Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine最新文献

{"title":"CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF VATINOXAN IN BLESBOK (<i>DAMALISCUS PYGARGUS PHILLIPSI</i>) IMMOBILIZED WITH THIAFENTANIL-MEDETOMIDINE.","authors":"Annette Roug, Chris Smith, Jacobus P Raath, Leith R Meyer, Liesel L Laubscher","doi":"10.1638/2023-0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combinations of a low dose of opioid, such as thiafentanil, and a high dose of medetomidine, are increasingly being used for immobilization of African ungulates. Both drugs can have undesirable cardiorespiratory effects. In this study we assessed whether vatinoxan, a peripherally acting alpha₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, can be used to alleviate some of these effects without affecting the immobilization quality. Eight healthy, female, boma-confined blesbok (<i>Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi</i>), weighing a mean (SDtion) of 56.8 (4.4) kg, were immobilized twice in a randomized cross-over study with a 2-wk washout period using (1) 0.5 mg thiafentanil + 1.5 mg medetomidine (TM), (2) TM + vatinoxan: 0.5 mg thiafentanil + 1.5 mg medetomidine + 15 mg vatinoxan per milligram medetomidine (total of 22.5 mg, administered intramuscularly at 10 min post recumbency). Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO₂), arterial blood pressure, and sedation scores from 1 to 5 (1 = limited effect; 5 = excessively deep) were measured every 5 min. Arterial blood gases (PaO₂ and PaCO₂) were measured at 10, 15, 25, and 35 min postrecumbency and the alveolar--arterial oxygen gradient (P[A-a]O₂) was calculated. Induction times and immobilization quality did not differ between groups. The heart rate was significantly higher and the mean arterial pressure significantly lower in blesbok after receiving vatinoxan. All animals were hypoxemic and there were no significant differences in the respiratory rates, PaO₂, PaCO₂, SpO₂, or P(A-a)O₂ gradients at any time point. Although vatinoxan did not improve respiratory variables and blood oxygenation in these animals, the change in cardiovascular variables may suggest that it improves tissue perfusion, a positive outcome that requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CYSTOCENTESIS AND URINALYSIS IN ZOOMEDICINE: AN UNDERESTIMATED TOOL FOR LARGE FELID STANDARD HEALTH CHECKS.","authors":"Hanna Rauch-Schmücking, Julia Bohner, Frank Goeritz, Denyse Bakker, Gabrielle Stalder, Peter Stenvinkel, Richard J Johnson, Paul G Shiels, Irene Redtenbacher, Idu Azogu-Sepe, Iwan A Burgener, Johanna Painer-Gigler","doi":"10.1638/2023-0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent disease among felids; yet its origin is still poorly understood, and the disease often remains asymptomatic for years, underscoring the need for early diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of urinalysis in accurately staging CKD, particularly as routine health checks in large felids often overlook its significance. In this research, ultrasound-guided cystocentesis (UGC) was performed on 50 captive nondomestic felids during routine veterinary health checks under general anesthesia. Urinalysis included microscopic examination of the sediment, measurement of urine specific gravity (USG) and protein to creatinine ratio (UPC). Additional serum kidney markers, such as creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine, were compared with USG and UPC to assess their diagnostic value as urinary biomarkers. The results demonstrated proteinuria (UPC > 0.4) or borderline proteinuria (UPC 0.2-0.4) in 49% of the animals. Among these cases, 62% were of renal origin, and 38% were postrenal causes. USG was significantly higher in felids with borderline proteinuria compared to those with proteinuria. A moderate, but significant negative correlation between serum parameters and USG was observed, emphasizing the importance of assessing both diagnostic parameters during kidney evaluations. Additionally, felids with CKD have an increased risk of urinary tract infections, necessitating microscopic urinalysis and bacterial culture analysis. Abnormalities, including hematuria, pyuria, crystalluria, and bacteriuria, were found in approximately 38% of cases through microscopical examination of urine. No complications associated with UGC were observed and abnormal findings were detected in 60% of the cases. Based on these results, the authors recommend the inclusion of UGC and urinalysis as standard diagnostic tools in general health checks for nondomestic felids. This approach provides valuable insights into the early detection and staging of CKD, supporting early intervention and supportive medical care to prolong renal health in these animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN STELLER SEA LIONS (<i>EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS</i>) UNDER PROFESSIONAL CARE IN NORTH AMERICAN