Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine最新文献

{"title":"EVALUATION OF PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM ON POSTCAPTURE MORTALITY AND ACTIVITIES IN GREATER SANDHILL CRANES (<i>ANTIGONE CANADENSIS TABIDA</i>).","authors":"Benjamin T Jakobek, Christine Lepage, Kelly McLean, Stéphane Lair","doi":"10.1638/2023-0111","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cases of exertional myopathy (EM) have been reported following the capture of greater sandhill cranes (<i>Antigone canadensis tabida</i>) for research and management purposes. Antioxidants, such as vitamin E and selenium, have been suggested to reduce the risk of capture myopathy in Galliformes, but their prophylactic use against EM development in cranes has not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine if an IM injection of vitamin E and selenium during handling would influence postcapture activity and movement of cannon net-captured greater sandhill cranes. The hypothesis was that antioxidant-injected cranes would show higher postcapture movement, activity levels, and survival rate compared with the control group, indicating a protective effect on muscular integrity. It was also hypothesized that increasing capture time's adverse effects on postcapture movement would be alleviated by antioxidant treatment. Twenty wild adult greater sandhill cranes captured for the deployment of Global Positioning System-Global System for Mobile Communications transmitters were included. Ten cranes received 3.27 ± 0.14 IU/kg vitamin E and 0.072 ± 0.025 mg/kg of selenium IM, and the control group (<i>n</i> = 10) received 0.10 ml saline IM. Specific intervals related to capture time (time to injection and total handling duration), as well as morphological measurements, were recorded. Activity, speed, altitude, and displacement were recorded at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7 d, and 14 d postcapture for all individuals. There was no mortality in sandhill cranes from either group in the 4 mon postrelease and no difference in postcapture activity indicators between the groups. A significant negative correlation between the 24 h displacement and the time from net capture to injection was detected when both groups were combined and in the treatment group alone. This study does not support the hypothesis that injections of vitamin E and selenium could reduce the risk of EM in cranes handled under these conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"381-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FIRST REPORT OF <i>CLINOSTOMUM</i> SPP. IN THREE SPECIES OF STRIGIFORMES (<i>MEGASCOPS ASIO</i>, <i>STRIX VARIA</i>, <i>BUBO VIRGINIANUS</i>).","authors":"Loren J Lassiter, Araceli Lucio-Forster, Manigandan Lejeune, Rebecca Young, Sara Childs-Sanford","doi":"10.1638/2024-0090","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clinostomum</i> spp. are digenetic trematodes commonly found in piscivorous birds. At the Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital in Ithaca, NY, trematode (also known as fluke) infections were identified in six owls admitted to the hospital from 2020 to 2023 representing three species: an Eastern screech owl (<i>Megascops asio</i>) (<i>n</i> = 1), barred owls (<i>Strix varia</i>) (<i>n</i> = 3), and great horned owls (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>) (<i>n</i> = 2). All individuals were presented to the wildlife hospital following vehicular trauma except for the two great horned owls. Trematodes observed in the oral cavities of these birds during initial physical examinations were presumptively identified as <i>Clinostomum</i> sp. based on their appearance and location. Molecular characterization based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) marker that was performed on specimens removed from the screech owl (Case 1) and a barred owl (Case 3) identified these trematodes as <i>Clinostomum dolichorchum</i>. The specimen from another barred owl (Case 2) did not have a strong match with any reported COX1 sequence and could only be identified to the genus level as <i>Clinostomum</i> sp. There are limited reports of <i>Clinostomum</i> spp. in raptors, and this is the first known documentation of infection in these three owl species. Though these parasites are often considered nonpathogenic, heavy parasitic loads can cause clinical disease and may have contributed to the clinical condition of two of these owls. Further study is needed to understand the effects of <i>Clinostomum</i> spp. in atypical hosts such as owls (Strigiformes).