Central Asian Journal of Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Экономическая оценка Программы «Город-губка» в Китае: тематическое исследование в городе Чандэ","authors":"Сяо Лян","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2018-ri.v4-1/71-88.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2018-ri.v4-1/71-88.rus","url":null,"abstract":"Программа «Город-губка» (англ. Sponge City) была запущена в 2014 г. для решения проблем затоплений и загрязнения водных ресурсов в городах. Несмотря на то, что программа одобрена недавно, она уже стала предметом жарких споров в китайской научно-исследовательской среде. В настоящее время все еще остается открытым вопрос об экономической целесообразности проектов, уже функционирующих и находящихся на стадии строительства, в рамках данной программы. В статье представлена углубленная экономическая оценка демонстрационного Чуаньского проекта в рамках Программы «Город-губка», реализуемой в Китае. В результате анализа всех экономических, экологических и социальных издержек и выгод Чуаньского проекта установлено, что его общие преимущества значительно превышают совокупные издержки. Это означает, что водохозяйственные проекты, осуществляемые в рамках Программы «Город-губка», заслуживают дальнейшей реализации в Китае. Вместе с тем отсутствуют устойчивые источники финансирования целевых проектных расходов на эксплуатацию и обслуживание, что может препятствовать их устойчивой работе.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130839555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefit-sharing framework in transboundary river basins: the case of the Eastern Kabul River Basin-Afghanistan","authors":"Fahima Sadeqinazhad, Said Shakib Atef, D. Amatya","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-1/1-18.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-1/1-18.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"This research explores the benefit of collaboration between the littoral countries beyond water allocation and sharing as a theoretical framework that would be a useful tool for extending Afghanistan and Pakistan cooperation for a sustainable improvement and development of the Kabul River Basin (KRB). The main goal is to highlight the concept of benefit sharing and its framework in general terms as well as in the context of KRB. The basin planning and water transboundary issues could greatly be changed in accordance with this theoretical framework, leading the game from a zero sum to a positive sum. In addition to that, it potentially results in avoidance of conflicts and pave the ground for a motivated cooperation. Mutual cooperation can bring more water for sustainable use in the basin, reducing soil erosion, mitigating drought, and ensuring food security. The findings of this study have shown that the benefits of water sharing in transboundary river basins are, mainly, due to co-riparian states’ collaborative efforts to decrease the expenses and increase the outcomes. The impacts of joint investments in both states can yield a bundle of benefits including, but not limited to, flood control, reduction of sedimentation, availability of more water and hydropower production. The points mentioned above, in turn, can also ensure food security, mitigate drought, and avail renewable energy. In transboundary rivers all attempts and efforts should be geared towards identifying the typologies of benefits, aspects of benefits, scenarios of benefits, and the optimization/maximization of benefits.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126560568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State assessment of rocks in foundation and boards of Shah-wa-Arus Dam using modern techniques","authors":"A. Zaryab, S. J. Japarkhanov","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2018-ri.v4-1/41-47.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2018-ri.v4-1/41-47.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Shah-wa-Arus Dam is currently being built on Shakardara river, in northwest of Kabul province, 22 km from Kabul city, Afghanistan. The dam is erected using roller compacted concrete (RCC), its height is 77.5 m. The dam is multipurpose, designed for irrigation water storage, mitigation of floods and energy generation. The dam is located in active tectonic zone, and tectonic activity has a very significant effect on the state of its foundation and boards. The rocks are highly-fractured in this region. For such critical facility, detailed study of the state of rock masses is of great importance and a detailed survey was conducted for this purpose. This article presents a state assessment of dam site rocks according to DMR classification, based on the overview of complete geotechnical investigations and complementary field observations made by the authors.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132516254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of wind on wave heights in the Kazakh Caspian Sea","authors":"Yeltay Aizat, N. Ivkina, B. Kløve","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-1/58-70.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-1/58-70.eng","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of shipping in the Caspian Sea, the need for high-quality data on wave characteristics has increased. In the present work, the analysis of maximum wave height at coastal stations in Kazakhstan was carried out using wave and wind data and numerical modeling with the SWAN model. The influence of stationary wind and its direction on the wave height was determined. The results show that the changes in the parameters of the wind wave depend on the wind speed and direction. At wind speeds below 10 m/s, the predicted wave height can reach 3 m in the Middle Caspian basin. In the Northern Caspian basin, where the depths are shallow, the waves do not exceed 2 m. The study output produced the first wind zoning map for the Kazakh part of the Caspian Sea.