Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine最新文献

{"title":"RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN NORTHERN SULAWESI BABIRUSA (<i>BABYROUSA CELEBENSIS</i>) IN NORTH AMERICAN ZOOLOGIC INSTITUTIONS FROM 1995 TO 2021.","authors":"Sneha Krishnan, Denise McAloose, Donna Doherty, Susan L Bartlett","doi":"10.1638/2024-0096","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Northern Sulawesi babirusa (<i>Babyrousa celebensis)</i> are endangered wild pigs native to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Since the 1970s, babirusa have been managed and bred in zoological institutions. To date, an analysis of the medical conditions affecting this species has not been reported. A retrospective study of the causes of morbidity and mortality in babirusa managed from 1995-2021 by Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) accredited institutions in North America was performed. Medical (149) and associated pathology records (41) from babirusa at nine institutions were reviewed. Trends associated with age, sex, cause of death, disease process, and organ system were examined. Of the 503 morbidity events, the most common systems affected were musculoskeletal (n = 184), digestive (n = 119), and integumentary (n = 106). Adult males were more likely than adult females to experience dental trauma due to the presence of large maxillary canine tusks. The study population's average lifespan was 12.1 years for animals surviving at least one year, and females lived longer than males. Inflammatory processes were the cause of death in eight individuals. Non-infectious disease processes, particularly degenerative joint disease (n = 6), neoplasia (n = 5), and anesthesia-related (n = 5) were the other common causes of death/euthanasia. Organ systems most commonly affected by disease process causing mortality were the digestive (n = 11), musculoskeletal (n = 10), cardiovascular (n = 5), and respiratory (n = 5). Given the high prevalence of degenerative joint disease, captive management of babirusa should focus on developing strategies for early diagnosis, management, and prevention of joint disease. Consideration should also be given to the high incidence of tusk trauma, which may be decreased by modifications in exhibit design.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"217-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNILATERAL NEPHROLITHIASIS AND HYDRONEPHROSIS TREATED WITH NEPHRECTOMY IN A CAPTIVE MOUNTAIN TAPIR (<i>TAPIRUS PINCHAQUE</i>).","authors":"Brad B Nelson, Eric Klaphake, Khursheed R Mama, Elizabeth V Acutt, Yvette S Nout-Lomas, Matthew S Johnston","doi":"10.1638/2024-0069","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mountain tapirs (<i>Tapirus pinchaque</i>) are endangered land mammals and there are few descriptions of urinary diseases that affect them. This report describes a 17-year-old mountain tapir presenting with hyporexia and chronic weight loss caused by unilateral nephrolithiasis and hydronephrosis. Unilateral nephrectomy returned this mountain tapir to normal weight with resolution of clinical signs. Characteristics of the smooth circular uroliths found in this mountain tapir were consistent with the rarer type II variant found in horses and was composed of 100% calcium carbonate. Type II uroliths in horses typically have amorphous shapes and include phosphate. This case showed that mountain tapirs are susceptible to nephrolithiasis, which may progress to hydronephrosis, and that unilateral nephrectomy is a feasible treatment. Despite the success of nephrectomy in this case, further investigation is required in captive mountain tapirs to more clearly understand management of nephrolithiasis and how it equates with what is known in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"476-481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF CAPTIVE BORNEAN (<i>PONGO PYGMAEUS</i>), SUMATRAN (<i>PONGO ABELII</i>) AND HYBRID ORANGUTANS (<i>PONGO SPECIES</i>).","authors":"Ali Anwar Ahmad, Guillaume Douay, Yirui Heng, Abraham Mathew, Sonja Luz, Qing Yi Ng, Nor Sham Wahab, Calvin W L Chin","doi":"10.1638/2022-0155","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2022-0155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac diseases in great apes are frequently diagnosed late in their life or at postmortem. Echocardiography allows early detection and diagnosis of heart diseases in great apes. Between January 2018 and October 2019, Mandai Wildlife Group (MWG) conducted health evaluations on 22 captive orangutans, including 10 Bornean