</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"434-440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEOPLASIA AND PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS IN FREE-RANGING MOUNTAIN AND GRAUER'S GORILLAS (<i>GORILLA BERINGEI</i>).","authors":"Maya L Iyer, Kirsten V Gilardi, Michael R Cranfield, Sarah M Corner, Eddy Kambale Syaluha, Jean Bosco Noheri, Benard Ssebide, Jean Felix Kinani, Fred Nizeyimana, Ricky Okwir Okello, Julius Nziza, Martin Kabuyaya, Methode Bahizi, Richard Muvunyi, Elisabeth Nyirakaragire, Tierra Smiley Evans, Linda J Lowenstine","doi":"10.1638/2024-0080","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are no published data on the occurrence of neoplasia in wild great apes of any species. The aim of this study was to utilize postmortem and histopathology reports collected from wild human-habituated mountain gorillas (<i>Gorilla beringei beringei</i>) and Grauer's gorillas (<i>Gorilla beringei graueri</i>) to determine both the incidence and types of spontaneous neoplasms and proliferative lesions that occur in these species. Pathology records of 194 mountain gorillas and 12 Grauer's gorillas necropsied from 1985 to 2020 were examined for all cases of neoplasia or hyperplastic/proliferative disease. Slides and/or scanned images were reviewed to confirm morphologic diagnoses. Data were collected on comorbidities that may have contributed to neoplastic/proliferative transformation. A total of nine malignant neoplasms were identified: large cell anaplastic B-cell lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinoma (two cases), gastric carcinoid, oral mucocutaneous malignant melanoma, gastric carcinoma <i>in situ</i> (two cases), squamous cell carcinoma of the lip, and renal adenocarcinoma. Benign lesions included pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical adenoma (two cases), parathyroid adenoma, mandibular fibroma with gingival hyperplasia, and uterine hemangioma. Proliferative gastritis was commonly identified secondary to gastrointestinal parasitism (n = 35); chronic inflammation from nematodiasis may have led to neoplastic transformation of hyperplastic mucosal epithelium. Other hyperplastic lesions included nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex (n = 9), adrenal medulla (n = 7) and thyroid glands (n = 3), pulmonary reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in infants and juveniles (n = 16), as well as nodular splenic siderofibrosis (n = 5) that may be associated with parasite migration. These findings demonstrate that free-ranging mountain and Grauer's gorillas in a natural environment develop neoplasia and proliferative disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"208-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PNEUMONIA AS A CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN JUVENILE AND ADULT RED PANDAS (<i>AILURUS FULGENS STYANI</i>) IN CHENGDU, CHINA.","authors":"Yunli Li, Dongsheng Zhang, Xiaoyan Su, Chanjuan Yue, Jingchao Lan, Xi Peng, Xia Yan, Lin Li, Hongwen Zhang, Mei Yang, Rong Hou, James E Ayala, Xueyang Fan, Rita McManamon, Songrui Liu","doi":"10.1638/2023-0125","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>) is an endangered herbivorous mammal, with wild populations distributed in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Published scientific work indicates that pneumonia is still an important cause of death in ex situ populations of red pandas, particularly in neonates. This retrospective study used historical necropsy records, systematic necropsies, and pathogen detection methods to identify histopathologic patterns and pathogens in red pandas that had died with fatal respiratory disease at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, China, from 2014 to 2020. Of a total of 62 deceased red pandas, 25 were diagnosed with pneumonia, with an incidence rate of 40.3%. Pneumonia was the cause of death for the six juveniles and eight adults in the study of the 25 that had the diagnosis of pneumonia on record. Microbiologic cultures with sequencing identified <i>Acinetobacter johnsonii</i>, <i>Bacillus ciccensis</i>, <i>Streptococcus gallinaceus</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i> from individuals with pneumonia. Two other cases involved nematode parasite infections; PCR sequencing identified one nematode as <i>Strongyloides</i> sp.; the other nematode could not be identified. Additional systematic in-depth studies on the epidemiology of disease patterns in managed red pandas are needed to clarify the susceptibility to pathogens, trends in disease occurrence, and identification of other risk factors, such as novel infectious agents, which may affect the stability and welfare of both ex situ and in situ populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"311-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR D-DIMER CONCENTRATION, FIBRINOGEN CONCENTRATION, AND AUTOMATED PLATELET COUNT IN JUVENILE ASIAN (<i>ELEPHAS MAXIMUS</i>) AND AFRICAN (<i>LOXODONTA AFRICANA</i>) ELEPHANTS WITHOUT ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS.","authors":"Marjorie