Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz最新文献

{"title":"Entomo-virological investigation during the epizootic outbreak of sylvatic yellow fever in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2021 and 2022","authors":"Nícolas Felipe Drumm Müller, Marcelo de Moura Lima, Edmilson Dos Santos, Aline Alves Scarpellini Campos, Thomas Rosa Menegazzi, Alanis Silva Melgarejo, Bruna Paredes-Galarza, Lina Violet-Lozano, Martha Trindade Oliveira, Cirilo Henrique Oliveira, Paulo Michel Roehe, Fabrício Souza Campos, Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu, Jáder da Cruz Cardoso, Ana Cláudia Franco","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250169","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Yellow fever virus (YFV) re-emerged among non-human primates (NHPs) in Rio Grande do Sul in early 2021, more than a decade after its last detection in the state. The spread of the virus was accompanied by increased mortality among NHPs.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To conduct entomological surveillance and molecular detection of YFV and other Orthoflavivirus species in mosquito samples collected from affected and potentially receptive areas.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mosquitoes were collected during epizootics using human landing catches, BG-Pro traps, and ovitraps. Virus detection was performed using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays targeting YFV and pan-Orthoflavivirus sequences.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>A total of 1,210 mosquitoes, representing 26 taxa, were collected across 17 municipalities. Psorophora ferox was the most abundant species, followed by Culex (Culex) spp., accounting for 27% and 12% of the specimens, respectively. Haemagogus leucocelaenus, the primary YFV vector in the region, was also among the most frequently captured species, representing 7%. In total, 203 mosquito pools were assembled by species, location, and date of collection. RT-qPCR analysis did not detect YFV or other Orthoflavivirus RNA in any of the samples.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Although mosquitoes were collected during a period of active YFV circulation, the absence of virus detection suggests that arboviral circulation in vector populations may occur at low frequencies, even during outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12971024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterisation of Trypanosoma cruzi in Triatoma dimidiata from a highland locality in western Panamá","authors":"Vanessa Jenny Pineda, Kadir González, José Eduardo Calzada, Azael Saldaña","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250172","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Triatoma dimidiata is a widely distributed vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Mesoamerica, but its epidemiological role in most regions of Panamá remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the presence, infection status, and feeding behaviour of T. dimidiata populations in peridomestic areas of Palmira Arriba, western Panamá.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Entomological surveys were conducted in five peridomestic sites of a rural highland community. Thirty-seven triatomines (13 adults and 24 nymphs) were collected from wooden piles and construction materials in contact with the ground. DNA from 30 specimens was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for T. cruzi detection, genotyping [discrete typing unit (DTU) and haplotype identification], and blood meal source determination through cytochrome b amplification.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Twenty-one insects (70.0%) were positive for T. cruzi. Sixteen infections (76.2%) belonged to DTU I (TcI), including 13 TcIDOM and 14 TcIa genotypes, both linked to domestic and sylvatic cycles. Blood meal analysis revealed one mammalian and two avian feedings, indicating opportunistic behaviour.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>This study provides the first molecular confirmation of T. cruzi infection in T. dimidiata from Palmira Arriba. The combination of high infection prevalence, multiple developmental stages, and recent feeding suggests active local transmission favoured by humid and cool ecological conditions. Expanded surveillance and integrative One Health approaches are needed to elucidate transmission dynamics in highland rural Panamá.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13012728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miracidia as main source for autofluorescence of Schistosoma mansoni eggs","authors":"Danielle Segóvia Chrysóstomo de Almeida Pereira, Laila Oliveira Vaz Oliveira Oliveira, Felipe Tonon Firmino, Thomas Hanscheid, Rock Pulak, Malcolm Jones, Silvio Dolabella, Deborah Negrão-Corrêa, Carlos Graeff-Teixeira","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250215","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Egg detection still has a role in schistosomiasis control, as a screening strategy or to provide a reference standard for the assessment of the accuracy of other diagnostic tools. The Helmintex method is highly sensitive but laborious, and several improvements of it, including automated egg detection, are currently under development.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We conducted a preliminary evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni eggs' autofluorescence as a distinctive marker amid very complex fecal sediments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eggs from mouse livers and human feces were examined under a fluorescence microscope.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>More intense green fluorescence (greater for miracidia than for eggshell) was consistently detected using a B-2A filter (FITC, 420-495 nm).