orangutans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus)</i>, eight Sumatran orangutans (<i>Pongo abelii</i>), and four hybrid orangutans (<i>Pongo spp</i>.). Fourteen male and eight female orangutans were evaluated. Cardiac assessment was conducted in partnership with the Great Ape Heart Project (GAHP). Subjects were anesthetized with either tiletamine/zolazepam intramuscularly or a combination of tiletamine/zolazepam and medetomidine intramuscularly followed by ketamine intravenously. All patients were intubated and maintained on isoflurane gas anesthesia. Trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) was completed according to the standards established by the Great Ape Heart Project. Noninvasive systemic blood pressure (NIBP) and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) were conducted on all the orangutans. Of the 22 subjects evaluated, 18 had echocardiogram within an expected range. One adult male hybrid and one adult male Bornean orangutan have low fractional shortening (FS) because of the effect of medetomidine in the anesthetic protocol. One adult male Sumatran orangutan was diagnosed with mild left ventricle dysfunction and treated with enalapril 0.1 mg/kg PO SID. One adult female hybrid orangutan was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Regular cardiac assessment in orangutans allows early detection of heart disease and enables proactive prevention of heart failure. The study also provided preliminary data establishing heart parameters for the two orangutan species and their hybrids.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"248-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECTS OF <i>CLOSTRIDIUM BUTYRICUM</i> SUPPLEMENTATION ON FECAL MICROBIOTA AND METABOLITES IN CAPTIVE RED KANGAROO (<i>MACROPUS RUFUS</i>).","authors":"Yuto Yoshimoto, Natsumi Ichinohe, Hong Liu, Noriko Nagata, Ryo Inoue, Yuki Yamamoto, Kentaro Nagaoka","doi":"10.1638/2024-0079","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The red kangaroo (<i>Macropus rufus</i>) is a prominent marsupial species native to Australia and is kept in zoos worldwide. Captive red kangaroos are often plagued with several diseases, such as lumpy jaw, incurring high treatment costs. Recent research suggests a significant link between the gut microbiota and various diseases in many species, indicating potential benefits of probiotics in maintaining health. The microbiota of the digestive tract of red kangaroos has been reported; however, the fecal microbiota and any compositional changes in this microbiota caused by probiotic intervention remain to be elucidated. Herein, the effects of the probiotic <i>Clostridium butyricum</i>, which produces the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, on fecal microbiota and metabolites in red kangaroos were investigated. Fecal samples were collected from six red kangaroos free from signs of diseases (three males and three females, aged 1-2 yr) during <i>C. butyricum</i> supplementation and suspension periods. Fecal <i>C. butyricum</i> levels decreased during the suspension period and increased upon resumption by quantitative PCR analysis. Despite changes in <i>C. butyricum</i> levels, fecal concentrations of measured short-chain fatty acids remained unchanged. Total microbiome analysis showed no significant differences by <i>C. butyricum</i> supplementation. Functional predictions indicated alterations in microbial community functions, such as activating penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis and inactivating the bacterial secretion system during <i>C. butyricum</i> supplementation. Metabolomic analyses identified significant changes in pathways related to amino acid degradation and metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, glycolysis and glycogenesis, and the citrate cycle (the tricarboxylic acid cycle), suggesting that <i>C. butyricum</i> supplementation affects metabolism independent of microbiota composition. These findings suggest that <i>C. butyricum</i> alters metabolism. However, this study's kangaroos were supplemented with <i>C. butyricum</i> prior to the study period, so its impact could not be verified. Further study is also required to determine how these changes might contribute to maintaining health in captive red kangaroos.