Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine最新文献

{"title":"SEASONAL VARIATION OF BLOOD ANALYTES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN HEALTH IN ALASKAN ICE SEALS.","authors":"Courtney Pace, Caroline E C Goertz, Natalie Hunter, Taylor Abraham, John Goertz, Colleen Reichmuth","doi":"10.1638/2024-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent unusual mortality events involving skin pathology in bearded (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>), ringed (<i>Pusa hispida</i>), and spotted seals (<i>Phoca largha</i>) in Alaska highlight the potential sensitivity of ice-associated species to the complex effects of climate change. The regulation of thyroid hormones, cortisol, and vitamin A have been shown to play essential roles in skin health and seasonal molt in some pinnipeds. Unfortunately, the lack of available reference data for healthy Alaskan ice seals has prevented the adequate evaluation of these factors in cases associated with mortality events. To improve understanding of blood analytes that may serve as useful markers of skin health, we compiled diagnostic information for individuals in long-term managed care following short-term rehabilitation. Thyroid hormones (TT4, TT3, and FT4d), cortisol, and vitamin A levels are reported for four ringed seals, four spotted seals, and three bearded seals at the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, Alaska, with serial samples obtained when possible and referenced to time of year. For ringed and spotted seals, the thyroid hormones and vitamin A showed a strong seasonal pattern with peak values obtained during the annual molt in spring, whereas cortisol values did not vary predictably between molting and non-molting periods. Trends were similar for individuals across both sex and species. Bearded seals had fewer available data for younger individuals only, but observed analyte values are provided for this understudied species. Collectively, these measurements can be used to support veterinary management of ice seals under human care and to provide initial baselines for skin health monitoring in wild populations and in stranded individuals with known skin lesions or pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"994-1004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BLOOD AND TISSUE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN BEARDED DRAGONS (<i>POGONA VITTICEPS</i>).","authors":"Mariana Sosa Higareda, Lisa Pacumio, Mélanie Ammersbach, Hugues Beaufrère","doi":"10.1638/2024-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bearded dragons (<i>Pogona vitticeps</i>) are a common reptile species kept under human care and suffer from a wide range of diseases for which plasma biochemistry is used as a first-line diagnostic test. There is limited information available regarding tissue enzyme activities and origin that could assist in interpreting the bearded dragon plasma biochemistry enzymology profile. The aim of this study was to characterize the tissue activities of seven enzymes routinely used in the reptile biochemistry panel: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) in 12 adult inland bearded dragons in 13 tissues, plasma, and red blood cells. CK activity was highest in skeletal muscle followed by cardiac muscle; ALT and AST were distributed in several tissues and were relatively non-specific for all organs, additionally hepatic fat accumulation reduced AST hepatic activity on a weight per weight basis. ALP and GGT activities were mostly high in the kidneys; LDH activity was elevated in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle followed by liver; and GLDH had primarily high enzyme activities in liver. Low red blood cell enzyme activities suggest that hemolysis is unlikely to artifactually increase AST or LDH plasma concentrations. These results provide a stepping stone to improve the interpretation of biochemistry results in bearded dragons, especially as it compares to other reptile species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"983-993"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHRONIC GASTRIC INSTABILITY IN REHABILITATED VIRGINIA OPOSSUMS (<i>DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA</i>).","authors":"Amanda L Rappaport, Cert AqV, Renée G Schott","doi":"10.1638/2024-0036","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic gastric instability (CGI), potentially part of the gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) syndrome, was identified in four free-ranging Virginia opossums (<i>Didelphis virginiana</i>) treated at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Minnesota in Roseville, Minnesota. These individuals displayed lack of expected weight gain, inappetence, gastric gas distension, and delayed gastric emptying time. One was diagnosed with GDV via diagnostic radiology, whereas the other three were diagnosed with suspected CGI using radiographs, ultrasound, and confirmed with exploratory surgery. Clinical signs fully resolved after surgical intervention and supportive management in all four cases. This case series illustrates the clinical signs, diagnostics, and treatment of CGI in Virginia opossums.