</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>These findings may help to improve diagnostic methods, especially with automated egg detection systems. Besides access to safe water and adequate sanitation, as well as health education and the treatment of infected individuals, laboratory diagnosis is a key measure that can help eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12971022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics of Plasmodium vivax rosetting","authors":"Catarina Bourgard, Julia Weber Ferraboli, Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes, Marcus Vinicius Guimarães de Lacerda, Per Sunnerhagen, Letusa Albrecht, Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250198","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plasmodium vivax rosetting is a cytoadhesion phenomenon associated with parasite virulence and clinical manifestations of malaria. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Comparative transcriptomic analysis between isolates with different rosetting capacities may provide insights into the molecular base and clinical outcome of parasite populations with distinct rosetting characteristics.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our study aims to identify and describe the transcription profile of P. vivax isolates with high and low rosetting rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used RNA-seq to compare the transcriptomes of 10 field P. vivax isolates from the Brazilian Amazon.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Among the 492 differentially expressed genes of P. vivax isolates with high rosetting (HR) versus low rosetting (LR) formation, 172 (34,96%) are annotated as genes conserved within Plasmodium and of unknown function. The expression profiles of the other 320 genes (65,04%) highlight the importance of integral membrane proteins and membrane-associated proteins with adhesive or adhesin-like properties, representing 10% of the transcribed genes (53 genes), such as Plasmodium Helical Interspersed Sub-telomeric (PHIST) proteins in rosetting phenotypes. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that approximately 4% (19 genes) of differentially expressed genes were kinases and 50% (248 genes) other proteins. Among cell surface proteins and integral/membrane-associated proteins, differentiated expression and positive regulation of representative 6-cysteine gene family were observed in HR formation group, which includes a tryptophan-rich protein (TRAG16), the 41K blood stage antigen precursor 41-3 protein, and merozoite surface protein 7-like (MSP7-like).</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>These results contribute to understanding the molecular basis of P. vivax rosetting.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12974587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LC3-associated phagocytosis in macrophage responses to Paracoccidioides spp.","authors":"Getúlio Pereira de Oliveira Júnior, Herdson Renney de Sousa, Kaio César de Melo Gorgonha, Lara Laís Montalvão Tomaz, Tatiana Karla Dos Santos Borges, Kellyanne Teixeira Rangel, Scott Fabricant, Fernanda Koser Gustafson, Lucas Friaça Albuquerque, Angelo Rossi Neto, Fabián Andrés Hurtado, Hugo Costa Paes, Arturo Casadevall, Ildinete Silva-Pereira, Maria Sueli Soares Felipe, Patrícia Albuquerque, André Moraes Nicola","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250089","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic infection that is endemic to Latin America, caused by thermodimorphic fungi from the Paracoccidioides genus. These fungi are facultative intracellular parasites of macrophages. LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a non-canonical form of autophagy, plays a critical role in the response of these phagocytes to similar pathogens.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this study, we investigated the role of LAP in the macrophage responses to Paracoccidioides spp.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We detected LAP in macrophages infected with Paracoccidioides spp by immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to LC3. Piceatannol and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), respectively Syk and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) inhibitors, were used to understand the role their pathways played. To determine the function of LAP, we targeted ATG5, a key autophagy gene, by RNA interference.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>We observed LC3 recruitment to phagosomes containing Paracoccidioides spp. in RAW264.7 and J774.16 cell lines and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. ATG5 RNA interference reduced the antifungal activity of J774.16 cells, highlighting the importance of LC3 recruitment for effective fungal control. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of Syk kinase and NADPH oxidase pathways, essential for LAP against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, did not impair LAP against P. brasiliensis.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>This suggests distinct triggering mechanisms, possibly due to differences in the fungal cell surface composition. These findings suggest that LAP plays a significant role in the host defense against Paracoccidioides spp. and may represent a promising target for host-directed PCM therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250089"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12965332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic dynamics reveals sequential acquisition of complement resistance during prolonged starvation of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote","authors":"Leticia Pérez-Díaz, Pablo Smircich, Fabricio Hernandez, Martin Ciganda, Ma Ana Duhagon, Beatriz Garat","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250127","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The life cycle of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD), includes two well-recognised insect-dwelling stages: the replicative non-infective epimastigotes and the non-replicative infective metacyclic trypomastigotes. Nonetheless, the existence of multiple intermediate forms has been reported. Since nutrient restriction is considered one of the main factors driving metacyclogenesis and is very frequent due to the long-term starvation periods that the insect vectors commonly undergo, we have studied the transcriptomic effects of nutrient restriction on long-lasting epimastigote cultures. We previously reported that in these conditions, we observed a long stationary phase characterised by an RNA content per cell three times smaller than the epimastigote's and a distinctive transcriptomic profile. Remarkably, our study identified gene expression changes that distincty characterise transitional parasite forms enriched by nutrient restriction.