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"360-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GUT-DERIVED UREMIC TOXICITY IN LIONS (<i>PANTHERA LEO</i>) WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET?","authors":"Laurens Van Mulders, Lynn Vanhaecke, Laurent Locquet, Marcin Skotarek, Jonas Spruyt, Alicia Quievy, Francis Vercammen, Pascale Smets, Sylvie Daminet","doi":"10.1638/2024-0094","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lions (<i>Panthera leo</i>) share an intrinsic susceptibility to chronic kidney disease (CKD) with other species of the Felidae. Interestingly, specific gut-derived uremic toxins-indoxyl sulfate, <i>p</i>-cresyl sulfate, and trimethylamine <i>N</i>-oxide (TMAO)-find their origin in amino acids highly abundant in the strict carnivorous feline diet. These toxins are well-recognized mediators of renal tubular inflammation and are associated with disease progression in cats<i>.</i> Therefore, a potential causal involvement of gut-derived uremic toxicity in the pathophysiology of CKD can be hypothesized in Felidae. However, it remains undetermined whether increased accumulation of these toxins is interconnected with renal dysfunction in other Felidae. Therefore, the present study aimed at uncovering shifts in gut-derived uremic toxins and related pathways associated with renal dysfunction in lions by using a targeted metabolomic approach, comparing serum and urine profiles of lions diagnosed with CKD (<i>n</i> = 6) and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 9). Our results show that selected gut-derived uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate, <i>P</i> = 0.017; TMAO, <i>P</i> = 0.021; and <i>p</i>-cresyl sulfate, <i>P</i> = 0.020) were increased in lions with renal dysfunction. Our study further underscores the role of a decreasing glomerular filtration rate and tubular dysfunction in toxin accumulation. Especially, indoxyl sulfate showed increased serum-to-urine ratios indicative of renal retention. However, TMAO demonstrated a different pattern, suggesting alternative mechanisms for its elevation in CKD, such as augmented intestinal microbial formation or adsorption of its precursor trimethylamine. Moreover, clear associations between circulating uremic toxin concentrations and renal proteinuria, a marker of tubular dysfunction or damage, were observed, further substantiating the potential underlying role of gut-derived uremic toxicity in the pathophysiology of CKD in lions. Collectively, our findings form a first rationale to implement dietary modifications aimed at mitigating toxin burden in the management of Felidae diagnosed with CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"258-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EUTHANASIA BY CONTINUOUS TOPICAL DELIVERY OF CLOVE OIL OVER THE GILLS RESULTS IN DELAYED CARDIAC ARREST IN COMPARISON TO IMMERSION BATH IN JUVENILE RED HEAD TAPAJOS EARTHEATERS (<i>GEOPHAGUS PYROCEPHALUS</i>).","authors":"Lydie-Amy Leclerc, Claire Vergneau-Grosset, Tristan Juette, Stéphane Lair, Karine Béland","doi":"10.1638/2025-0001","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2025-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immersion bath in high doses of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and eugenol is a common euthanasia method for fish, causing rapid cessation of opercular movements. However, in previous studies where cardiac contractions persisted, despite dosages of MS-222 as high as 1000 mg/L, the hypothesis was advanced that apnea could prevent effective euthanasia. The objective of the study was to determine if continuous topical delivery (CTD) over the gills of MS-222 or clove oil (CO) would result in cardiac arrest at 60 minutes, without recovery after placement in fresh water for an additional 60-minute period. Thirty-six juvenile red head Tapajos eartheaters (<i>Geophagus pyrocephalus</i>) were randomly divided into six experimental groups (six fish/group, concentration of the anesthetics indicated in mg/L): (1) Bath MS 500; (2) CTD MS 500; (3) Bath CO 500; (4) CTD CO 500; (5) Bath CO 1000; (6) CTD CO 1000. The proportion of fish with a heartbeat at 60 minutes and the mean time to cardiac arrest (<i>P</i> < 0.001) were significantly different among groups. At 60 minutes, 6/6 and 5/6 of fish in the Bath CO 1000 group and the Bath CO 500 group experienced cardiac arrest, respectively, while only 1/6 and 3/6 of fish in the CTD CO 500 group and the CTD CO 1000, respectively, did. By 120 minutes, all fish except two fish in the CTD MS 500 group had undergone cardiac arrest. In contrast to our hypothesis, mean time to cardiac arrest occurred faster in immersion bath than in CTD at both concentrations of CO (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.022).