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1088-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AS PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR SUCCESSFUL REHABILITATION IN CONFISCATED TEMMINCK'S PANGOLINS (<i>SMUTSIA TEMMINCKII</i>).","authors":"Charlotte E Bentley, Laston Chimaliro, Ian P Ashpole, Victoria Curr-Smith","doi":"10.1638/2024-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The establishment of prognostic indicators in wildlife patients aids clinical decision-making and resource allocation. Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters were evaluated as potential prognostic indicators in wild Temminck's pangolins (<i>Smutsia temminckii</i>) rescued from the illegal wildlife trade. In this prospective cohort study, EDTA and lithium heparin blood samples were collected from the ventral coccygeal vein in 41 pangolins within 48 h of confiscation and before veterinary intervention. Receiving operator characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess each parameter as a prognostic indicator for release outcome and, where known, for 28 d survival postadmission. RBC counts, hemoglobin concentration, and Hct were significantly lower in female than in male pangolins. On intake, pangolins that later failed to be released had significantly lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and higher creatinine (Crea) values than individuals that were released. Individuals with lower MCHC or higher Crea values were also less likely to achieve 28-d survival. No pangolin with MCHC < 30.2 g/dl, BUN > 84 mg/dl, or Crea > 0.8 mg/dl was successfully rehabilitated. No other hematological or biochemical parameter, including plasma cortisol, total protein, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose, showed significant prognostic value. This study suggests that MCHC, BUN, and Crea measured on intake are useful prognostic indicators for rehabilitation success and MCHC and Crea for short-term survival in Temminck's pangolins.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"972-982"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS AND SEROPREVALENCE OF HEMORRHAGIC DISEASES FOR FREE-RANGING MULE DEER (<i>ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS</i>) IN WEST TEXAS.","authors":"Ashley M Reeves, Shawn S Gray, John-Clayton Campbell, Louis A Harveson, Clayton D Hilton, Levi J Heffelfinger, Cary M Springer, David G Hewitt, Warren C Conway, Robert O Dittmar","doi":"10.1638/2023-0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wildlife species are routinely captured for translocation, general health monitoring, and research-based pursuits to guide wildlife management. Mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>) were captured for various research projects and management actions in the Trans-Pecos and Panhandle regions of Texas from 2015 to 2019. The objective of this study was to develop hematologic and biochemical parameters for free-ranging mule deer in Texas and to develop a health monitoring system for current and future mule deer population management. Blood samples were collected from 364 mule deer (male = 81; female = 283) and complete blood counts and serum biochemical profiles were performed by Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. A subset of 263 individuals, deemed healthy based on several inclusion criteria, were used to establish normal reference intervals for the species. The deer were also tested for serologic evidence of previous exposure to bluetongue virus (BTV) and/or epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) to further characterize the health status of the population. Several variables associated with deer capture and/or health status, including the use of anesthetic drugs, elevated body temperature, capture location, and sex, affected mean blood values; however, the development of separate reference intervals by class was not warranted because of the lack of any clinically relevant change. Antibodies to BTV and EHDV were identified in 76% (277/364) and 78% (285/364) of the population, respectively, and 71% (258/364) had antibodies to both diseases. This study provides hematologic and biochemical reference intervals based on a subpopulation of apparently healthy free-ranging mule deer that should guide wildlife managers in decision-making for future conservation and restoration objectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1019-1031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVIDENCE FOR ADRENAL DYSFUNCTION CONTRIBUTING TO PERACUTE MORTALITY SYNDROME IN RED PANDA (<i>AILURUS FULGENS</i>).","authors":"Lauren P Kane, Copper Aitken-Palmer, Lily Parkinson, Carrie A Kuzma, Kathleen M Colegrove, Martha A Delaney","doi":"10.1638/2023-0029","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Red pandas (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>) are endangered with extinction due to deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Reported causes of unexpected death in managed red pandas include kidney, liver, gastrointestinal, and cardiac disease. A previously undetailed syndrome, red panda peracute mortality syndrome, may be emerging, as red pandas have