Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine最新文献

{"title":"INVESTIGATIONS INTO FERTILITY AND HATCHING SUCCESS OF HUMBOLDT PENGUIN (<i>SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI</i>) EGGS AT LONDON ZOO.","authors":"Edmund J Flach, Eleanor L Taylor, Patricia Brekke, Zoe Bryant, Henry Häkkinen, Suzi Hyde, Ashleigh F Marshall, Simon Spiro, Taina Strike, Stamatios A Tahas, Amanda Guthrie","doi":"10.1638/2025-0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Establishment of breeding programs in zoo-housed Humboldt penguin (<i>Spheniscus humboldti</i>) colonies often takes several years and breeding success is generally perceived as poor. Husbandry and pathology records of eggs laid since the establishment of London Zoo's colony were retrospectively analyzed. Following a barren period from arrival of the first birds in May 2011, the first egg to hatch was laid in December 2013 and egg laying was consistent over the following 10 yr. A total of 823 eggs were laid by male-female pairs, so from 2018 onwards some newly-laid eggs were removed in order to limit population growth. Of the 556 eggs incubated by 61 pairs, 289 (52.0%) hatched. Individual females laid between one and 56 eggs across this period; over 40% of which were laid in March, generally as their first clutch of the year. Hatching was significantly affected by the time of year (<i>p</i> = 0.004), the laying order in the clutch (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and the nest type (<i>p</i> = 0.004), but not by the year, size of the clutch, parental age, or whether either parent had been parent or hand-reared. Postmortem examination of eggs that failed to hatch only identified embryos in 27.2%, covering a range of developmental stages. However, half of the remainder were too autolyzed for a meaningful diagnosis. More detailed, microscopic examination of 78 of the eggs from 2019-20 revealed that only six of 71 eggs (8.5%) that were diagnosed as suspect infertile on gross examination were truly infertile. In addition, two of the seven eggs suspected to be fertile on gross examination had no microscopic evidence of fertility. These findings highlight the importance of microscopic examination of unhatched eggs for accurate fertility assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"302-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADRENAL GLAND LESIONS IN AFRICAN PAINTED DOGS (<i>LYCAON PICTUS</i>) OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS SPECIES SURVIVAL PLAN^® POPULATION.","authors":"Lauren P Kane, Michael M Garner, Corinne A Vaughan, Heather Terrell, Michael J Kinsel, Martha A Delaney","doi":"10.1638/2025-0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African painted dogs (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>; APD) are an endangered canid species with sophisticated behaviors and social structure. In the United States, there are approximately 160 individuals housed at institutions accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, where health and disease are monitored, and breeding and management strategies are implemented according to the Species Survival Plan^®. From 1996 to mid-2025, 350 APD >1 yr old died or were euthanized and pathology reports were available for 188 (54%) individuals. Of the 81 with adrenal glands submitted for histologic evaluation, lesions were reported in 52 individuals, including 30 (58%) males and 22 (42%) females, 38 (73%) of which were intact. Common histologic lesions included nodular cortical hyperplasia (<i>n</i> = 24; 45%), cortical adenoma (<i>n</i> = 11; 21%), cortical carcinoma (<i>n</i> = 6; 11%), and pheochromocytoma (<i>n</i> = 8; 15%). There were two cases of metastatic neoplasia affecting the adrenal glands and two medullary thromboses/hematomas. Six dogs had more than one adrenal lesion. Nodular cortical hyperplasia was predominantly found in older adults (median age, 12 yr) and more so in males than females (1.4:1). Cortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas were diagnosed in APD with several concurrent lesions, including other malignant neoplasms. Of dogs with malignant adrenal neoplasms, the median age was 12 yr and 42 (84%) were related as siblings or offspring. Although nodular cortical hyperplasia is considered an age-related process, malignant adrenal neoplasms may involve additional factors, thus warranting further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"269-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CERVICAL ABSCESSES CAUSED BY <i>GEMELLA CUNICULI</i> IN A DOMESTIC RABBIT (<i>ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS</i>)-DIAGNOSIS