</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"303-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOLECULAR AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS INFECTION IN BIG CATS IN CENTRAL INDIA.","authors":"Nidhi Rajput, Madhu Swamy, Amita Dubey, Keshav Pratap Singh, Atul Gupta, Rajesh Tomar, Sanjeev Gupta, Shobha Jawre","doi":"10.1638/2022-0002","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bengal tigers (<i>Panthera tigris tigris</i>) and Indian leopards (<i>Panthera pardus fusca</i>) are widespread across the Indian subcontinent and form a major part of apex predators in the forest ecosystem. However, both species are endangered, and their fragile populations could be threatened by the introduction of pathogenic agents. In the present study, archived biological samples of big cats collected from different protected areas and zoological parks in central India were subjected to molecular and histological analysis for canine distemper virus (CDV) infection. Preserved biological samples were processed for molecular detection of CDV using nucleoprotein gene primers. Nucleotide sequencing and BLAST analysis of the positive samples demonstrated a close similarity to the CDV isolates from several wild carnivore hosts. Immunohistochemistry performed on formalin-fixed tissues showed that CDV antigens were diffusely distributed in the tissues. Histopathological observations were consistent across all CDV-positive tigers and leopards. Histopathology revealed interstitial pneumonia, interstitial nephritis, lymphoid depletion in the spleen, hepatic inflammation, degeneration of transitional epithelium in the bladder, and white matter demyelination, gliosis, and neuronal necrosis in the brain. Our findings revealed that CDV is prevalent in the big cats in central India. Therefore, it is imperative to develop multifaceted protocols to screen for such emerging infectious diseases in field samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"326-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESTABLISHMENT OF REFERENCE INTERVAL FOR SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE IN HAMADRYAS BABOONS (<i>PAPIO HAMADRYAS</i>).","authors":"Ashley R Souza, Devorah M Stowe, Timothy A Georoff, Benjamin N Nevitt, Larry J Minter","doi":"10.1638/2024-0025","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has expedited the diagnosis of kidney disease in small animal practice and has become the gold standard for diagnosis and screening. SDMA could be a useful screening tool for kidney dysfunction in nonhuman primates under human care, allowing for earlier intervention if indicated. These results could also help stage kidney disease in nonhuman primates when coupled with other diagnostics, to assist with quality-of-life decision-making. This study evaluated 55 serum samples from two different zoologic institutions to establish an SDMA reference interval for healthy hamadryas baboons (<i>Papio hamdryas</i>), by using the published American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology reference interval guidelines. Samples from each animal were submitted to IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. and analyzed via a high-throughput immunoassay called the IDEXX SDMA test. Once analyzed, one value was omitted as an outlier. For clinically healthy baboons, the SDMA reference interval ranges from 4 to 11 µg/dl. The average value for the entire population is 7.7 µg/dl, with a SD of 1.9 µg/dl, a 90% lower confidence interval of 3-5 µg/dl, and a 90% upper confidence interval of 11-12 µg/dl. There is no significant difference between males and females. The hamadryas baboon reference interval indicated that values exceeding 11 µg/dl should be considered possibly elevated and warrant further investigation of kidney function in that animal. Furthermore, determination of species-specific reference interval is critical for correct interpretation of SDMA data.