died unexpectedly, with no clear cause of death identified at necropsy. This case series describes the clinical and postmortem findings of five red pandas at Brookfield Zoo with abnormal adrenal size and associated histologic lesions as possible contributing factors to acute death. Antemortem clinical signs consisted of thin body condition, vomiting, intermittent diarrhea, neck ventroflexion, ataxia, and electrolyte abnormalities. Mortality may have been due to abnormal adrenal function, resulting in fatal electrolyte disturbances. Antemortem adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests indicated an inappropriate response to ACTH with persistently low cortisol and aldosterone levels after cosyntropin administration. Clinical improvement was seen when red pandas were provided steroids, but all cases were eventually fatal. Further study is needed to understand red panda peracute mortality syndrome and associated adrenal dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1104-1113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PENILE ABNORMALITIES IN WILD-BORN CAPTIVE CHEETAHS (<i>ACINONYX JUBATUS</i>).","authors":"Ana F F Basto, Anahi Hidalgo, Laurie Marker, Natasha Bornman, Anne Schmidt-Küntzel","doi":"10.1638/2023-0121","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Penile abnormalities in cheetahs (<i>Acinonyx jubatus</i>) are rare but can present significant challenges to both captive and wild populations. This is the first report of penile abnormalities in cheetahs, and results from the screening of 549 male individuals from 1994 to 2023. Four cases of penile abnormalities were identified and included three types of penile abnormalities: one case of frenulum persistence, one case of paraphimosis, and two cases of penile-preputial adherence. Their clinical presentation and treatment are described here. The diagnostic workup for each case involved a combination of physical examinations and anesthesia-assisted evaluations. Treatment strategies varied depending on the specific penile abnormality, but all included surgical intervention and supportive care. Through these case reports, it becomes evident that penile abnormalities in cheetahs, while rare, can manifest in different forms. Underlying causes are as yet unknown for the cheetah. Breeding decisions need to be tailored to individual cases and include consideration of the overall genetic value of the individual to the population relative to the risk of the abnormality potentially including an inheritable component. Penile abnormalities have the potential to affect the reproductive health and overall well-being of affected animals; hence early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely interventions are crucial for successful management and treatment. These multiple case reports emphasize the need for further research on penile abnormalities in cheetahs to enhance our understanding of the underlying causes, risk factors, and potential long-term implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1076-1081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SEROCONVERSION CAN PRECEDE CULTURE CONFIRMED DIAGNOSIS OF <i>MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS</i> INFECTION IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (<i>ELEPHAS MAXIMUS</i>) BY DECADES.","authors":"Michele A Miller, Paul P Calle, Jackie Gai, Carlos Sanchez, Lydia Young","doi":"10.1638/2024-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>M. tb</i>) infection was diagnosed in 16 human-managed Asian elephants (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) at four different US facilities. A retrospective review was performed to collate information on serological test results and describe the timelines from exposure to an elephant known to be positive for <i>M. tb</i>, detection of antimycobacterial antibodies in the exposed elephant, and <i>M. tb</i> isolation from the exposed elephant to confirm diagnosis. Seroconversion was defined by a positive test result using ElephantTB STAT-PAK, multiantigen print immunoassay, or DPP VetTB assay for elephants (Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc). Fifteen elephants were adults (age ≥24 yr) at first seroconversion and 26 yr or older when confirmed by a positive <i>M. tb</i> culture. Six animals were diagnosed postmortem, and 10 were diagnosed antemortem by positive trunk wash (TW) culture. The interval between last known exposure to an <i>M. tb</i>-positive elephant and serological conversion was 8.5 yr (median; range 0-18 yr) in the eight animals that had not already seroconverted. The median time from seroconversion to isolation of <i>M. tb</i> was 2.8 yr in elephants diagnosed by TW culture (antemortem) compared with those diagnosed postmortem (median 1.2 yr). Of the 10 elephants diagnosed antemortem, four were seropositive for 14 or more yr (range 0-33 yr) prior to the <i>M. tb</i>-positive culture. The median number of negative TW samples submitted between seroconversion and diagnosis by culture was 16 (range 0-151 samples). In contrast, a median of 48 negative TW cultures and 10 yr elapsed (range 0-41 yr) between exposure and culture diagnosis. Although this descriptive report has limitations, these findings are useful for veterinarians faced with an <i>M. tb</i>-seropositive elephant. This report supports the recommendation of increasing TW surveillance if an elephant has a history of exposure to an <i>M. tb</i>-positive elephant and has multiple seropositive results.