AND SURGICAL THERAPY.","authors":"Ally Mayhew, Federico R Vilaplana Grosso, Amy B Alexander, Elizabeth A Maxwell, Christian M Capobianco, Varvara Semenova, Ian Hawkins, Hayley Paradise, Lisa Glick, Rebecca Barber, Kathleen Cavell, James F X Wellehan","doi":"10.1638/2025-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Gemella</i> spp. is considered an emerging pathogen that causes endocarditis, sepsis, intracranial abscessation, and other infections in humans. A four-year-old female spayed lop-eared rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) was presented for hyporexia and decreased water consumption. Physical examination revealed a lobulated right cervical mass-like lesion. <i>Gemella cuniculi</i> was cultured from the lesion and confirmed via whole-blood PCR and direct sequencing. CT revealed a right cervical mass involving the right salivary gland with a suspected draining tract and consolidation in the right caudal lung lobe. Antibiotics were adjusted and the mass was surgically removed. The rabbit returned to normal appetite and behavior four days post-operatively, continued systemic antibiotics for one month and remains clinically healthy today (4 mon postoperatively). Management of <i>G. cuniculi</i>-associated clinical disease has not been reported previously in a rabbit. <i>G. cuniculi</i> should be considered a possible etiologic agent for rabbit abscessation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"322-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATION OF A NOVEL POINT-OF-CARE VISCOELASTIC COAGULATION MONITOR WITH COMPARISON TO THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY AND CONVENTIONAL COAGULATION PARAMETERS IN MANAGED CARE CHIMPANZEES (<i>PAN TROGLODYTES</i>).","authors":"Lauren E Mumm, Alex M Lynch, Laura K Culbreth, Julie A Balko, Kathryn C Gamble, Larry J Minter","doi":"10.1638/2025-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular and neoplastic disease are common morbidities in managed care chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>). Despite the potential for these states to induce hemostatic derangements, coagulation assessments remain poorly explored in this species. A portable, point-of-care device, such as VCM Vet (VCM), may be advantageous for evaluating coagulation kinetics in zoological and field settings opposed to laboratory thromboelastography (TEG) or conventional coagulation parameter (CCP) assays. Using whole blood opportunistically collected from anesthetized chimpanzees (n = 26), this study investigated proof of concept for VCM, established reference values for VCM clot formation and clot strength parameters, compared VCM profiles across sex, age, and sample collection characteristics, and compared clinical interpretations of VCM to plasma-based TEG and CCP. Samples from 25 chimpanzees were analyzed with the VCM, all of which produced interpretable kinetic tracings without error. Reference values were established based on results from 21 healthy chimpanzees from this sample population. Relative to established reference values in domestic dogs, cats, and horses, chimpanzees formed strong clots at a fast rate. Female chimpanzees formed significantly stronger clots than males, and older chimpanzees (>30 yr old) formed clots significantly faster than younger chimpanzees (≤30 yr old) (p < 0.05). Additionally, baseline values derived from descriptive statistics were reported for plasma-based TEG and CCP based on results from 19 healthy chimpanzees from the sample population. Comparisons made visually between VCM and TEG tracings, and between clinical interpretations for VCM, TEG, and CCP, support that these diagnostics may provide similar clinical information, although complete corroboration was limited due to evaluation in predominately healthy chimpanzees. This foundational dataset provides key reference values to encourage use of coagulation assessments and improve standard of care for chimpanzees in managed settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"312-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREVALENCE OF DIGITAL DERMATITIS IN EUROPEAN BISON (<i>BISON BONASUS</i>) IN SWITZERLAND AND REFERENCE TO OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.","authors":"Stefan Hoby, Simone Jucker, Corinne Gurtner, Nicole Wildi, Sabine Brandt, Sabine Kaessmeyer, Tatiana Zingre, Brian Gerber, Adrian Steiner, Martin Kilchenmann, Michael Rüttener, Morgane Rey, Johannes Riedl, Kaja Heising, Jennifer Lahoreau, Daniel Klich, Torsten Seuberlich, Maher Alsaaod","doi":"10.1638/2025-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2018, digital