AQUARIUMS FROM 1979 TO 2021.","authors":"Amber M Lum, Allison D Tuttle, Molly E Martony, Eric T Anderson, Chelsea E Anderson, Martin Haulena, Caroline E C Goertz, Stephen A Raverty, Kathy A Burek-Huntington, Laura A Thompson, J Lawrence Dunn","doi":"10.1638/2023-0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To date, published comprehensive pathology investigations documented in Steller sea lions (SSL; <i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) are from free-ranging populations, whereas health data from those under professional care in aquariums are currently lacking. A retrospective review of gross and histopathologic reports of SSL under human care in North American aquariums from 1979 to 2021 (<i>n</i> = 20) was performed. Associations between age, sex, or birth origin (born in aquariums versus the wild) with cause of death (COD) and comorbidities were explored. Age was significantly associated with development of endocrine organ pathology (<i>P</i> = 0.011). A relationship between age and both cardiovascular and ocular disease was suggested by the data, but did not reach significance (<i>P</i> = 0.058). Ocular disease was significantly associated with being born in aquariums (<i>P</i> = 0.022). The most common COD was neoplasia (<i>n</i> = 10), which was significantly associated with aged animals (<i>P</i> = 0.038). Less frequent COD included sepsis (confirmed, <i>n</i> = 2; suspected, <i>n</i> = 3), cardiomyopathy (<i>n</i> = 1), clostridial enteritis (<i>n</i> = 1), <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. (<i>n</i> = 1), complication secondary to sedation (<i>n</i> = 1), and unknown (<i>n</i> = 1). This is the first report documenting the high prevalence of neoplasia in SSL, with tumors found incidentally in three individuals, frequent metastasis (10/13, 77%), and many cases of multiple primary malignancies (6/13, 46%). These data expand upon the current understanding of disease in SSL, highlight this species' predisposition to neoplasia with increasing longevity, and underscore the need for heightened screening in aged animals, which may ultimately serve to elevate the care of SSL under professional care in aquariums.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADAPTATION OF A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE WESTERN BLOT KIT FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODY TO <i>ASPERGILLUS</i> IN PENGUINS IN FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES.","authors":"Antoine Leclerc, Raphaël Piarroux, Adriana Callico, Ellen Bronson, Carolyn Cray","doi":"10.1638/2024-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antemortem serodiagnosis of aspergillosis remains challenging in Sphenisciformes. Protein electrophoresis, serology (antibody, antigen) by ELISA, and gliotoxin detection provide variable diagnostic value. In the present study, a commercially available Western blot (WB) validated for use in humans and dolphins was adapted for use with penguin samples. Using the same method and reagents, samples were analyzed from multiple institutions in the United States and one facility in France. This was inclusive of normal juvenile African penguins (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>, n = 10) and various species of penguins in the United States with confirmed infection (n = 9) as well as 52 samples from Humboldt penguins (<i>Spheniscus humboldti</i>) in France. Cumulative WB scores (based on reactivity to different antigens) were found to be significantly higher in the group of penguins with confirmed infection (p < 0.0001). Significant differences were also observed between the clinically normal penguins in the two populations, with higher scores in the United States (median score 1.0, 95%CI [0-5], min 0, max 11) compared to France (median score 0,95%CI [0-0], min 0, max 5). The utilization of the WB as a diagnostic tool is inconclusive due to the use of samples from varying institutions, environmental background, age, and stages of infection. However, this tool may provide an overview of antigen reactivity in penguins infected with <i>Aspergillus</i> to help design a more robust serology assay and further understand the humoral immune response during infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BIOMECHANICAL VARIABLES OF THE FOOT IN SOUND RETICULATED GIRAFFES (<i>GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA</i>) IN HUMAN CARE.","authors":"Sarah F Muirhead, June Olds, Sathya K Chinnadurai, Jennifer Schleining","doi":"10.1638/2020-0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2020-0055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lameness is an important veterinary and welfare concern for giraffes in human care. To date, there is limited information on the objective weight-bearing characteristics of the foot in giraffes, making evidence-based decisions for foot care and lameness treatment subjective. Eleven young-adult