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116639956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water consumption of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) from a site in northern Kazakhstan","authors":"N. Thevs, K. Aliev","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-2/19-30.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-2/19-30.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study investigated the water consumption (crop evapotranspiration) of industrial hemp on a newly established hemp field in Aqmola Region of Northern Kazakhstan. Methodology: The water consumption of hemp was investigated through direct measurements of the sapflow movement during the second half of the growing season 2021. These sapflow data yielded data on the water consumption. The water consumption of the first part of the growing season was assessed through the Penman-Monteith approach by FAO. Findings: The water consumption of hemp was 353 mm over the growing season at a stem yield of 10 t/ha. Under the water supply conditions of the study site, hemp offers higher yields than grasslands or grains. Originality/value: This is the first study that revealed data on water consumption of hemp for the region Central Asia as a potential raw material plant for bioeconomy.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131372825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of agricultural cooperatives in Kyrgyzstan: who are the lead actors?","authors":"Nazik Beishenaly, Frédéric Dufays","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-2/138-157.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-2/138-157.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural cooperatives play an important role in promoting local communities and sustainable farming practices in many parts of the world. In Kyrgyzstan their development remains a challenge despite the existence of laws and policies, support from donor-funded projects and the existence of an apex organisation. What is missing for their development and who should lead their development? Adopting an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) approach to the analysis of the agricultural cooperatives, we aim to identify the lead actors of the agricultural cooperatives’ development in Kyrgyzstan and understand what roles such a lead actor plays in the emergence and strengthening of an EE for agricultural cooperatives. Adopting a case study approach, we retrieved archival data published between 1991 and 2020 on agricultural cooperatives in Kyrgyzstan, that included documents from government, cooperatives and their apex organisations, and studies commissioned by international organisations. We reviewed data using a grounded theory approach and organised our codes and text excerpts around the EE elements and actors. Thereby, we identify what roles the three principal actors of cooperative development, namely government, cooperatives and their apex organisation, and international organisations, play in different EE dimensions – i.e., policy, skills and education, market environment, culture, networks and partnerships. Among others, we uncover that the lead actor varies across EE dimensions and the paradox, where expectations of the government and cooperatives’ are inadequate to their funding abilities; while international organisations, that could fund cooperatives’ development, do not consider them as a priority in their projects. Although the study has limitations due to its exploratory nature, we offer both theoretical contribution extending entrepreneurial ecosystem approach to the study of agricultural cooperatives in transition economies and practical implications for better understanding and integrating agricultural cooperatives in the international development programming.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132368886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying suitable sites for rainwater harvesting using GIS & Multi – Criteria Decision Making techniques in Badghis Province of Afghanistan","authors":"Juma Khan Tahera, M. N. Nasimib, M. N. Nasimic, Scott E. Boyced","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-2/46-69.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-2/46-69.eng","url":null,"abstract":"In Afghanistan, about 1/3 (12.5 mln) of the total population have no access to stable water supplies such as groundwater extraction, stream flow diversion, and reservoir storage. In areas with limited water sources, rainwater harvesting (RWH) can improve the availability of potable water. Due to RWH flexibility and applying different criteria, it can be used in various settings, making RWH a viable option for local communities. Within this study, suitable RWH sites were identified based on modern technological approaches (GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)) considering different biophysical criteria selected according to the requirements of the target area environment. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) Model and hydrology tools were used as MCDM and GIS-based decisions, respectively. The proposed methodology was implemented in the target area of 11,772 km2. The obtained land suitability map was divided into five (5) RWH zones: highly suitable (7.84% of the total area), suitable (21.85%), moderately suitable (31.15%), marginally suitable (27.85%), and not suitable (11.31%). The research results show that highly suitable and suitable sites (3,495.47 km2) are located in mountainous zones with good elevation potential, proper valley shapes, and large catchment areas. RWH practices in these areas can be considered as renewable and sustainable alternatives to water demand saturation. In addition to being a solution in terms of providing water to water-scarce areas, RWH installations represent a good climate change response and water resource management means.