dermatitis (DD) associated with <i>Treponema</i> spp. was detected in a herd of European bison (EB, <i>Bison bonasus</i>) in Switzerland. This follow-up study was carried out in 2021-2022 to evaluate the DD prevalence in the Swiss EB population (n = 49) by taking photographs and biopsies of the interdigital cleft of 10 anesthetized and eight deceased animals from five out of the six Swiss EB herds. Further samples of captive animals were available from Germany (n = 4), France (n = 1), and Poland (n = 1), and of free-living individuals from Germany (n = 4) and Poland (n = 11). Except for the Polish specimens, of which only one front foot per animal was available, all four feet were examined. Overall, 120 feet from 39 animals were available. Biopsies were taken according to a standardized protocol and investigated by histopathology, <i>Treponema spp.</i> fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination was performed on tissues of randomly selected animals (n = 7). For the Swiss population, a DD prevalence of 94.4% (72.7-99.9%) was determined. Overall, 89/120 (74.2%) feet presented with macroscopic lesions. Histopathologically, a perivascular and lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis was present in 86/119 (72.3%) of the feet. In TEM, helically coiled bacteria were identified within the tissue of four animals, whose morphology confirmed them to belong to the order <i>Spirochaetales</i>. FISH was positive in 60/116 (51.7%) samples. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the presence of three <i>Treponema</i> phylotypes (PT1, PT12, and PT3), which were clearly distinct from previously reported <i>Treponema</i> spp. in cattle and other ruminant species. This study shows that DD associated with <i>Treponema</i> spp. is widespread in Swiss EB herds and in other European individuals. So far, the disease does not seem to have a significant clinical relevance for EB, as clinical signs, such as lameness were not evident.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"245-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATION OF OPEN-DROP ISOFLURANE ANESTHESIA IN MADAGASCAR HISSING COCKROACHES (<i>GROMPHADORHINA PORTENTOSA</i>).","authors":"Summer Barnes, Miranda J Sadar, Jennifer Hausmann, Khursheed Mama","doi":"10.1638/2024-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is limited information on anesthetizing Madagascar hissing cockroaches (<i>Gromphadorhina portentosa</i>). This study assessed the feasibility of isoflurane for brief anesthesia. Fifteen adult Madagascar hissing cockroaches (10 males, five females) had baseline heart rates recorded. These cockroaches were anesthetized in groups of two or three using 2 ml of isoflurane on a cotton ball in a 1-L container. Induction time was recorded when there was no response to external movement of the chamber. Cockroaches were removed from the chamber and exposed to noxious (mock hemolymph collection) and nonnoxious (cotton-tip applicator) stimuli. Heart rates and nonnoxious stimuli were assessed every 5 min until cockroaches were able to right themselves, defined as recovery time. Data were assessed using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test, <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05. The median (range) induction time was 16 (6-20) min and was not significantly affected by sex (<i>P</i> ≥ 0.99), length (<i>P</i> = 0.81), or weight (<i>P</i> = 0.94). Median recovery time was 20.5 (15-30) min and was significantly impacted by sex (<i>P</i> = 0.007) and weight (<i>P</i> = 0.018), but not length (<i>P</i> = 0.16). Heart rate decreased (<i>P</i> = 0.07) from median 66 (52-104) bpm for baseline cockroach values to median 60 (48-84) bpm during anesthesia. Heart rate was not impacted by sex (<i>P</i> = 0.07; <i>P</i> = 0.57), length (<i>P</i> = 0.98; <i>P</i> = 0.37), or weight (<i>P</i> = 0.84; <i>P</i> = 0.48). Madagascar hissing cockroaches were successfully anesthetized with isoflurane (2 ml on a cotton ball in a 1-L container), which should be considered for brief procedures. Although not statistically significant, the use of Doppler for heart rate monitoring proved useful for assessing depth, but warrants further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"255-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF SERUM CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS IN SIX NONDOMESTIC BOVID SPECIES.","authors":"Jeny Soto, Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Taylor Jurgens, Zachary Dvornicky-Raymond, Julie Swenson, Holly Haefele, Carolyn Cray","doi":"10.1638/2025-0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serum protein electrophoresis is a tool widely used in veterinary medicine to aid in the detection of inflammation as well as monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies. The use of agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) has previously been described in some non-domesticated mammals, including the bongo and pronghorn antelope as well as in cattle. