reactors (800 °C, 1 Mpa), we propose an all-sapphire composite-cavity sensor system for pressure measurement with in-situ temperature compensation. The sensor based on a fully sapphire-based dual-cavity structure and white-light interferometry principle. Decoupling two cavities' information enables the simultaneous measurement. The high hardness and excellent thermal stability of sapphire ensure the high-temperature resilience. The novel central platform structure of the pressure-sensitive diaphragm enhances the spectrum contrast and measurement accuracy while maintaining high sensitivity. An optimized MEMS wet etching process guarantees superior diaphragm surface roughness and etching rate, and high-temperature wafer-level bonding ensures hermeticity. Furthermore, the adaptive peak-shift correction FFT algorithm is proposed for demodulation, achieving a sub-nanometer theoretical resolution. Experimental results under 0-1.2 MPa and 28-800 °C demonstrate that the system exhibits systematic error better than 0.13% F.S (temperature) and 0.18% F.S (pressure). The stability is better than 0.04% F.S. (temperature) and 0.12% F.S (pressure). The sensing chip remains stable performance after prolonged annealing at 1500 °C followed by cooling. It demonstrates the sensor is suitable for pressure monitoring in 800 °C and the potential of the chip for applications in extreme temperature, such as exceeding 1300 °C in aero-engines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13125206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of micro dual temperature-heat flux sensing probe using Pt Thin film for transient heat measurements up to 1400 °C.","authors":"Haigang Wang, Mingyang Kong, Hanbin Wang, Fan Zhang, Zhe Yang, Tong Hao, Jiahao Yang, Ruliang Xu, Yanfeng Zhan, Junsheng Liang, Zhichun Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01274-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41378-026-01274-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thin-film heat flux sensors are critical measurement tools in hypersonic wind tunnel aerodynamic thermal environment tests. However, they suffer from limitations such as poor erosion resistance, low operating temperature (<1200 °C), and large size, which affect wind tunnel testing efficiency. In this paper, a Pt thin-film temperature-heat flux sensor (TFT-HFS) is proposed. A 2 mm alumina micropillar was used as the substrate to enable the arrayed fabrication of the TFT-HFS. Meanwhile, an electrohydrodynamic jet printing technique was employed to deposit the protective layer and regulate the stress within the sensitive layer, effectively improving the stability and high-temperature performance of the sensor. The test results show that the TFT-HFS can operate above 1400 °C with a repeatability error less than 1% FS. Under static laser calibration, the measurement error below 1.7% FS and a repeatability error below 0.6% FS. It exhibits a good linear relationship, with a correlation coefficient of R² = 0.993. During the rapid heating test, the heat flux exceeded 3.5 MW/m², the peak temperature reached 1588.2 °C, and the temperature error less than 0.75% FS. Furthermore, the fabricated TFT-HFS demonstrates an ultrafast response time of 0.2 ms. The proposed TFT-HFS provides a feasible and effective approach for high-temperature transient, high spatial-resolution, and high-precision heat flux measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13125521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parallelized droplet microfluidic mechanoporation enables robust and clogging-resistant intracellular gene delivery.","authors":"Qingluan Liu, Aram J Chung","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01273-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41378-026-01273-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microfluidic platforms have emerged as powerful tools for efficient intracellular delivery of exogenous cargo. While droplet microfluidics coupled with cell mechanoporation shows significant potential, its broader adoption is often hindered by channel clogging and limited scalability. To address these challenges, we developed a parallelized droplet-based cell mechanoporation platform with integrated bypass channels. This architecture stabilizes internal pressure and mitigates clogging-induced failure, ensuring robust and continuous operation. The platform achieves delivery efficiencies exceeding 98% and cell viabilities above 80% at a throughput of 2 × 10⁷ cells/h, enables highly efficient mRNA transfection (~98%), and supports CRISPR/Cas9-mediated CD3 knock-out. Collectively, these results establish parallelized droplet cell mechanoporation as a scalable and reliable strategy for intracellular delivery with applicability in cell engineering and therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13125231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber-optic Fabry-Pérot interferometric accelerometer with composite cavity and temperature calibration for high-temperature and high-pressure applications.","authors":"Feng Qin, Jiahang Tan, Jiangtao Guo, Zhiqiang Shao, Ning Wang, Jie Zhang, Yong Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01250-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-026-01250-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the demand for flow-induced vibration monitoring of steam generator heat transfer tubes in pressurized water reactors under high-temperature (350 °C) and high-pressure (17.5 MPa) conditions, a fiber-optic