Central Asian Journal of Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of engineering properties of rock mass of Shah-wa-Arus dam site, Kabul, Afghanistan","authors":"A. Zaryab, Mohammad Ibrahim Najaf, Mohammad Zia Jamal","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2019-R1.V5-1/18-28.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2019-R1.V5-1/18-28.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"The Shah-wa-Arus dam is currently being constructed on the Shakardara River, approximately 22 km to the north west of Kabul City, Afghanistan. The height and length of the dam are 77.5 m and 303 m, respectively, and the storage capacity of the dam is estimated around 9.38 million cubic meter. The type of the dam is roller-compacted concrete (RCC). It is a multi-purpose dam, designed to store water for irrigation, to mitigate flooding and generate electricity. The dam is located within a tectonically active zone, and the dam site has been strongly affected by tectonic activity. The paper presents results of comparison rock quality designation (RQD) and Lugeon parameters, based on a review and analysis of initial engineering-geological studies and additional field observations. The results of Lugeon and RQD were statistically evaluated in graphs and by using comparison of these graphs with all other conditions as of natural of this particular site. The obtained results show which state of the natural conditions is somehow a meaningful relationship between a Lugeon unit and RQD parameters. Finally, the rock mass of the dam foundation site is classified in accordance with the RMR classification.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"249 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126830580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of economics and governance for the water sector in Kazakhstan, the issues and tools for better water management","authors":"M. P. Dijk","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2019-R1.V5-1/1-17.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2019-R1.V5-1/1-17.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a scarce resource in the Central Asian region. We will look at the economic and governance aspects of water management. After reviewing the water situation in Kazakhstan and identifying some of the important issues in the water sector, the economic and financial tools to deal with these issues will be discussed. We will also look at governance structures that allow for more participation of different stakeholders and suggest measuring the performance of different approaches. Examples are given what this could mean for Kazakhstan, before drawing some conclusions about the usefulness of a more economic approach to water issues in Kazakhstan, paying attention also to governance of water works, which would involve also non-state actors.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115665722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Актуальность экономических и регуляторных аспектов для водного хозяйства Казахстана: проблемы и инструменты совершенствования","authors":"Майне Питер Дейк","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-1/13-34.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-1/13-34.rus","url":null,"abstract":"В центральноазиатском регионе вода является дефицитным ресурсом. В настоящей статье рассматриваются некоторые экономические и регуляторные аспекты управления водными ресурсами. После общего анализа ситуации в водном хозяйстве Казахстана с целью выявления ряда важных проблем в материале предлагаются экономические и финансовые инструменты для их решения. В статье также анализируются регуляторные институциональные модели, которые обеспечивают более широкое участие различных заинтересованных сторон, равно как и предлагаются методы измерения эффективности разных подходов. В конце статьи анализируется целесообразность перехода водного хозяйства Казахстана на более экономические принципы работы, включая потенциальные последствия такого перехода, в том числе, с точки зрения управления гидротехническими сооружениями, в частности, с участием негосударственных субъектов.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132217358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International watercourses, international water law and Central Asia","authors":"R. Paisley","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-2/1-26.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-2/1-26.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"International watercourses are a very significant part of the water resources endowment of Central Asia (CA) where a “water-energy-agriculture nexus” has long been a conundrum. The crux of the conundrum is the conflict between upstream nation states wanting to release water in the winter to generate hydropower and downstream nation states wanting the water released in the summer largely for downstream agricultural purposes. Two CA states (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) have a relative water surplus. Four other CA states (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan) say they do not get their fair share from the region’s great rivers—the Syr Darya and Amu Darya—which slice across CA from the Tien Shan/Pamir Mountains and the Hindu Kush to the Aral Sea’s remains. This paper critically reviews the genesis of the CA water-energy-agriculture nexus conundrum, the role of international law in the possible resolution of the conundrum and a possible way forward. This way forward includes a redoubling of efforts by all CA states, including Afghanistan, to develop one, or more, legally binding CA wide international agreements regarding international shared water, and related, resources together with a high-level mediation to address possible downstream objections to new upstream hydro development projects.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131555714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather types and their frequencies over Central Asia –an ERA-Interim based analysis of monthly climate variability and change for the boreal cold season","authors":"S. Schmidt, L. Gerlitz","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-2/64-99.