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"427-433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OPTIMIZATION OF A CROSSMATCHING PROTOCOL IN LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES (<i>CARETTA CARETTA</i>) AND INVESTIGATION OF HETEROLOGOUS TRANSFUSION COMPATIBILITY WITH GREEN SEA TURTLES (<i>CHELONIA MYDAS</i>).","authors":"Lauren A E Shusterman, Nicole I Stacy, Terry M Norton, Bette Zirkelbach, Kaitlyn Cashin, Heather Barron, Stacy DiRocco, Trevor T Zachariah, Kyle A Donnelly","doi":"10.1638/2024-0032","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optimal blood storage conditions, crossmatching protocol standardization, heterologous transfusion compatibility, and adverse reactions have not been well described in reptile transfusion medicine. This study investigated the effects of blood storage, incubation time, and temperature on crossmatching conducted between clinically normal loggerhead sea turtles (<i>Caretta caretta</i>) [Cc] and green sea turtles (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>) [Cm]. Heparinized venous blood was collected from 17 turtles (n = 12 Cc; n = 5 Cm). Twenty-four homologous (Cc-Cc) donor-recipient pairings and eight heterologous (Cc-Cm) donor-recipient pairings were conducted. Protocols compared different blood storage times of <36 and 120h, incubation times of 30 and 60 min, and incubation at ambient (22.2°C) and refrigerated (7.78°C) temperatures. Major and minor crossmatching hemolysis, macroscopic agglutination, and microscopic erythrocyte agglutination were recorded. No significant differences were found between any protocol tested. Based on major and minor crossmatches, 76.2% (32/42) of homologous crossmatches were compatible and 43.8% (7/16) of heterologous crossmatches were compatible. Two Cc and one Cm that previously received whole blood transfusions did not have different crossmatching outcomes as compared to naive animals (<i>p</i> = 0.4844). This study found a higher crossmatching compatibility between homologous Cc crossmatches than for previously reported homologous Cm crossmatches. Crossmatching using the protocol of 30 min incubation at ambient temperature with blood stored for <36h appeared as an effective method for improving the safety of transfusion medicine in Cc patients. Heterologous compatibility of Cc to Cm is limited, and avoidance of cross-species transfusions is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"392-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PERIOPERATIVE ANALGESIC MANAGEMENT IN ASIATIC BLACK BEARS (<i>URSUS THIBETANUS</i>) UNDERGOING OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMY.","authors":"Szilvia K Kalogeropoulu, Johanna Painer-Gigler, Inga-Catalina Cruz-Benedetti, Susanna Ferreira, Shaun Thomson, Irene Redtenbacher, Bonnie L Raphael, Friederike Pohlin, Natali Verdier","doi":"10.1638/2024-0092","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eight adult Asiatic black bears (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>) rescued from bile farms in Vietnam were diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis that required surgical intervention. In addition, these bears exhibited various comorbidities, including cardiovascular changes, chronic kidney disease, degenerative joint disease, obesity, and sarcopenia. The bears were anesthetized for an open midline cholecystectomy using a combination of 3 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam, 0.035 mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.05 mg/kg butorphanol administered IM via blowpipe. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Butorphanol IV was repeated q90 min, and meloxicam was given SC at the beginning of surgery. An ultrasound-guided one-point transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block with 0.25% bupivacaine (0.2 ml/kg) was performed in order to desensitize the ventral branches of the last thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves, which innervate the abdominal wall. Additionally, 0.1 ml/kg of same injectate was instilled intraperitoneally twice to manage visceral pain. Lidocaine was administered IV as a continuous-rate infusion at a rate of 10 µg/kg/min. Throughout the procedure, all bears received intravenous fluids and systemic antibiotics. In all bears, cardiovascular parameters remained stable during surgery: heart rate 56 ± 9 bpm, respiratory rate 8 ± 3 bpm and mean arterial blood pressure 128 ± 40 mmHg. No cardiovascular response to surgical stimuli was observed. The TAP block was easy to perform, and no complications were observed during or after the block. The overall dose of local anesthetics was maintained within the recommended range for carnivores, with no signs of local anesthetic toxicity observed. All animals recovered well from anesthesia and returned to their husbandry routine within 6 wk postcholecystectomy. This multimodal analgesic approach seemed to have been effective to provide perioperative analgesia in these Asiatic black bears. It was demonstrated to be a safe, cost-effective, and easily implemented protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"463-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}