Bercier, Marjory B Brooks, Erin Latimer","doi":"10.1638/2024-0097","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is the leading cause of mortality in juvenile ex situ Asian elephants (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) and is increasingly reported as a cause of morbidity and mortality in juvenile African elephants (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>). A bleeding diathesis, with signs suggestive of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), has been described in cases of EEHV-HD. Results of platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, and D-dimer concentration are included in the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) overt DIC scoring system. The objective of this study was to establish reference intervals for these laboratory assays in healthy juvenile elephants in order to evaluate the ISTH DIC scoring system for these species. Twenty-four African and 20 Asian elephants, between 1 and 15 yr of age, were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were obtained from each individual at a single point in time for D-dimer concentration, platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, and EEHV qPCR. All EEHV qPCR results were negative. No significant difference existed between species for D-dimer concentration (<i>P</i> = 0.17) or platelet counts (<i>P</i> = 0.052). Asian elephants had significantly higher fibrinogen concentrations (320.05 ± 44.58 mg/dl; mean ± SE) compared with African elephants (256.13 ± 29.35 mg/dl, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Fibrinogen was significantly higher in male (273.89 ± 27.64 mg/dl) compared with female (245.47 ± 25.57 mg/dl) African elephants (<i>P</i> = 0.02). There was a moderately strong positive correlation between platelet count and age in African elephants (<i>R</i> = 0.51, <i>P</i> = 0.03). The other analytes did not differ significantly with age and sex for either species (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Reference intervals for D-dimer concentration, fibrinogen concentration, and automated platelet counts were determined for each species using the robust and the parametric methods. Results from this study provide the foundational knowledge required for the development of an overt DIC scoring system in juvenile elephants with EEHV-HD.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"337-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARISON OF CIRCULATING AND HEPATIC VITAMIN AND MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS IN ELASMOBRANCHS UNDER MANAGED CARE.","authors":"Greta Doden, Peter M DiGeronimo, Pratyaydipta Rudra, John P Buchweitz, Justin Zyskowski, João Brandão","doi":"10.1638/2023-0124","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both blood and liver samples can be used to evaluate vitamin, mineral, and heavy metal concentrations clinically. In elasmobranchs, it is unknown whether circulating concentrations of these analytes reflect concentrations in storage organs such as the liver. The purpose of this study was to report hepatic concentrations of select heavy metals and to compare concentrations of select vitamins and minerals in paired blood and liver samples in captive elasmobranchs. Blood (serum or lithium heparinized plasma) samples collected perimortem and hepatic tissue samples collected during necropsy from 27 elasmobranchs were included. Taxa (order, species), sex (male, female), and age class (immature, mature) were recorded. Vitamin A, vitamin E, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc were measured in both blood and liver. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and thallium concentrations were reported for liver only. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each analyte. Statistical analysis was performed with scatter plots with fitted regression lines, box plots, and a multiple linear regression model for multivariate analysis. Only the correlation between blood and liver concentrations of molybdenum (<i>P</i> < 0.001), cobalt (<i>P</i> = 0.001), iron (<i>P</i> = 0.014), and vitamin A (<i>P</i> = 0.020) were statistically significant. Significant differences in blood manganese and molybdenum, and hepatic vitamin A, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc were found between taxonomic orders. However, no differences based on sex or age class were detected. Future research is needed to elucidate the clinical significance of circulating versus tissue vitamin and mineral concentrations in elasmobranchs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"293-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF ANIMAL HOLDING TIME ON HEMATOLOGIC VALUES AND BLOOD LACTATE OF FREE-RANGING ENDANGERED VIRGIN ISLAND BOAS (<i>CHILABOTHRUS GRANTI</i>).","authors":"Andrea N Persson, Ashley R Souza, Kate E