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-2/64-99.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Climate research in Central Asia is usually based on the analysis of meteorological observations. However, data scarcity in mountain regions causes uncertainties and, thus, the magnitude of climate change and variability in Central Asia is still under debate. Furthermore, the investigation of observations does only allow an assessment of the near surface climate. Since the meteorological conditions in the upper troposphere are generally unknown, the atmospheric mechanisms leading to observed climate changes remain unexamined. Here, the authors present a study of climate change and variability in Central Asia based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis, which provides gridded data-sets of various meteorological parameters for 60 atmospheric levels. In order to investigate the climatic conditions during the boreal cold season, the authors apply an objective weather type classification to 500hPa geopotential height fields. The results show that warm and wet conditions in Central Asia are associated with an anticyclonic anomaly over South Asia or a southward shift of the westerly jet stream. Dry conditions are accompanied by a cyclonic anomaly over South Asia. The authors show that the WT composition strongly affects the monthly and seasonal temperature and precipitation characteristics and that prevailing climatic trends are partially triggered by changing WT frequencies. About 50% of the seasonal temperature trend and 60% of the trend in March can be explained by WT frequency changes. While the observed seasonal precipitation trends cannot be explained by WT frequency changes, a positive trend in November seems to be accompanied by a decreasing frequency of high pressure over Central Asia.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114366356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic evaluation of the Sponge City program in China: Case study of Changde city","authors":"X. Liang","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-1/63-78.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-1/63-78.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"For tackling the problems of city flood and water pollution, the Sponge City program was established in 2014. Although the Sponge City program is newly established, it exacerbates hot disputes in the Chinese academic research field. Currently, whether the constructed and in-progress projects of the Sponge City program are economically feasible is still an open question. The paper carries out an intensive economic analysis on the Chuan project, which is a demo project in the Sponge City program in China. Through examining all economic, environmental and social cost and benefits of the Chuan project, it is found that the total benefits caused by the project is much more than the total cost. It means the water projects in the Sponge City program are deserved to be promoted in China. However, no sustainable income to cover the O & M cost of the project, which can hamper the project’s sustainable operation.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128115755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Политэкономия водной небезопасности в Центральной Азии в контексте инициативы «Один пояс – один путь»","authors":"Патрик Мартенс","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2018-ri.v4-1/89-109.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2018-ri.v4-1/89-109.rus","url":null,"abstract":"Центральная Азия является неотъемлемой частью инициативы «Один пояс – один путь» (ОПОП), а управление водными ресурсами – одним из важнейших вопросов для региона. В последнее время Китай стал более активно преследовать свои экономические и политические интересы на евразийском пространстве, и его экспансионистским устремлениям уделяется большое внимание в научной литературе, которая и послужила источником информации для настоящей статьи. Успех или провал ОПОП тесно связан с политэкономическим измерением водного хозяйства в Центральной Азии, и цель настоящей статьи заключается в демонстрации ключевой роли воды для такой масштабной экономической программы как ОПОП в контексте новейшей истории. Прежде всего, в статье анализируются соответствующие научные работы и суть дискуссий относительно мотивов и намерений КНР, а также их влияние на водную ситуацию в верховьях и низовьях рек. Далее водная проблематика и вопросы управления водными ресурсами анализируются, в частности, на основании имеющихся данных об опыте Китая по реализации проектов в странах-участницах ОПОП, геополитической ситуации, складывающейся между странами региона, и текущего экологически обусловленного конфликта [интересов] в регионе. Методология в целом соответствует системному подходу, то есть понимание достигается за счет концентрации внимания на взаимодействующих подсистемах: политических, экономических, географических, социальных и экологических факторах в контексте новейшей истории и литературы, посвященной намерениям и мотивации Китая. Основные выводы исследования заключаются в том, что, предлагая перспективы экономического развития, инициатива ОПОП одновременно сопряжена с неизбежны-ми рисками конфликтов и неэффективности целевых проектов, особенно в свете текущих и потенциальных водных конфликтов. Требуется усовершенствование механизмов трансграничного регулирования, особенно трансграничных речных систем, вовлечение заинтересованных сторон и обеспечение эффективного проектного управления. Предполагается, что представленная здесь аргументация найдет отклик среди ответственных руководителей и проектных организаций.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128608731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The political economy of water insecurity in Central Asia given the Belt and Road initiative","authors":"P. Martens","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-1/79-94.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-1/79-94.