Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine最新文献

{"title":"SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS AND ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS QUANTIFICATION IN <i>VULPES VULPES</i> WITH SARCOPTIC MANGE.","authors":"Chloe R Dupleix, Samantha J Sander, Clarissa P Souza, Carolyn Cray","doi":"10.1638/2023-0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serum protein analyses are beneficial tools used to evaluate the health status of animals in a clinical veterinary setting. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is becoming more commonly used in diagnostic laboratories, and commercial reagents for the quantitation of acute phase proteins (APP) are available for validation in nondomesticated mammals. With increased numbers of red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) presenting to wildlife facilities with sarcoptic mange, there is a potential for a clinically impactful tool in protein electrophoresis and/or APP quantitation in this species. In this study, we evaluated 29 samples from 17 free-ranging red foxes from Illinois by CZE and APP quantitation. Serum amyloid A (SAA) reagents were validated for use in this species. Of the 17 red foxes enrolled in this study, 7 of them were successfully treated for sarcoptic mange, rehabilitated, and released or transferred to a licensed wildlife rehabilitator for continued care. All red foxes that were successfully treated in this study exhibited decreased SAA levels before release or transfer from the facility, and six of the seven red foxes showed a decrease in γ-globulin levels on release or transfer compared with intake. The results of this study provide preliminary data on serum protein analyses of red foxes, and these assays may have applications as diagnostic tools for assessing the health of the species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"127-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF BLUE-FOOTED BOOBIES (<i>SULA NEBOUXII EXCISA</i>) DETERMINED BY HEMATOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, BLOOD GASES, AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS.","authors":"Ashley E Cave, Jacqueline R Dillard, Catalina Ulloa, Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez, Alice Skehel, Diane Deresienski, Ronald K Passingham, Jason Castaneda, Gregory A Lewbart, Carlos A Valle","doi":"10.1638/2023-0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Galápagos blue-footed booby (<i>Sula nebouxii excisa</i>) is a sulid species endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. Here we present physical examination, breeding status, hematology, and blood chemistry results from 60 Galápagos blue-footed boobies that were captured by hand from their nesting site on North Seymour Island in June 2017 and July 2022. A portable blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used to obtain values in the field for hematocrit, hemoglobin, sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, total CO₂, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and anion gap for each bird. Blood lactate, total solids, packed cell volume, and blood smears were also assessed. A white blood cell differential was performed in 2017. The breeding status of each bird and the number of chicks in the nests were also recorded. Total CO₂, blood urea nitrogen, ionized calcium, potassium, anion gap, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were all higher in 2022 than in 2017. There were also more nests with chicks in 2022 than in 2017. Lactate, ionized calcium, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were all higher in females than in males, and blood urea nitrogen was higher in males than in females. These results provide a reference to the baseline health parameters in a free-living population of Galápagos blue-footed boobies that can be used to monitor the health status of this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPHENISCID ALPHAHERPESVIRUS 1 IN AFRICAN PENGUINS (<i>SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS</i>) WITHIN THE SPECIES SURVIVAL PLAN^© MANAGED POPULATION IN THE US: INCIDENCE AND POPULATION IMPACT.","authors":"Ivan I Castillo, Sudona Nelson, Karisa Tang, Shiyuan Deng, William Van Bonn, Matthew O'Connor, Kathryn C Gamble","doi":"10.1638/2023-0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spheniscid alphaherpesvirus-1 (SpAHV-1) is associated with respiratory disease in juvenile African penguins (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>). In 2020, this virus was detected in adult birds with clinical signs of respiratory disease in a previously asymptomatic colony of 21 birds following a recommended introduction of three new birds, including two with a history of herpesvirus as juveniles. Mild to moderate respiratory signs were noted in 33% (8/24) of the colony. SpAHV-1 DNA was detected in respiratory secreta by herpesvirus consensus PCR in three birds, although as the definitive source of the presentation, it could not be confirmed. Surveillance for SpAHV-1 was performed in all colony birds seven and 19 mo following resolution of respiratory disease signs. SpAHV-1 was detected via consensus herpesvirus PCR and sequencing in two apparently healthy individuals, including one which had clinical signs of respiratory disease and tested positive for SpAHV-1 during the original outbreak. Due to limited