Archibald, Dustin Smith, R Graham Reynolds, Larry J Minter","doi":"10.1638/2023-0068","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physiological stress responses are well documented among squamate reptiles, but much less so among some endangered species of snakes, such as West Indian boas (genus <i>Chilabothrus</i>). The aims of this study include identifying and establishing a hematologic reference interval as well as determining the effect of animal holding time on hematologic parameters and blood lactate in Virgin Islands boas (<i>Chilabothrus granti</i>). A total of 49 wild adult Virgin Islands boas (22 males, 27 females) were collected during two study periods in the US Virgin Islands. Blood samples were obtained after a median of 89 min postcapture (T1) and again the following day, approximately 12 h later (T2). Blood lactate concentration was significantly lower at T2 (<i>P</i> < 0.001) compared to T1. Estimated total white blood cell (WBC) count did not differ between T1 and T2 (<i>P</i> = 0.19). Heterophils and azurophils were significantly increased at T2 (<i>P</i> < 0.001 and <i>P</i> < 0.001, respectively), and lymphocytes were significantly decreased (<i>P</i> < 0.001) at T2. Eosinophils were significantly increased at T2 (<i>P</i> = 0.02). No significant differences were noted in either monocytes or basophils (<i>P</i> = 0.83 and <i>P</i> = 0.30, respectively). This study demonstrates that stress associated with animal capture and handling may alter the hemogram in this species, resulting in increased levels of circulating heterophils, decreased levels of lymphocytes, and a significant increase in azurophils. This study also demonstrates that blood lactate concentration in Virgin Islands boas is elevated following collection and handling and decreases significantly after an extended holding period.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"346-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATION OF CARAPACIAL REPAIR TECHNIQUES FOR INJURED TURTLES PRESENTING TO A WILDLIFE CLINIC.","authors":"Rachel G Carpenter, Aswini Cherukuri, Gregory A Lewbart, Kim R Love, Sarah M Ozawa","doi":"10.1638/2024-0083","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chelonians commonly present to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine's Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) for shell injuries. Several shell repair protocols are described in the literature, but many of these techniques are invasive, require a surgical plane of anesthesia, can result in infections or iatrogenic trauma, and are inaccessible in the wildlife rehabilitation setting. The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate three minimally invasive and inexpensive carapace fracture repair methods used at the TRT from 2012-2021. In total, 1,761 turtles presented with carapace fractures. Fracture repairs were performed in 428 turtles and were successful in 236 patients (55.1%). A successful outcome was defined as a fracture that was stable on manual palpation and the patient survived to release. The fracture did not stabilize but the subject survived to release in 13 cases (3.0%). Out of the repairs performed, there were 110 (25.7%) hook-and-wire procedures, 93 (21.7%) fragment removals, 94 (21.9%) marginal hole-and-wire repairs, and 131 (30.6%) repairs that included a combination of procedures. Success rates were highest for fragment removal (69.9%), followed by marginal hole- and-wire repairs (63.8%). The combined hook-and-wire procedures with fragment removal achieved a success rate of 57.9%, while hook-and-wire procedures alone saw a success rate of 47.3%. No complications arising from stabilization procedures were reported. The odds of success were significantly higher in adult males (OR = 3.904, 95% CI = 1.200, 12.705) and females (OR = 3.636, 95% CI = 1.087, 12.158) compared to juvenile turtles. A prognostic scoring system was developed based on published literature and clinical experience at TRT; the odds of success decreased as the prognosis moved from excellent to grave (OR = 0.330, 95% CI = 0.233, 0.458). These minimally invasive techniques should be considered in future chelonian fracture repairs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"316-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEALTH ASSESSMENTS OF FEMALE DIAMONDBACK TERRAPINS (<i>MALACLEMYS TERRAPIN</i>) FROM TWO NESTING POPULATIONS IN JAMAICA BAY, NEW YORK CITY, USA.","authors":"Noah Díaz-Portalatín, Miranda J Sadar, Paul P Calle, Victoria Jemec, Angela Perry, Patricia Toledo, Batya R Nightingale, Tracie A Seimon, Russell L Burke","doi":"10.1638/2024-0053","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diamondback terrapin (<i>Malaclemys terrapin</i>) is a unique turtle species living in brackish water, with numerous factors contributing to population declines