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) represents a new method that provides a higher resolution and lower coefficient of variation. In the present study, banked samples (n = 24-30) of adult addax (<i>Addax nasomaculatus</i>), gemsbok (<i>Oryx gazella</i>), sable antelope (<i>Hippotragus niger</i>), scimitar horned oryx (<i>Oryx dammah</i>), waterbuck (<i>Kobus elllipsiprymnus</i>), and common wildebeest (<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>) were examined to describe the CZE electrophoretogram and determine preliminary reference intervals. Interestingly, interspecies differences were observed with a lower A/G ratio in the addax, gemsbok, and sable antelope versus the scimitar horned oryx, waterbuck, and wildebeest. This was mostly related to the overall higher alpha and beta globulins in the former group. In addition, albumin quantitated by CZE was also compared to albumin levels determined by traditional bromocresol green methodology. While the methods were found to be significantly correlated (<i>p</i> < 0.01), r values ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 and BCG overestimated albumin by 0.16 to 0.52 g/dL. CZE may be a useful diagnostic tool in health assessments and reveal species differences, which may be driven by genetics, subclinical infection, and/or environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"281-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KETAMINE, MEDETOMIDINE, AND MIDAZOLAM ANESTHESIA WITH AND WITHOUT BUTORPHANOL IN SLOW LORISES (<i>NYCTICEBUS BENGALENSIS</i> AND <i>XANTHONYCTICEBUS</i> SPECIES).","authors":"Ilaria Prandi, Friederike Pohlin, Susana C M Ferreira, Elke Schwierz, Khanh Ngoc Phuong Ho, Bonnie L Raphael, Szilvia K Kalogeropoulu","doi":"10.1638/2025-0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Slow lorises (<i>Nycticebus bengalensis</i> and <i>Xanthonycticebus</i> spp.) are endangered small nocturnal prosimians that are frequently rescued from the illegal wildlife trade in Southeast Asia. Routine health examinations under anesthesia are essential for their care but anesthetic protocols are based largely on protocols established for other prosimians, with limited species-specific data. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of adding butorphanol to a ketamine (6 mg/kg IM)-medetomidine (0.05 mg/kg IM)-midazolam (0.15 mg/kg IM) (KMM) anesthetic combination (KMMB) during health examinations of two loris species: Bengal slow loris (<i>N. bengalensis</i>) and pygmy slow loris (<i>Xanthonycticebus</i> spp.). Anesthesia was induced in 27 lorises (12 <i>N. bengalensis</i>, 15 <i>Xanthonycticebus</i> spp.), using either KMM (5 <i>N. bengalensis</i> and 4 <i>Xanthonycticebus</i> spp.) or KMMB (7 <i>N. bengalensis</i> and 11 <i>Xanthonycticebus</i> spp.). At the end of procedures, atipamezole (0.2 mg/kg IM) was administered to antagonize medetomidine. Induction and recovery times, vital parameters, and isoflurane supplementation requirements were recorded. In <i>N. bengalensis</i>, the addition of butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg IM) significantly shortened induction and recovery times without significantly influencing heart rate or oxygen saturation. In <i>Xanthonycticebus</i> spp., a higher butorphanol dose (0.1 mg/kg) was necessary to reach an adequate anesthetic plane. This species exhibited decreased heart rate, increased oxygen saturation, and shorter recovery times with the use of KMMB compared to KMM alone. Both species maintained spontaneous respirations without respiratory depression or apnea. Supplementation with isoflurane for the maintenance of anesthesia did not affect vital parameters but lengthened recovery times in both species. Although the need for isoflurane supplementation could not be completely prevented, KMMB reduced its requirement, potentially reducing adverse effects associated with inhalant anesthetics. These findings support the use of a species-adapted KMMB protocol, supplemented with isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia as a safe and effective anesthetic option for health evaluations in rescued slow lorises.