knowledge about this pathogen, a retrospective assessment regarding SpAHV-1 and respiratory disease was performed by analyzing survey data collected from 41 institutions holding African penguins in the Species Survival Plan^© (SSP) North American population from 2011-2021. From the 41 institutions that participated, 782 birds were evaluated and assessed, representing 70% of the total available population (n = 1,116). The majority (80%; 33/41) of participating institutions' veterinarians reported no knowledge of SpAHV-1 prior to this survey. Respiratory disease (e.g., sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, oropharyngeal plaques, pulmonary auscultation changes) was reported in 21.2% of the surveyed cohort. Most clinical signs were resolved within 3-30 dy, with an average duration of illness of 13 dy. The odds of respiratory disease were significantly higher in males (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and in non-transferred penguins as compared to those penguins transferred between institutions (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Only 5.6% of penguins (44/782) were tested for herpesviruses by PCR during the study period and of these birds, 18% (8/44) were positive for SpAHV-1. SpAHV-1 represents an important differential for respiratory disease in African penguins, but additional epidemiologic research is needed to determine the full impact of this pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRANSFORMING VETERINARIANS INTO INFLUENTIAL ORGANIZATIONAL PARTNERS USING COLLABORATIVE BUSINESS RISK ANALYSIS TO DRIVE ANIMAL WELL-BEING PROGRAMS.","authors":"Geoffrey W Pye, Whitney Greene, Deidre K Fontenot","doi":"10.1638/2024-0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditionally, animal preventive medicine programs have been based on reducing health risks to individuals or groups of animals within a zoo or aquarium collection with an emphasis on transmissible pathogens of concern. An alternative risk analysis method of using animal health risks that impact a zoo or aquarium business to drive animal well-being program strategy is suggested. Business risk lenses of value to the individual organization are determined and weighted prior to use for risk analysis. In this example, the lenses used were 1) partial or complete closure of a park, resort, or attraction; 2) damage to brand integrity; 3) disruption to population management; 4) impact on individual animal or population health (the traditional basis of preventive medicine programs); and 5) other organizational concerns. Using these five business risks lenses demonstrates a holistic view of the zoo or aquarium business that engages all parts of the organization in understanding and preventing animal health concerns, thus giving animals the best opportunity to thrive. This approach increases risk tolerance in veterinarians, as they are no longer held solely accountable for morbidity and mortality: the responsibility for protecting the health of the animals and the business is more evenly distributed across the organization. With veterinarians demonstrating more tolerance and flexibility, their value increases and they are engaged for greater influence across the organization.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UPPER DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY IN CAPTIVE COATIS (<i>NASUA NASUA</i>, LINNAEUS, 1766).","authors":"Marina Lazzari de Carvalho Campos, Sheila Canevese Rahal, Luna Scarpari Rolim, Luciane Dos Reis Mesquita, Guilherme Rech Cassanego, André Luis Filadelpho, Vivian Ferreira Rech","doi":"10.1638/2024-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to perform upper digestive endoscopy in clinically healthy coatis (<i>Nasua nasua</i>), based on descriptions in domestic dogs and cats. In addition, research was carried out for <i>Helicobacte</i>r in stomach samples. Five adult male coatis, weighing between 2.8 and 4.2 kg, kept in captivity were used. The examination was performed by using a flexible video endoscope with the animals under dissociative anesthesia and positioned in the left lateral decubitus. In general, endoscopic findings among animals were similar. The opening of the upper esophageal sphincter had an oval shape. The esophagus had a pale pink, smooth, and shiny mucosa, with submucosal vessels along its entire length. The contour of the trachea was evident with the impression of a curved appearance on the esophagus wall. Pulsation of the aortic arch was identified in the midthoracic region. The lower esophageal sphincter had an irregular shape resembling a star. In the stomach, rough folds and a mucous membrane with a darker pink color than the esophageal mucosa were observed. The antrum did not have the presence of mucous folds. The pylorus had an oval appearance with peristaltic movements, and the duodenal mucosa had a light pink color. The rapid urease test and histopathologic examination of stomach samples were negative for <i>Helicobacter</i> spp. In conclusion, upper digestive endoscopy of clinically healthy coatis has several similarities with those of domestic dogs and cats, without <i>Helicobacter</i> identification in stomach samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"141-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BENIGN OSSEOUS PROLIFERATIONS OF THE VENTRAL MANDIBLE IN TWO MALAYAN TAPIRS (<i>TAPIRUS INDICUS</i>) AND AN