reticulated giraffes (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata</i>; median age, 3.5 yr [range, 13 mon-13 yr]), with no clinical lameness or visible hoof overgrowth when viewed from standing, voluntarily walked across a commercially available pressure-sensitive walkway. Footfalls were analyzed for force, pressure, surface area, and impulse from each foot. The weight-bearing claw was also determined based on pressure in both the front and hind limbs. The data obtained suggest that the main weight-bearing claw is the lateral claw in both the forelimbs and the hind limbs the majority of the time, but is inconsistent. The forelimbs also had greater values for all biomechanical variables than the hind limbs. The higher force and pressure suggest that giraffe forelimbs are subjected to greater biomechanical stress than the hind limbs. The relative maximum force from front limbs to hind limbs was 59:41. For these clinically sound giraffes, the center of force was consistently located in the interdigital space approximately equidistant from the toe and heel correlating with the center of mass of the limb. Furthermore, foot strikes occurred in a heel-first pattern. A pressure-sensitive walkway was well tolerated by all animals in the study and may be used in future research to help further elucidate factors that contribute to lameness in giraffes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GASTRIC POLYPOID HYPERPLASIA IN MORAY EELS (<i>MURAENIDAE</i>): EIGHT CASES.","authors":"David J Minich, Michael M Garner","doi":"10.1638/2024-0001","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2024-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastric and intestinal mucosal hyperplasia and polyps are identified as a cause of morbidity and mortality in moray eels. This report describes the clinical presentations, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic interventions in eight moray eels diagnosed with gastric polypoid hyperplasia. All described cases were humanely euthanized or found deceased, and multifocal adenomatous hyperplasia and polyps extending from the gastric mucosal epithelium were identified in all cases. The moray eels diagnosed with adenomatous hyperplasia and polyps often exhibited anorexia, regurgitation, and occasional changes in buoyancy, and supportive care was unsuccessful in alleviating or resolving these signs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GUT MICROBIOME DIVERSITY OF THREE RHINOCEROS SPECIES IN EUROPEAN ZOOS.","authors":"Roy M van der Meijs, Willem van Leeuwen, Casper Prins, Floyd Wittink, Walter Pirovano, Daniël Duijsings, Bartholomeus van den Bogert, Linda G R Bruins-van Sonsbeek","doi":"10.1638/2023-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The wild rhinoceros populations have declined drastically in the past decades because the rhinoceros are heavily hunted for their horns. Zoological institutions aim to conserve rhinoceros populations in captivity, but one of the challenges of <i>ex situ</i> conservation is to provide food sources that resemble those available in the wild. Considering that the mammalian gut microbiota is a pivotal player in their host's health, the gut microbiota of rhinoceros may also play a role in the bioavailability of nutrients. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the fecal microbiome composition of grazing white rhinoceros (WR; <i>Ceratotherium simum</i>) and greater one-horned rhinoceros (GOHR; <i>Rhinoceros unicornis</i>) as well as the browsing black rhinoceros (BR; <i>Diceros bicornis</i>) kept in European zoos. Over the course of 1 yr, 166 fecal samples in total were collected from 9 BR (<i>n</i> = 39), 10 GOHR (<i>n</i> = 56), and 14 WR (<i>n</i> = 71) from 23 zoological institutions. The bacterial composition in the samples was determined using 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing. The fecal microbiomes of rhinoceros clustered by species, with BR clustering more distantly from GOHR and WR. Furthermore, the data report clustering of rhinoceros microbiota according to individual rhinoceros and institutional origin, showing that zoological institutions play a significant role in shaping the gut microbiome of rhinoceros species. In addition, BR exhibit a relatively higher microbial diversity than GOHR and WR. BR seem more susceptible to microbial gut changes and appear to have a more diverse microbiome composition among individuals than GOHR and WR. These data expand on the role of gut microbes and can provide baseline data for continued efforts in rhinoceros conservation and health status.