Central Asian Journal of Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Golden horde sites at the Aral Sea bottom: human adaptation to ecological changes in the region","authors":"A. Tazhekeyev, B. Alibay, M. Zhusipnazar","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2023-r1.v9-1/130-148.ru","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2023-r1.v9-1/130-148.ru","url":null,"abstract":"The research described in the paper aimed to investigate the Golden Horde sites in the Aral Sea Basin and human adaptation to the region’s changing ecology. At present, several known settlements at the drained Aral Sea bottom – namely, Kerderi-1, Kerderi-2, and Aral-Asar – testify to the lake’s shallowness during XII-XV centuries. In August 2021, a group of archaeologists from Korkyt-Ata Kyzylorda University conducted a research mission to the location of the former settlement of Aral-Asar as part of the ESERA Project. The results of the study show that Aral-Asar existed for approx. 200 years as a full-fledged economic entity hosting cereal, ceramics and brick productions. In general, the data obtained indicate that environmental changes had led to the desolation of certain cities and development of new lands by humans in the Syr Darya River Delta, including these found at the drained bottom of the Aral Sea.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132243825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current state of ichthyofauna and prospects of fish-husbandry utilization of the Syrdarya River delta lakes","authors":"T. Adayev, T. Barakbayev, S. Sharakhmetov","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-2/158-180.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-2/158-180.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews the issues of forming fish populations and studying the current state of commercial fish species in the delta lakes of the Syrdarya River for subsequent effective development of fish farming. In 2020, research works were carried out on lakes Akbilek, Tushchy, Shomishkol, Karakol and Akshatau-Sorgak of Aral District of Kyzylorda Region. At each of them, local ichthyofauna were identified and studied by way of experimental catches. Subsequently, the ichthyologic material was selected, processed and underwent biological analyses. The research also included the determination of physical and geographical parameters of target lakes, as well as evaluation of their chemical water composition. Experimental and control fish catches were carried out using fixed nets with 18-60 mm cells. For biological analysis, 239 fish were selected, including: snakehead (1 sample), wild carp (3 samples), crucian carp (9 samples), roach (102 samples), pike perch (25 samples), pike (26 samples), bass (35 samples), rudd (19 samples), sabre carp (1 sample), bream (11 samples), and asp (11 samples). The suitability of target lakes for further fish husbandry use was determined based on research findings and available literature and archival data.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126893746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Karizes and Current Prospects for Their Use in Kazakhstan","authors":"A. Sultanbekova, A. Mitusov, A. Azami, J.M. Sagintayev","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-2/181-198.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-2/181-198.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The kariz (karez, qanat) represent one of the ancient water supply systems in arid zones. Natural collection of groundwater coming down from the mountains and its transportation to irrigated fields is the main advantage of the kariz systems. This article aims to introduce into the community of Central Asian hydrologists, hydrogeologists, and farmers the idea of the possibility of applying the kariz technologies and constructing them based on the experiences of neighboring countries and the ancient settlement of Sauran (Turkestan Region, Kazakhstan). Satellite imagery allowed identifying 3 (three) karizes around Sauran. The subsequent geomorphological analyses of the digital elevation model was carried out using the specialized ECO GIS-software. Further on, the maximum catchment areas (MCA) of mother wells (kariz beginning) were calculated. As the result, it was revealed that the target karizes themselves were located in the areas with low MCA. However, the mother wells were located in close proximity to the areas with high MCAs. 300 hectares was enough to collect groundwater to feed the entire irrigation system in ancient times. Modern examples from neighboring countries and the archaeological sites on the territory of Kazakhstan prove the possibility of using the kariz technology in current conditions. The introduction of this practice will allow introducing the foothill land in Southern Kazakhstan into agricultural circulation, as well as eliminating water losses due to evaporation during storage and transportation.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126077346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-growth relationships of Schrenk spruce and precipitation variability at the high-mountain areas of the northern Tien Shan","authors":"Bulat Zubairov","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-2/31-45.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-2/31-45.eng","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a new tree-ring chronology of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.) developed based on the samples collected at the upper tree limit of the northern Tien Shan (southeastern part of Kazakhstan). The correlation analysis with daily climate data revealed that precipitation in the period from the previous July 8th to November 5th is the main limiting factor of tree-growth r = 0.648 (p<0.05). The obtained chronology was used to reconstruct precipitation in the period from 1829 to 2016. The reconstruction explains 41% of the variance in instrumental precipitation records during the calibration period 1948-1987. The reconstruction revealed six extreme years (± 2σ). Extreme drought years were detected in 1846, 1886, and 1912, and extreme wet years were detected in 1879, 1917, and 1920. Both the occurrence of extreme years and variation of increase/decrease of the amount of precipitation changed significantly during the last 70 years. The amount of precipitation increased in the periods 1829-1843, 1856-1869, 1880-1905, 1920-1935, 1946-1955 and 1978-1993 and decreased in 1843-1856, 1869-1880, 1905-1920, 1935-1946, 1955-1978 and 1993-2016. The Morlet wavelet analysis revealed ~2-4, ~5-7, and ~10-16 year cycles, indicating a possibility to connect the precipitation variability in the study area with the oscillations of certain atmospheric circulation indices. The study provides new information for understanding high-mountain environmental changes in the northern Tien Shan.