OKAPI (<i>OKAPI JOHNSTONI</i>).","authors":"Abigail C Henry, Jennifer C Hausmann, Naomi Hoyer, Sushan Han","doi":"10.1638/2023-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three cases of benign ossifying proliferations of the ventral mandible were diagnosed in a 22-month-old female Malayan tapir (<i>Tapirus indicus</i>), a 12-year-old male Malayan tapir, and a 19-month-old male okapi (<i>Okapi johnstoni</i>) at the Denver Zoo Conservation Alliance. The cases each presented with a firm, nonpainful mandibular swelling that would wax and wane in size and were minimally progressive radiographically. Positive reinforcement training, which included scratch down and station standing techniques, was used to obtain serial radiographs. Radiographs revealed mild periosteal proliferation ventral to cheek teeth with no tooth root involvement. A biopsy of the juvenile tapir's mandibular swelling confirmed benign ossifying exostosis. The other two animals did not have biopsies performed and their diagnoses were presumed to be the same as the juvenile tapir's due to similar radiographic findings. The clinical appearance of these lesions can resemble malignant diseases such as osteomyelitis, tumors, or dental maleruptions of ungulates. However, the lesions in the juvenile okapi and female Malayan tapir were found to be unrelated to adult tooth eruption, and the male Malayan tapir was an adult with complete permanent dentition. The mandibular swellings persist in both the okapi and adult tapir cases, respectively, four and two years after identification of each. No further histopathology has been performed in the three cases and the juvenile tapir was lost to follow-up. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of ossifying exostosis in a Malayan tapir and suspect diagnosis in an okapi. Benign ossifying exostosis should be a differential diagnosis for facial swellings in ungulates and further investigation including histopathology and long-term follow-up is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"161-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison Between Etorphine-Xylazine with or Without Butorphanol and Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine For the Anesthesia of Free-Ranging Musk Ox (<i>Ovibos moschatus</i>).","authors":"Benjamin Lamglait, Laura Van Driessche, Marion Jalenques, Vincent Brodeur, Joëlle Taillon, Pauline Delnatte, Steeve D Côté, Stéphane Lair","doi":"10.1638/2024-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Historically, free-ranging musk oxen (<i>Ovibos moschatus</i>) were anesthetized with potent opioids such as etorphine, which are often associated with marked respiratory depression. The goal of this study was to investigate alternatives to the etorphine-xylazine combination (EtXy) traditionally used in this species. First, the potential benefit of postinduction butorphanol administrations to musk oxen anesthetized with EtXy was assessed. Then, the use of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM-II) as an alternative to the use of potent opioids for the immobilization of free-ranging musk oxen was evaluated. Eighty-nine musk oxen were ground darted with either a combination of EtXy (n = 52) or BAM-II (n = 37), and 10 animals from the EtXy group received an IM injection of butorphanol at 1 mg/mg of etorphine (EtXyB). Intranasal oxygen (1 L/100 kg per minute) was administered to all animals. Respiratory rate, heart rate, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO₂), end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂), and rectal temperature were compared between groups. Postinduction butorphanol injection was associated with a decrease in heart rate (<i>P</i> = 0.001) and increases in respiratory rate (<i>P</i> < 0.001), rectal temperature (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and SpO₂ (<i>P</i> < 0.001), but did not affect EtCO₂ (<i>P</i> = 0.069). Musk oxen anesthetized with BAM-II had a significantly lower EtCO₂ (<i>P</i> = 0.009) and heart rate (<i>P</i> = 0.009) compared with musk oxen anesthetized with EtXy or EtXyB, and a higher SpO₂ compared with animals anesthetized with EtXy (<i>P</i> < 0.001). There was no significant difference between induction (<i>P</i> = 0.98) or recovery (<i>P</i> = 0.74) time for the three protocols used. This study provides evidence that postinduction butorphanol administration added to the etorphine-xylazine protocol can decrease respiratory depression. Additionally, BAM-II can be used as an affective drug combination to immobilize musk oxen in their natural environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PATHOLOGY CAUSED BY THE TREMATODE <i>CIRCUMVITELLATREMA MOMOTA</i> IN FREE-RANGE WILD BLUE-CROWNED MOTMOTS (<i>MOMOTUS MOMOTA</i>) IN CENTRAL AMERICA.","authors":"Aida J Chaves-Hernandez, Ana Jiménez-Rocha, Dioney Quesada-Vasquez, Adrián Lizano-Zumbado, Juan C Martínez, Mauricio Jiménez-Soto","doi":"10.1638/2023-0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wildlife conservation law in Costa Rica protects common motmots (<i>Momotus momota</i>), limiting the specimens available to study their health and biology. This report describes the finding of the trematode <i>Circumvitellatrema momota</i> in the trachea, air sacs, lung, and celomatic cavity of two free-living <i>M. momota</i>. Histiocytic air sacculitis and pleuritis with granulomas containing trematodes, as well as adhesions between the air sacs and pericardium, were observed. In addition, histiocytic pneumonia, air sacculitis, celomitis, ulcerative tracheitis, and necrotizing histiocytic hepatitis showing intralesional parasites were detected. Eggs with morphology compatible with <i>C. momota</i> were found in the feces of both birds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of <i>C. momota</i> in motmots of Central America. As may be seen in the second case, severe respiratory compromise was possibly affecting the bird's capacity to fly. Longitudinal studies of the host, parasite, and environment are necessary to understand the implication for <i>C momota</i> infection to the health and survival of the common motmot.