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1082-1087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BLOOD FATTY ACID PROFILES IN CHILEAN (<i>PHOENICOPTERUS CHILENSIS</i>) AND CARIBBEAN (<i>PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER</i>) FLAMINGOS IN MANAGED CARE.","authors":"Lauren E Mumm, Kimberly D Ange-van Heugten, Sam Young, Doug Bibus, Timothy A Georoff, Larry J Minter","doi":"10.1638/2023-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flamingos in managed care are vulnerable to inflammatory states, including pododermatitis, trauma, and capture myopathy. Fatty acids are an important component of well-balanced nutrition and crucial to endogenous immune responses associated with these conditions, yet fatty acids have not been assessed in flamingos. This study reported complete whole blood circulating fatty acid profiles in two flamingo species in managed care receiving different diets. Whole blood from Chilean flamingos (<i>Phoenicopterus chilensis</i>) (n=16) and Caribbean flamingos (<i>Phoenicopterus ruber</i>) (n=17) was collected during routine exams and prepared on blood spot cards for complete fatty acid profile analysis in which 24 individual fatty acids, nine fatty acids groups, and four calculated parameters were quantifiable. Non-parametric statistical analysis compared profiles between species, and between sex of Chilean flamingos. The median ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was 5.64. Chilean flamingos had significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) higher percentages of 11 individual fatty acids, total polyunsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids, total omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4w6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5w3) ratio, and total EPA + DHA, whereas Caribbean flamingos had significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) higher percentages of eight individual fatty acids, and total saturated fatty acids. Male Chilean flamingos had significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) higher percentages of AA, EPA, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas females had significantly (<i>P</i><0.05) higher oleic acid (18:1w9), total monounsaturated fatty acids, and total omega-9 fatty acids. Differences reported are highly attributable to variability in diet, although differences in fatty acid synthesizing pathways and hormonal influences may also play a role. This novel fatty acid data set in healthy flamingos is a valuable reference for complete health evaluations in managed care settings. Further comparisons with controlled diets and inclusion of free-ranging animals may enhance clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1032-1041"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SERIAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT WITH STANDARDIZED EXTERNAL SCORING AND HEMOLYMPH EVALUATION IN THE AMERICAN HORSESHOE CRAB (<i>LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS</i>).","authors":"Kendra C Baker, Pilar J Nelson, Elizabeth S Hines, Jill E Arnold, Laura L Hungerford, Aimee L Berliner","doi":"10.1638/2023-0136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serial health assessment of a managed population of American horseshoe crabs (HSC; <i>Limulus polyphemus</i>) was performed. Twenty HSC were examined once a month for 7 mon; this included a physical exam with a standardized scoring sheet, HR, morphometrics, and hemolymph evaluation with hemocyte count, copper concentration, and biochemistry panel. The HSC in this population had varying levels of external lesions at enrollment. All HSC were clinically and behaviorally stable over the study period, with no apparent differences in evaluated parameters in relation to degree of external lesions. Although the standardized scoring sheet was found to be helpful to complete the evaluation, the qualitative criteria potentially masks clinically important gradations in some parameters. HR ranged from 4 to 60 bpm, with high intra- and interindividual variability. Increased prosomal widths (PW) were found to be correlated with lower HR. Plots of weight (W) in grams divided by PW in centimeters are roughly linear, and W:PW shows promise as a method of body condition evaluation in a hard-shelled animal. Serial collection of ∼2 ml of hemolymph led to no appreciable clinical decline in any animal. Total protein levels were stable and higher than previously reported for HSC in managed care. Glucose values were stable throughout the study period, which is interpreted as reflecting adequate nutritional intake in the study animals. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of standardized vertebrate biochemistry panels in invertebrate species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"959-971"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}