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"Central Asia is an integral part of the Belt and Road (B&R) initiative and the management of water resources is a critical issue in the region. Recently China has become more active in pursuing its economic and political interests in the Eurasian landmass and its expansionist drive has received much attention in the academic literature, which informs this article. The success or failure of the B&R is intertwined with the political economy of water in Central Asia and the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the central importance of water, given the recent history, to such an ambitious economic initiative. The design of the paper is to firstly to traverse the literature and academic debate on Chinese motives and intentions and how they can impact on upstream and downstream water issues. Then water issues and water governance will be examined considering particularly available evidence of Chinese project experiences in B&R countries, the inter-country geo-political situation in Central Asia and the recent history of environmentally rooted conflict in the region. The methodology broadly follows a systems approach, meaning that understanding is obtained by giving attention to the interacting sub-systems: the political, economic, geographical, social and environmental factors in the context of recent history and the literature on Chinese intentions and motivations. The main conclusions are that the B&R initiative, while offering economic development promise, contains inherent risks of conflict and project failure, particularly in the context of existing and potential water conflicts. Improved trans-boundary governance – especially regarding trans-boundary river systems, stakeholder engagement and effective project management will be required. It is intended that the arguments will resonate with decision-makers and project designers.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"277 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116118913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water consumption of Populus alba trees in tree shelterbelt systems in Central Asia – a case study in the Chui Valley, South Eastern Kazakhstan","authors":"Eva Strenge, N. Thevs, K. Aliev, Maksat Eraaliev, P. Lang, A. Baibagysov","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-1/48-62.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2018-RI.V4-1/48-62.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture in Central Asia largely relies on irrigation. The water is withdrawn from the rivers of the region, which predominantly originate from snowfields and glaciers. Due to the global warming these water resources are expected to decline substantially, resulting in an aggravation of the already existing water scarcity. Tree shelterbelt systems as the most prominent practice of agroforestry in Central Asia are reported to help to reduce water consumption in irrigated agriculture. Though, studies about water consumption of the shelterbelts are lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to investigate (1) the water consumption of Populus alba trees in a shelterbelt system in Central Asia and (2) analyze the influence of the local climatic conditions on the sap flow of such a shelterbelt. P. alba is one of the most important shelterbelt trees in Central Asia. Tree water consumption was assessed through sap flow measurements on three trees in a crop shelterbelt system in the Chui Valley in SE Kazakhstan during June and July 2016. The average daily water consumption were 187.6 l/d, 44.8 l/d, and 160 l/d for the trees, respectively. These results were extrapolated for a representative shelterbelt section. Water consumption of that section was 7.8 mm/d, while average ETo was 5.3 mm/d. Considerable influences of water vapor saturation deficit, air temperature and relative humidity on the sap flow could be observed. Solar radiation played a role, too, whereas little or no influence for wind speed was found.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115780369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Водопотребление деревьев тополя белого в системах защитных лесополос в Центральной Азии: тематическое исследование в Чуйской долине в юго-восточной части Казахстବна","authors":"Ева Штренге, Нильс Тевс2=, Кумар Алиев2=, Максат Ераалиев, Петра Ланг3, Азим Байбагысов","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2018-ri.v4-1/54-70.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2018-ri.v4-1/54-70.rus","url":null,"abstract":"В Центральной Азии (ЦА) сельское хозяйство в значительной степени зависит от ирригации. Забор воды осуществляется из рек региона, которые преимущественно берут начало в снежниках и ледниках. Предполагается, что в результате глобального потепления эти водные ресурсы значительно сократятся, что лишь усугубит текущий дефицит воды. Согласно данным системы защитных лесополос – наиболее распространенный тип агролесоводства в ЦА – способствуют сокращению потребления воды в орошаемом земледелии. Тополь белый (Populus alba) является одной из главных пород деревьев, применяемых при организации защитных полос в Центральной Азии. Тем не менее, исследования по водопотреблению защитными полосами отсутствуют. Поэтому цели настоящего исследования заключались в (1) изучении водопотребления деревьями тополя белого в системе защитных полос в ЦА и (2) анализе влияния местных климатических условий на движение сока в защитной полосе. В июне-июле 2016 г. в Чуйской долине на юго-востоке Казахстана была проведена оценка водопотребления деревьями посредством измерения движения сока в трех деревьях в лесополосе для защиты сельскохозяйственных культур. Среднесуточное потребление воды деревьями составило 187,6 л/день, 44,8 л/день и 160 л/день соответственно. Данные результаты были экстраполированы на репрезентативный участок защитной полосы. Потребление воды на нем составило 7,8 мм/день, а среднее значение эвапотранспирации (ETo) – 5,3 мм/день. Наблюдалось значительное влияние на движение сока дефицита насыщенности воздуха водяным паром, температуры воздуха и относительной влажности. Определенную роль играло и солнечное излучение, в то время как влияние скорости ветра на потребление воды деревьями было незначительным или вовсе отсутствовало.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121119615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}