throughout its range along the US eastern and Gulf of Mexico coasts and Bermuda. Health assessments, including clinical examination (<i>n</i> = 37), CBC and plasma biochemistry (<i>n</i> = 25), and priority chelonian pathogen testing (herpesvirus, ranavirus, adenovirus, tortoise intranuclear coccidiosis [TINC], and <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp.; <i>n</i> = 37) were performed on terrapins from two variably successful nesting populations in Jamaica Bay, an urban estuarine bay in New York City (Ruler's Bar Hassock [RBH] and John F. Kennedy International Airport [JFK]). Reference values were determined for clinicopathologic tests. The terrapins from the growing population at JFK had significantly higher magnesium, blood urea nitrogen, and γ-glutamyl transferase, as well as lower eosinophils, prealbumin, and albumin, than those from the declining RBH population. Although increased magnesium may support normal egg production and eosinophilia may support parasitic infection, no other clinicopathologic differences between the populations are considered likely to be correlated with reproductive success. No systemic physical examination abnormalities or hemoparasites were identified. All individuals were negative for herpesvirus, ranavirus, and TINC. Diamondback terrapins in New York City have a high prevalence of a novel <i>Mycoplasma</i> sp. (86% of samples tested were positive). A novel adenovirus was also identified with 19% prevalence. Diamondback terrapins that were positive for this novel <i>Mycoplasma</i> sp. or adenovirus exhibited no clinical signs, physical examination abnormalities, or clinicopathologic alterations. These findings support the growing body of evidence that some species of <i>Mycoplasma</i> and adenoviruses may be asymptomatically harbored by some chelonian species, though their importance to ecosystem health or potential pathogenicity to other chelonians warrants further studies and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"281-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RESPIRATORY-ASSOCIATED DISEASE IN SNOW LEOPARDS (<i>PANTHERA UNCIA</i>) IN A NORTH AMERICAN ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTION: 1997-2022.","authors":"Emma K Wunderlich, Susan L Bartlett, Denise McAloose, William J Orrico, Bonnie L Raphael, Donna Doherty, Nora Beirne, Paul P Calle","doi":"10.1638/2023-0129","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory diseases in snow leopards (<i>Panthera uncia</i>) are poorly described. A retrospective study was performed in snow leopards housed in two zoos between January 1997 and June 2022. Nearly half (45%, 33/73) of the individuals evaluated had at least one episode of respiratory signs in the 25-yr study period, and more than half of those individuals (61%, 20/33) experienced respiratory disease more than once in their lifetime. Medical records of individuals with respiratory disease were assessed for clinical signs, diagnostic procedures, etiology, treatment, illness duration, and clinical outcome. Nasal discharge was the most common clinical sign reported overall (65%, 45/69). Tachypnea/dyspnea (75%, 3/4), lethargy (100%, 4/4), and weight loss/inappetence (100%, 4/4) were frequently noted in respiratory cases that resulted in death. Many respiratory cases (67%, 46/69) were either confirmed or suspected to be infectious in origin. Culture identified respiratory pathogens in most cases (95%, 21/22) in which it was performed. Among the cases for which a pathogen was identified, <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. was the most common (61%, 14/23). <i>Bordetella bronchiseptica</i> was also frequently diagnosed (39%, 9/23) and was the sole pathogen identified in two cases. Both <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. and <i>B</i>. <i>bronchiseptica</i> were significantly more likely to be associated with clinical disease in neonates and juveniles than in adults and geriatrics. To our knowledge, these are the first documented cases of <i>B</i>. <i>bronchiseptica</i>-associated respiratory disease in nondomestic felids in the peer-reviewed literature. Feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus were infrequently detected, despite the use of primarily inactivated vaccinations with documented low immunogenicity. <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was commonly cultured in mortality cases (75%, 3/4). Coinfections were common (91%, 21/23), with only two cases identifying a single agent. Antibiogram results suggest that aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulfa, enrofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were the most effective antibiotic choices for the identified respiratory pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 2","pages":"228-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}