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"335-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"URINARY OBSTRUCTION IN CAMELIDS AND ZOO RUMINANTS.","authors":"Angelica Ferro, Brett Gardner, Simon Girling, Benoît Quintard, Pauline Delnatte, Cédric B Larouche, Christopher Dutton, Graham Crawshaw, Nic Masters, Guy Gordon, Ellie L Milnes","doi":"10.1638/2025-0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ten cases of urolithiasis causing complete urinary obstruction were identified from male zoo animals in Canada, Europe, Australia, and South Africa: two Bactrian camels (<i>Camelus bactrianus</i>); two Ankole-Watusi (<i>Bos taurus</i>); and single cases in a dromedary camel (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>); guanaco (<i>Lama guanicoe</i>); European bison (<i>Bison bonasus</i>); yak (<i>Bos grunniens</i>); scimitar-horned oryx (<i>Oryx dammah</i>); and common duiker (<i>Sylvicapra grimmia</i>). Age at presentation ranged from 15 mon to 16 yr; four of ten were castrated and six of ten intact. Of the ten reviewed cases, one animal was euthanized without attempting surgical resolution, one died under anesthesia before surgical intervention could be performed, and eight underwent surgery. Of the eight cases that survived surgery, two of eight recovered fully and required no further treatment, two of eight were euthanized within 72 h of surgery, and four of eight required at least one revision surgery, after which three of four recovered fully. Perineal urethrostomy (PU) was performed as the initial surgery in four of eight cases, urethrotomy in three of eight, and tube cystostomy in one of eight. The tube cystostomy recovered and required no further treatment. Of the cases having an initial PU, one of four recovered well, one of four was euthanized 72 h post-PU, and two of four required one or two revision PU surgeries from which the animals fully recovered. One of the urethrotomy cases was euthanized 24 h after surgery because of urinary bladder rupture; two reobstructed at 2 mon and 2 yr 3 mon after urethrotomy, and both were treated with PU surgery from which one recovered and one was euthanized 72 h post-PU. All initial surgeries were performed under field conditions; of the three successful revision surgeries, all were transported to a hospital environment for surgery. Hyperkalemia, hyperkalemia-hypermagnesemia, and anemia were associated with poor outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"346-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARISON OF AXILLARY, RECTAL, AND ESOPHAGEAL THERMOMETRY IN ANESTHETIZED LARGE FLYING FOXES (<i>PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS</i>).","authors":"Christian M Capobianco, Alanna N Johnson, Sarah E Crevasse, Sarah G Shippy, James F X Wellehan, Amy B Alexander","doi":"10.1638/2025-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2025-0047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypothermia is a common potentially serious complication of veterinary anesthesia, particularly affecting species with a large body surface area-to-mass ratio, such as Chiroptera. There are limited options for monitoring temperature in bats, with size being a significant limiting factor. This study evaluated three methods of temperature measurement-esophageal, rectal, and axillary-in a convenience sample of nine apparently healthy anesthetized large flying foxes (<i>Pteropus vampyrus</i>). At the time of anesthetic induction and every 5 min until recovery, rectal and esophageal temperatures were recorded. At the same time points, a temperature was obtained in the nonhaired axillary fold by using an infrared thermometer. There were significant differences in the mean temperatures obtained between sites at each time interval (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Esophageal temperature was consistently the lowest, with axillary and rectal temperature averaging -15 and -17°C (5.1 and 1.3°F) higher, respectively. Esophageal measurements correlated strongly with rectal temperatures (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), whereas axillary/esophageal and axillary/rectal correlations approached significance (<i>P</i> = 0.0519 and <i>P</i> = 0.0562, respectively). Esophageal thermometry should be used for accurate body temperature measurement in anesthetized large flying foxes if practical, with the rectal modality remaining an option for monitoring trends over time. Further research is necessary to validate the use of axillary thermometry with an infrared thermometer for monitoring temperature trends in this bat species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"57 2","pages":"206-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}