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this work we focused on pathogenic genes to further characterise the transcriptomic dynamics accompanying the nutrient restriction within the insect-dwelling parasite stage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The alterations of morphology, growth rate and complement resistance of parasite population on long-lasting epimastigote cultures as well as the transcriptomic dynamics was studied.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>We found a gene expression early rise of surface proteins (such as trans-sialidase and GP63) and even a rise of TcTASV and δ-amastin, which is not accompanied by increased expression of metacyclic transcript markers. In addition, we found increased expression of genes coding for proteins involved in two other processes activated during the differentiation of epimastigotes to the infective form of the parasite: autophagy (Atg4, Atg7, Atg8.2) and complement resistance (TcCRP and T-DAF).</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Altogether, these results, plus our previous identification of transcriptomic markers for transitional parasites, further support earlier proposals of a specific parasite stage that morphologically resembles epimastigotes but exhibits distinctive biological characteristics, including key features related to infectivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12965721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial genomes and phylogeny of Atratus and Educator Group species of the Melanoconion Section of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Tatiane Marques Porangaba de Oliveira, Peter Gordon Foster, Ivy Luizi Rodrigues de Sá, Maria Anice Mureb Sallum","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250125","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Culex (Melanoconion) species are known to act as vectors for different arboviruses, and little is known about the mitochondrial genome of these species.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Aiming to expand the genetic knowledge of this subgenus, a 12Kb fragment of the mitochondrial genome was sequenced from 23 specimens belonging to the Atratus and Educator Groups of the subgenus Melanoconion of Culex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sequenced specimens were morphologically identified as Culex dunni, Culex ensiformis, Culex theobaldi, Culex trigeminatus, Culex eknomios, Culex zeteki, Culex near commevynenis, Culex angularis, Culex longistriatus, and Culex near vaxus. The reads were assembled with the reference genome of Culex quinquefasciatus and MITOS2 was used for gene annotation. Values of guanine-cytosine (GC) and adenine-thymine (AT) skews, nucleotide diversity, ratio between non-synonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution, and nucleotide composition were calculated, and phylogenetic analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>As in other Culex mitogenomes, the partial mitochondrial genomes include 12 protein coding genes (PCGs), 15 tRNA, and 1 rRNA (rrnL). The PCGs showed no length variation between the species studied. ND5 gene presented one less base in the new sequences, which generated a stop codon and, consequently, a shorter length in relation to the Cx. quinquefasciatus sequence reference. All specimens showed a positive value for AT-skew and negative for GC-skew. Nucleotide diversity varied between 0.00407 and 0.12085. Ka/Ks values ranged from 0.0 to 2.775.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Leucine and Serine were the most abundant amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis suggested three putative species.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12952796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular vesicles isolated from the plasma of COVID-19 and sepsis patients: characterisation and association with clinical outcomes","authors":"Jaques Franco Novaes de Carvalho, Paula Meneghetti, Gabriela Rodrigues Barbosa, Marina Malheiros Araújo Silvestrini, Sidneia Sousa Santos, Flávio Geraldo Freitas, Daniela Boschetti, Nancy Cristina Junqueira Bellei, Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho, Ana Claudia Torrecilhas, Reinaldo Salomao","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250109","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We analysed the concentration, size, cellular origin, and capacity for carrying viral components in plasma samples from patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and sepsis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Plasma samples from COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with sepsis (N = 42) and healthy individuals (N = 19) were analysed. EVs were characterised by size and concentration using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for SARS-CoV-2 components, and flow cytometry for immunophenotyping. EVs were marked with phosphatidylserine and tetraspanins. Cellular origin markers were used for neutrophils, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes and platelets. Cryo-EM was used to assess EV size and integrity.