Fabry-Pérot interferometric accelerometer based on a composite Fabry-Pérot cavity structure is proposed. The sensor employs a symmetrically arranged multidirectional cantilever beam and a central proof mass to effectively reduce cross-axis sensitivity. Using a MEMS-based fabrication process, a three-layer sensing chip with a composite cavity is formed, mitigating the temperature drift problem of conventional single-cavity structures under elevated temperatures. A temperature calibration model is further incorporated to improve measurement accuracy. The optical path is folded by a 45° metallic mirror and hermetically sealed by laser welding, ensuring stable operation under high temperature, high pressure, and external mechanical shocks. Experimental results show that the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 4.53 nm/g, a resonant frequency of 7450 Hz, a cross-axis sensitivity as low as 0.281%, and a resolution of 4.4 mg, with an acceleration measurement range of ±238 g at room temperature. Under 350 °C and 17.5 MPa, the sensor exhibited cavity length drift below 0.1 nm during a 60-h stability test, demonstrating reliable dynamic performance and long-term stability in extreme conditions, which provides an effective tool for the continuous safety monitoring of critical heat transfer structures in pressurized water reactors.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13121697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic-induced deformation driving triboelectric sensor with dual-mode perception for magnetic field and contacting pressure.","authors":"Tingting Zhang, Shengxin Wang, Shuzhe Qin, Zhenqiu Gao, Weiwei Zhang, Tingyu Zeng, Azamat Yeshmukhametov, Gulnur Kalimuldina, Hao Lei, Zhen Wen","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01285-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-026-01285-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrating magnetic field evasion and obstacle avoidance is crucial for the safe operation of intelligent robots, yet the limited sensitivity and discrete structure of magnetic field/pressure dual-mode sensors hinder their broader application. In this work, we present a dual-mode triboelectric sensor (DM-TS) that achieves noncontact magnetic field sensing and contact pressure sensing by incorporating ferrofluid as a triboelectric material. Under varying magnetic field intensities or directions, it redistributes along the magnetic field lines, modulating its contact area with spiked silicone rubber to generate distinct electrical signals for magnetic field sensing. The DM-TS exhibits a longitudinal magnetic field sensitivity of 11.35 V/T in the linear response region ranging from 63 ~ 277 mT, which is comparable to existing flexible magnetosensitive devices or commercial Hall effect sensors. For contact sensing, applied pressure deforms the silicone rubber with spike structures, altering the contact area between triboelectric layers and producing corresponding electrical outputs. The pressure sensitivity increases with the applied pressure range, reaching 370.56 mV/kPa within the 19.37-27.3 kPa range. As a proof-of-concept for intelligent robotic systems, the DM-TS has been integrated into an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), successfully demonstrating simultaneous strong magnetic field evasion and obstacle avoidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13121769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147776022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-region flexible neural interface for behavioral state decoding in freely moving mice.","authors":"Ye Tian, Gen Li, Haoyang Su, Luyue Jiang, Yunfu Luo, Yingkang Yang, Lei Huang, Jiazhi Li, Shuang Jin, Peijie Chen, Yiming Gao, Yike Xiang, Yi Wei, Yifei Ye, Liuyang Sun","doi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01258-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-026-01258-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-density, long-term stable decoding of whole-brain function is crucial for advancing basic neuroscience research and developing neural disorder therapies. However, two major challenges remain: the lack of scalable interfaces capable of long-term, multi-regional recordings and the limited generalizability of existing decoding algorithms across days and individuals. Here, we developed an integrated platform that achieves accurate, stable, and generalizable decoding of behavioral states (resting, roaming, feeding, and flash) with up to 89% accuracy. This platform combines multi-region flexible probes (MRFPs), enabling distributed recordings from 128 sites across eight brain regions over months, with a Conformer-based deep learning framework optimized for brain-wide neural dynamics. Comparative analyses demonstrate that distributed sampling, particularly from five or more regions, markedly enhances decoding performance over concentrated electrode configurations. Furthermore, the platform supports robust generalization across days and individuals without retraining, providing a practical solution for longitudinal and large-scale behavioral neuroscience studies. These results establish a foundation for stable, high-fidelity multi-region electrophysiology and offer a generalizable approach for decoding internal states from complex neural dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":18560,"journal":{"name":"Microsystems & Nanoengineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13121764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}