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PLASMA PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS IN THE WHITE STORK (<i>CICONIA CICONIA</i>): AGREEMENT BETWEEN AGAROSE GEL VERSUS CAPILLARY ZONE METHODS AND DEVELOPMENT OF REFERENCE INTERVALS.","authors":"Milan Thorel, Yannick Roman, Antoine Leclerc","doi":"10.1638/2022-0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2022-0101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The white stork (<i>Ciconia ciconia</i>) is a ciconiiform species widely represented in zoological institutions. Plasma protein electrophoresis is widely used in avian patients for assessment of inflammatory conditions, but reference intervals for this testing modality are lacking for the white stork. The two main electrophoretic methods are agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). This study assessed fresh plasma samples of healthy adult white storks (<i>n</i> = 30). Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate agreement between AGE and CZE. Typical electrophoretic fractions were obtained from both methods (prealbumin, albumin, α₁, α₂, β, γ₁, and γ₂). The AGE and CZE methods were not equivalent for determining major electrophoretic fractions (except β-globulins) and albumin:globulin ratio on plasma samples. An additional prealbumin fraction was seen with CZE. Reference intervals were established for each method as the smallest <i>n</i> group was 27 individuals for a given value; most values had normal distribution, and robust or parametric methods were used on the data.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM-XYLAZINE ANESTHESIA IN <i>EX SITU</i> BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEYS (<i>ATELES GEOFFROYI</i> SSP.).","authors":"Julio A Mercado, Horacio de la Cueva, Jacobo Romano Noriega, Alejandro N Rojas, Alejandro Campos, Nadine Lamberski","doi":"10.1638/2020-0214","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2020-0214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Black-handed spider monkeys (<i>Ateles geoffroyi</i> ssp.) are endangered in Mexico. Safe anesthetic protocols are important for <i>in situ</i> and <i>ex situ</i> conservation problems. Such protocols are scarce in the literature; nor have safety and physiologic responses been reported. High doses and volume are a counter side for field immobilizations. We tested an anesthetic protocol with a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam (5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1 mg/kg) in 14 black-handed spider monkeys under human care from two facilities in Mexico. Physiological parameters such as HR, RR, T, SPO₂, systolic arterial pressure (), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and median arterial pressure (MAP) were obtained. HR and RR decreased over time, but T increased significantly during the anesthetic time for the whole group; RR and T decreased for juveniles only. Variation between individuals was observed for HR, RR, and DAP. Volume reduction of drugs was achieved compared to previously reported anesthesia protocols. Induction time was fast (6.2 ± 10.4 min) and no tail prehension was seen. Recovery was prolonged (mean and SD). Physiologic parameters remained stable throughout. The protocol proved to be safe for the chemical immobilization of black-handed spider monkeys.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>SCHIZANGIELLA</i> INFECTIONS IN AN EASTERN RATSNAKE (<i>PANTHEROPHIS ALLEGHANIENSIS</i>) AND A TIMBER RATTLESNAKE (<i>CROTALUS HORRIDUS</i>).","authors":"Emily D Velez, Michael M Garner, Elliott R Jacobson, Peres Badial, Christopher J Bonar, Gary L Riggs, Jordan E Adair, James F X Wellehan, Robert J Ossiboff","doi":"10.1638/2023-0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report describes <i>Schizangiella</i> infections in colubrid and viperid snakes. A captive eastern ratsnake (<i>Pantherophis alleghaniensis</i>) was presented for a large intraoral mass associated with the mandible. The mass was debulked and histologic examination revealed severe, granulomatous stomatitis with intralesional fungi exhibiting morphologic features consistent with <i>Schizangiella serpentis</i>. PCR and sequencing of affected tissues confirmed <i>S. serpentis</i>. Because of declining health, the ratsnake was euthanized and postmortem examination identified a disseminated <i>S. serpentis</i> infection involving the skeletal musculature, lung, kidney, mesentery, and mandible. A wild-caught timber rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridu</i>s) was presented for cutaneous lesions, weakness, and lethargy and later died. Postmortem examination revealed a mass-like structure in the esophagus characterized by high numbers of <i>Schizangiella</i>-like fungi associated with extensive granulomatous inflammation; the snake also had cutaneous mycosis suggestive of ophidiomycosis. This is the first report to document the unique morphologic features of <i>S. serpentis</i> in tissues and the presentation of schizangiellosis in snakes. Schizangiellosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for nodular lesions involving the oral cavity and/or the gastrointestinal tract of snakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}