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>NTA showed an increased concentration of microparticles in patients. RT-qPCR analysis of EVs detected the virus in 14 samples, two of which were consistent with the Gamma variant. EVs predominantly derived from T cells and platelets and demonstrated an increased expression of CD81 in individuals who died. Cryo-EM revealed EVs with an average size of 200 nm.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that patients' EVs likely harboured viral components, suggesting their potential role as carriers of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, EVs from deceased patients demonstrated elevated levels of CD81 expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12952797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen and its key proteins differentially affect dextran sodium sulphate-induced inflammatory bowel disease","authors":"Hsiang-Wei Fan, Ho Yin Pekkle Lam","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760250243","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760250243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an increasingly prevalent disease, affecting over seven million people worldwide and imposes a heavy burden on public health. The rising prevalence of IBD may be attributed to the hygiene hypothesis, which suggests that reduced exposure to parasites and microbes may weaken the immune system, thereby increasing susceptibility to developing IBD. Studies suggest helminths and their secretory products can modulate the host immunity and attenuate IBD. Our previous research also demonstrated that intestinal schistosomiasis can mitigate chronic IBD symptoms by restoring intestinal immune balance and dysbiosis.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>While the primary pathology of schistosomiasis results from egg entrapment, we hypothesised that soluble egg antigen (SEA), known for its strong immunomodulatory effect, may contribute to the improvement of IBD. Given that SEA comprises multiple different proteins, identifying the role of individual components may clarify the therapeutic potential of SEA in IBD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>BALB/c mice were induced with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) to develop IBD. Throughout the experiment, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 250 μg/mL crude SEA extract or recombinant egg antigen proteins, including SM14, GST28, and SMP40, three times a week. Colonic histopathology was assessed by H&E staining, and the immune response was evaluated through periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Both SEA and Smp40 alleviated DSS-induced IBD, whereas SM14 exacerbated the disease and led to colonic dysplasia. In contrast, GST28 showed no significant effect on IBD. Further investigation revealed that all tested proteins modulated the immune response in mice, though each did so in different ways. These differences in immune modulation may underlie the varying disease outcomes observed.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>While SEA has shown therapeutic promise in IBD, it is also important to investigate the safety and mechanisms of individual antigens before considering their clinical application in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e250243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12952798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomines in Iquitos: possible incipient colonisation in the largest metropolis of the Peruvian Amazon.","authors":"Fabiola Díaz-Soria, Karine Zevallos, Bryan Cabrera-Campos, Carmen Sinti-Hesse, Sebastià Jaume-Ramis, Wieslawa Alava-Flores, Darcy Acho-Bernuy, Silvia Vega-Chirinos, Jesús Pinto-Caballero, César Ramal-Asayag, Moisés Sihuincha, Claudia Paredes-Esquivel","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760240257","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760240257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While Chagas disease (CD) has been controlled in many South American regions, the Amazon basin has emerged as a new focus of transmission. Metropolitan Iquitos (Loreto, Peru), has recently shown signs of potential disease emergence.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the risk of CD transmission by evaluating triatomine presence and infection rates in households across Iquitos and nearby communities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Entomological surveillance was conducted in domestic and peridomestic environments, following blood donor screenings (2011-2018) that confirmed local Trypanosoma cruzi cases. Triatomines were collected manually, with traps, and through community reporting. Specimens were identified, epidemiological indices calculated, and infestation risk factors analysed using penalised logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC)/area under the curve (AUC) metrics, and exploratory principal component analysis (PCA).</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Of 142 houses visited, 113 were inspected, yielding a density index of 0.26. Nine houses were infested, mostly in Loboyacu, with 29 adult triatomines collected - by Rhodnius robustus (89.7%) and Panstrongylus geniculatus. T. cruzi infection was confirmed, and palm roofs emerged as the strongest predictor of infestation [odds ratio (OR) > 16, p < 0.001].</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>This first evidence of T. cruzi circulation in sylvatic triatomines within Metropolitan Iquitos highlights an emerging risk of CD. Although vectors remain scarce, palm-roofed houses, deforestation, and urban expansion may facilitate future transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"121 ","pages":"e240257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12948030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}