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134093599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RUSLE-based soil erosion assessment and erosion control evaluation in the Kabul Watershed","authors":"S. Patyal","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/143-159.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/143-159.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The development and conservation of water and soil in the Kabul River Basin are critical for ensuring its sustainable economic, social, and environmental progress. Since the watershed drains across the international borders into the Indus River Basin, it is key for both up- and downstream countries to thoroughly plan their resource development and management. Due to relief, soil and climatic conditions, as well as the recent deforestation the Kabul River Basin has been witnessing significant soil erosion by water, indicating the need for analyzing its specifics and deploying proper control measures. This study was carried out using the combination of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Model and GIS techniques to investigate the gross soil loss rates and their spatial distribution inside the target basin. Thus, the annual average soil loss rate was estimated at 15.1 tons/ha/year, pointing to severe local soil erosion. As to its spatial distribution, according to the study up to 99% of mean annual soil loss rates fell within the tolerable (0-5 tons/acre/year) category. Considering the soil loss rates, local topography, and community-based participatory approaches, the authors recommend conducting a further detailed diagnostic analysis to inform and support subsequent control measures such as deforestation prevention, construction of small check dams, terracing, trenching in hilly areas, revegetation (reforestation) of open- and grasslands, and rainwater harvesting.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133377571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of Snow Cover Distribution in Rudny Altai Forest Plantations","authors":"A. Kalachev, K. Okanov, S. Rogovsky","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2023-r1.v9-1/33-58.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2023-r1.v9-1/33-58.rus","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of examining the formation and peculiarities of snow cover in fir plantations compared to open shrubland in the conditions of Southwestern Altai obtained during 2020-2021 snow period. The forest stand affects snow distribution and characteristics in fir woods by capturing snow with tree crowns, snow accumulation around crown perimeter and, as a result, leads to the formation of near-trunk snowdrifts, in their turn facilitating higher snow accumulation among trees and at forest edges. The maximum snow cover thickness in fir woods ranged from 80 cm (under crowns) to 150 cm (among trees and along forest edges). In the open (control) zone, snow distribution appeared more homogenous – from 126 to 135 cm. During the period of maximum snow accumulation, snow density in fir plantations ranged from 0.19 to 0.26 g/cm3; and, from 0.24 to 0.29 g/cm3 in the control zone. Snow cover humidity likewise demonstrated significant differences between fir plantations and control site, and amounted to 258.3±13.47 mm and 279.7±12.80 mm, respectively. Whereas in the control (overgrown) zone the complete snow cover melting ended in the second 10-day period of April, in fir woods it finished in the second 10-day period of May. The research findings suggest that fir plantations in river catchment areas boost winter precipitation retention and slow down its loss resulting in more uniform water transition into subsurface runoff and longer period of river water replenishment.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114727222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Широкополосное альбедо и изменения размера ледников массива Ак-Шыйрак в период с 1994 по 2018гг., Тянь-Шань, Кыргызстан","authors":"Зарылбек Рахматилла уулу, Рыскул А. Усубулаив, А. В. Митусов","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-1/1-12.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-1/1-12.rus","url":null,"abstract":"Массив Ак-Шыйрак считается одним из главных источников воды рек Нарын (приток Сырдарьи) и Сары-Джаз (приток Аксу и Тарим), в связи с этим, должен исследоваться каждый год в целях прогнозирования водности этих рек на будущее. В данной работе была рассмотрена многолетняя динамика широкополосного альбедо для снега и льда, а также динамика размера таких ледников как Лысый, Давыдов и Сары-Тор массива Ак-Шыйрак (Кыргызстан). В качестве исходных данных были применены серии спутниковых данных Landsat.\u0000Установлено, что отступание языка ледника, начиная с 1994 г. по 2018 г., составляет на Лысом 698 м, Сары-Тор 381 м и 1926 м на Давыдова. Общие потери площади ледников составляют на Лысом 1,7 км2 (39,6 %), на Сары-Тор и Давыдове 3,6 км2 (30,3 %). Начиная с 2005 г. скорость таяния ледников сильно замедлилась по сравнению с предыдущими годами. Широкополосное альбедо на высотах от 3899 м до 4200 м по результатам значений коротковолновых и видимых полос 2006 г. очень низкое по сравнению с другими космоснимками. Отмечается, что в зоне аккумуляции на высоте 4200 м до 4799 м постоянный снег, поэтому показатели альбедо выше. Среднее значение широкополосного альбедо в период 1994–2018 гг. варьируется от ±0,200 мкм до ±0,531 мкм (лето-осень). Особое внимание заслуживает спутниковый снимок 2006 г., на котором показатели альбедо очень низкие. Самый высокий показатель альбедо был зафиксирован в 2018 г. Причиной такого резкого увеличения значения альбедо является недавно выпадавший снег на данной исследуемой территории.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130929015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}