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"121-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CARDIAC ASSESSMENTS AND IMPLANTABLE LOOP RECORDER PLACEMENT IN THREE MALE GELADAS (<i>THEROPITHECUS GELADA</i>).","authors":"Stephanie H Zec, Marc Miller, Charlotte Hollinger, Lori Croft, Martin Goldman, Kathy D'Andrea, Jessica E Moody, Colleen McCann, Susan L Bartlett","doi":"10.1638/2024-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac disease is a common cause of mortality in many primates housed in zoological settings. At the Bronx Zoo, between 2007 and 2018, there were ten incidences of sudden cardiac death in adult male geladas (<i>Theropithecus gelada</i>), none of which showed premonitory signs. Due to concerns of occult cardiac disease and fatal arrhythmogenic events, complete cardiac examinations were performed in three clinically normal, adult male geladas. Examinations included thoracic radiographs, transthoracic echocardiograms (echo), 12-lead ECG, and continuous ECG monitoring using an Implantable Loop Recorder (Reveal LINQ^TM Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN 55432, USA). Serum lipid profiles, vitamin E concentration, cardiac troponin I isoform (cTnI), and complete blood work were also performed. Wireless downloads from the implantable loop recorders were obtained intermittently for up to 2.5 years after placement. One male had an elevated cTnI level (210 ng/L), reduced ejection fraction (46%), and multiple episodes of supraventricular tachycardia and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Due to the abnormalities on ECG and echo, he was treated with metoprolol and lisinopril. Treatment was continued for nearly two years, until the animal had sudden cardiac death secondary to sustained ventricular fibrillation, which was confirmed by postmortem download of the loop recorder data and correlated with histologic evidence of cardiomyopathy. Implantable loop recorders greatly enhance the ability to diagnose and treat arrhythmias in primates and understand the mechanisms behind sudden cardiac deaths. Further studies are needed to establish cTnI, echocardiogram, and electrocardiogram reference ranges for this species, as well as appropriate treatment protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESTABLISHING REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR SERUM INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND INVESTIGATING THEIR STORAGE STABILITY AND CLINICAL UTILITY IN ASIAN WILD HORSES (<i>EQUUS FERUS PRZEWALSKII</i>) UNDER MANAGED CARE.","authors":"Shannon Toy, Sandra R Black, Adriana R Pastor, Douglas P Whiteside","doi":"10.1638/2024-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute phase proteins (APPs) are commonly used in domestic equine practice, where they rise rapidly in response to inflammation and decrease soon after resolution. This response provides useful information to identify, monitor, and prognosticate a variety of inflammatory conditions. Asian wild horses (<i>Equus ferus przewalskii</i>) are an endangered relative of the domestic horse, and APP reference intervals (RI) and clinical utility in this species are not well documented. This study used serum samples from clinically healthy Asian wild horses under managed care to establish RI for serum amyloid A (SAA, <i>n</i> = 21) using an equine SAA assay and haptoglobin (HP, <i>n</i> = 23) using a proprietary assay. The utility of SAA and HP in identifying inflammation in clinically abnormal horses was assessed, and storage stability of these analytes under refrigerated conditions was determined. The RIs established in this study were 0.3-6.8 mg/L for SAA and 0-3.25 g/L for HP. Six clinically abnormal cases were retrospectively assessed using the RI established in this study. One case of pituitary neoplasia showed elevated SAA levels, one case of maxillary lip phaeohyphomycosis and concurrent endometritis showed elevations in SAA and HP, and one case of chronic laminitis had elevated SAA. Storage stability of SAA and HP were assessed at 4°C over 7 d. SAA significantly decreased between Time 0 h and Time 72 h, but increased again at 7 d with no significant difference between Time 0 h and Time 7 d. Because of the initial decrease in SAA concentration over the first 72 h, it is recommended that SAA is analyzed within 48 h if freezing or immediate analysis is not possible. There was no significant difference between HP between Time 0 h and Time 7 d, suggesting stability of this analyte over this period if freezing or immediate analysis is not possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"54-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}