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129435996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing with the weather: Afghan farmers adapt to drought","authors":"Qurban Aliyar, N. Collins","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/126-142.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/126-142.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is one of the significant impacts of climate change affecting agricultural productivity and subsistence for Afghanistan’s farmers. Producers have applied various adaptation measures making use of their native resources in response to drought. Studying the cases of the Panjab and Waras districts in the south of Bamyan province of Afghanistan, this research aims to analyse Afghan farmers’ drought adaptation strategies. Farmers’ adaptation strategies to drought and the effectiveness of such actions to decrease the effects of this natural hazard were studied. The adaptive strategies were categorised into five groups, including: (i) cropping practices, (ii) soil and water conservation, (iii) animal husbandry management, (iv) wage labour use and (v) financial management. Major adaptive strategies for cropping practices include growing early maturing crops, drought-tolerant crops, inter-cultivation systems, changing cropping patterns, seed treatments, growing non-traditional crops and crop rotation. Soil and water conservation adaptive actions include bund construction, watering at night, levelling land, decreasing irrigated areas, reducing water wastage and small-scale watershed management. Drought responses for livestock included supplementary feed, increased rearing of small animals, fodder cultivation and storage. Non-farm adaptive strategies to augment income include production of handicrafts, additional unpaid family labour, borrowing money, reducing expenditures for non-food and costly food items, migration, selling assets and discontinuing agricultural activities due to drought. Data for this study was collected using a field survey with questionnaires and face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 140 farmers from Panjab and Waras districts in the study area. One of the main issues was the necessity and importance of expanding the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) support programmes for the adaptation strategies.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131841888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Оценка рисков наводнений и паводков в целях устойчивого развития в бассейне реки Жабай (Казахстан)","authors":"О. Калашникова, А. Нурбацина, Д. Ниязов","doi":"10.29258/cajscr/2023-r1.v2-1/22-45.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajscr/2023-r1.v2-1/22-45.rus","url":null,"abstract":"На примере бассейна р. Жабай проведено исследование климатических и гидрологических изменений, дана оценка степени опасности наводнений и возможности их предупреждения и прогнозирования. С 2000 г. в Казахстане наблюдается период стабильного повышения температуры воздуха. В бассейне р. Жабай в этот период наблюдалось сильное наводнение (2014 г.) и разрушительные волны (2017 г.), которые привели к угрозе жизни населения г. Атбасар, расположенного в устье реки. Применение гидравлического моделирования HEC-RAS показало, что степень опасности в восточной части г. Атбасар оценивается как экстремальная (кризисная), а в южной как высокая. Прогноз климатических изменений на 2030 и 2040 гг., составленный с помощью регрессионных уравнений, показал, что в этом речном бассейне дальнейший рост температуры воздуха и осадков приведет к повышению температуры на 0,8–2,2 оС и осадков на 7–22 % от среднемноголетних значений. Эти расчеты показывают, что в будущем продолжительность теплого периода, интенсивность таяния снега, а также количество выпадающих осадков будет увеличиваться. В статье представлена оценка краткосрочных гидрологических прогнозов, составленных с применением гидрологической модели SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model). Полученные результаты показывают, что оправдываемость прогнозов водности на период паводка на примере независимых проверочных лет (2019 и 2020 гг.) составила 81–86 %. Таким образом, данная модель может применяться в оперативной практике для составления краткосрочных прогнозов расхода и объема воды. Приведенные параметры оптимизации позволят также использовать эту модель для среднесрочных, долгосрочных и сверхдолгосрочных прогнозов водности р. Жабай. Результаты проведенного исследования предназначены для лиц, принимающих решения по перспективному планированию водных ресурсов в условиях изменения климата. Также результаты могут использоваться водохозяйственными, коммунально-бытовыми службами и органами по чрезвычайным ситуациям для принятия превентивных мер по защите населения, строительству противопаводковых и других инженерно-технических сооружений.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124735439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kyrgyz transboundary rivers’ runoff assessment (Syr-darya and Amu-darya river basins) in climate change scenarios","authors":"O. Kalashnikova, J. Niyazov, Aliya Nurbatsina, S. Kodirov, Yulia Radchenko, Zoya Kretova","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2023-r1.v9-1/59-88.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2023-r1.v9-1/59-88.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out as part of the preparation “Water Resources” section of the 4th National Communication of the Kyrgyz Republic to the UNFCCC. The article presents extensive information on the current state and changes over a long period of observations of water resources, climate and glaciation in Kyrgyzstan (Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya river basins). The representative rivers were selected as the main objects, which are transboundary between Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. The study aims to assess the inter-annual and intra-annual dynamics of the flow of the rivers for the period from 2020 to 2080, based on the climate projections CMIP5 (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and CMIP6 (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) (IPCC WG II Report, 2022). The hydrological modeling method in the HBV light and HBV EHT models and the inertial mean annual flow change method were used to estimate changes in water resources. On the rivers of the northern part of the Fergana Valley, the average annual runoff is expected to increase by 1-19%, in the Amudarya river basin (Kyzyl-Suu river) – by 27-64% of the values for 2006-2019. In the Naryn river, water discharge for this period will remain within the current values for 2006-2019. The method of inertial change in the average annual runoff showed an increase in runoff for 2030 and 2040 for all the studied catchment areas by 6-19% of the current values for 2006-2020. The results of the study are intended for decision-makers on the rational use and long-term planning of water resources under climate change.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129242964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agrarian Reforms and Food Policy Process in Tajikistan","authors":"S. Babu, Kamiljon T. Akramov","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/27-48.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/27-48.eng","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents the food and agricultural policy process in the context of agrarian reforms in Tajikistan. It uses the case study of Tajikistan and applies a recently developed conceptual framework for understanding the drivers of policy change. It undertakes a historical review of agrarian reforms and appraises current policy challenges within the food and agricultural sector. Using specific tools to study power relations, financing, and information flows in the policy process, it maps institutional architecture and key stakeholders in the pre- and post-soviet era. Information gathered through focused group discussions, key informant interviews, and recent field research on food and agricultural policy issues is used to analyze factors that drive different stages of the policy making process. We find that understanding the political economy and policy process interface in Tajikistan is key for designing and implementing successful policy interventions. While progress has been made, agrarian reforms towards improving land tenure rights, strengthening WUAs, providing crop insurance against drought, are the necessary steps in a larger policy discussion. Ensuring the effectiveness of land reforms, building agricultural extension system, and supporting agricultural research systems are examples of some key initiatives that the government should focus on. Investments in transportation, storage, credit facilities, and markets involving private sector will speed up the reform process.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"51 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115978999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agrarian Reform and Water Resource Management: A Case Study and Lessons from Tajikistan","authors":"Navruz Nekbakhtshoev, S. Babu","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/1-26.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/1-26.eng","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the preconditions for collective action in the context of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Tajikistan. The paper uses qualitative case studies of five WUAs from three cotton-producing districts of Khatlon region in Tajikistan. Findings suggest that the ability of WUAs to generate collective action for the benefit of the rural community depends on factors internal and external to WUAs. The WUAs in our study tended to exhibit top-down organizational forms which might not bode well for their sustainability. WUAs were set up by donors in a setting where large, collectivized farms and vestiges of command agriculture persist alongside small individual farms. The presence of large farms among smaller holdings makes it difficult for WUAs to distribute water equitably among its members. Local government officials tend to favor the interest of big planters over small independent farms and can exert pressure on WUAs to skew water distribution. By studying the institutional challenges facing water resource management in Tajikistan, a major natural resource challenge facing all the Central Asian economies, the paper identifies opportunities for speeding up the process of agrarian reforms currently underway in all the transition economies.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129447819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Динамика площади зеркала горных озер бассейна реки Гунт (Памир, Таджикистан)","authors":"Х. Наврузшоев, Жанай Сагинтаев, Х. Кабутов, Н. Неккадамова, Ф. Восидов, А. Д. Халимов","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-2/85-101.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-2/85-101.rus","url":null,"abstract":"В статье на примере озер Риваккуль и Нимацкуль рассмотрены горные озера бассейна р. Гунт, представляющие угрозу для поселений и инфраструктур, расположенных ниже по течению. В последние десятилетия количество озер и их площадь росли ускоренными темпами из-за сокращения ледников в данном бассейне, где насчитывается более 600 горных озер. Разработка рекомендаций по установке оборудования раннего оповещения населения о прорыве высокогорных озер является критически важным фактором для устойчивого развития Центрально-Азиатского региона. Целью данной работы является изучение динамики площади зеркала горных озер в период с 2000 по 2019 г. Используя показатели дистанционного зондирования, нами были собраны сводные данные о питании, расположении и площади зеркала горных озер. В работе представлены результаты, полученные со снимков Landsat 7–8 (за август и сентябрь 2000–2019 гг.). Полученные данные показали, что максимальное увеличение площади наблюдается в оз. Нимацкуль в 2006 г., а в оз. Риваккуль в 2010 г. В оз. Нимацкуль происходит постепенное уменьшение площади акватории начиная от 0,513 км2 в 2000 г. до 0,462 км2 к 2019 г., а площадь оз. Риваккуль остается более стабильной. Динамика зеркальной площади горных озер очень тесно связана с метеорологическими параметрами и установлено, что наличие поверхностного и подземного стока стабилизируют площадь зеркала и уровня воды в нем.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129710559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}