Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine最新文献

{"title":"TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM-XYLAZINE ANESTHESIA IN <i>EX SITU</i> BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEYS (<i>ATELES GEOFFROYI</i> SSP.).","authors":"Julio A Mercado, Horacio de la Cueva, Jacobo Romano Noriega, Alejandro N Rojas, Alejandro Campos, Nadine Lamberski","doi":"10.1638/2020-0214","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2020-0214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Black-handed spider monkeys (<i>Ateles geoffroyi</i> ssp.) are endangered in Mexico. Safe anesthetic protocols are important for <i>in situ</i> and <i>ex situ</i> conservation problems. Such protocols are scarce in the literature; nor have safety and physiologic responses been reported. High doses and volume are a counter side for field immobilizations. We tested an anesthetic protocol with a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam (5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1 mg/kg) in 14 black-handed spider monkeys under human care from two facilities in Mexico. Physiological parameters such as HR, RR, T, SPO₂, systolic arterial pressure (), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and median arterial pressure (MAP) were obtained. HR and RR decreased over time, but T increased significantly during the anesthetic time for the whole group; RR and T decreased for juveniles only. Variation between individuals was observed for HR, RR, and DAP. Volume reduction of drugs was achieved compared to previously reported anesthesia protocols. Induction time was fast (6.2 ± 10.4 min) and no tail prehension was seen. Recovery was prolonged (mean and SD). Physiologic parameters remained stable throughout. The protocol proved to be safe for the chemical immobilization of black-handed spider monkeys.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"466-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>SCHIZANGIELLA</i> INFECTIONS IN AN EASTERN RATSNAKE (<i>PANTHEROPHIS ALLEGHANIENSIS</i>) AND A TIMBER RATTLESNAKE (<i>CROTALUS HORRIDUS</i>).","authors":"Emily D Velez, Michael M Garner, Elliott R Jacobson, Peres Badial, Christopher J Bonar, Gary L Riggs, Jordan E Adair, James F X Wellehan, Robert J Ossiboff","doi":"10.1638/2023-0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report describes <i>Schizangiella</i> infections in colubrid and viperid snakes. A captive eastern ratsnake (<i>Pantherophis alleghaniensis</i>) was presented for a large intraoral mass associated with the mandible. The mass was debulked and histologic examination revealed severe, granulomatous stomatitis with intralesional fungi exhibiting morphologic features consistent with <i>Schizangiella serpentis</i>. PCR and sequencing of affected tissues confirmed <i>S. serpentis</i>. Because of declining health, the ratsnake was euthanized and postmortem examination identified a disseminated <i>S. serpentis</i> infection involving the skeletal musculature, lung, kidney, mesentery, and mandible. A wild-caught timber rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridu</i>s) was presented for cutaneous lesions, weakness, and lethargy and later died. Postmortem examination revealed a mass-like structure in the esophagus characterized by high numbers of <i>Schizangiella</i>-like fungi associated with extensive granulomatous inflammation; the snake also had cutaneous mycosis suggestive of ophidiomycosis. This is the first report to document the unique morphologic features of <i>S. serpentis</i> in tissues and the presentation of schizangiellosis in snakes. Schizangiellosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for nodular lesions involving the oral cavity and/or the gastrointestinal tract of snakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"540-546"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PILOT STUDY OF INTRACOELOMIC TERBINAFINE IMPLANTS IN GREATER SIRENS (<i>SIREN LACERTINA</i>).","authors":"Anastasia E Towe, Rebecca H Hardman, Sherry Cox, Wesley C Sheley, Joseph A DeMarchi, E Davis Carter, Debra L Miller","doi":"10.1638/2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chytridiomycosis caused by <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>) has been documented in greater sirens (<i>Siren lacertina</i>) in the wild and in the pet trade. This study evaluated the use of terbinafine-impregnated implants for chytridiomycosis prophylaxis in greater sirens exposed to <i>Bd</i>. Implants were placed intracoelomically in both control (blank implant, n = 4) and treatment (24.5 mg of terbinafine implant, n = 4) groups. Sirens were exposed to <i>Bd</i> zoospores via 24-h immersion bath at 1 and 2 mon postimplant placement. Blood was collected monthly for plasma terbinafine levels, and skin swabs were collected weekly for <i>Bd</i> quantitative PCR. Animals with terbinafine implants had detectable concentrations of plasma terbinafine ranging from 17 to 102 ng/ml. Only one terbinafine-implanted animal had a peak concentration above the published minimum inhibitory concentration for terbinafine against <i>Bd</i> zoospores (63 ng/ml); however, it is unknown how plasma terbinafine concentrations relate to concentrations in the skin. There was no difference between the two treatment groups in clinical signs or <i>Bd</i> clearance rate, and no adverse effects from implants were observed. These findings indicate using intracoelomic drug implants for drug delivery in amphibians is safe; however, terbinafine efficacy in preventing <i>Bd</i> chytridiomycosis in sirens remains unclear. Further investigation of the use of intracoelomic implants and identification of effective drugs and doses in other amphibian species against <i>Bd</i> and other infectious diseases is warranted, as this may provide a practical method for long-term drug delivery in wildlife.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"453-461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETROSPECTIVE HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY OF RING-TAILED LEMURS (<i>LEMUR CATTA</i>) ON ST. CATHERINES ISLAND, GEORGIA, USA.","authors":"Annie Page, Deena Brenner, Terry M Norton","doi":"10.1638/2022-0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2022-0088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Annual health records were retrospectively analyzed for a colony of ring-tailed lemurs (<i>Lemur catta</i>) inhabiting St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA to establish baseline hematological and serum biochemical parameters and determine sex- and age-related differences. Summarized complete blood count and serum biochemistry panel results are presented for 85 blood samples collected from 54 lemurs at annual health exams during 1998-2003. Within each of four age classes (infant, <1 yr; juvenile, 1-5 yr; adult, ≥ 6 yr), data were stratified and summarized based on sex. Lemur age was a significant positive predictor of mean corpuscular hemoglobin; absolute concentrations of neutrophils, monocytes, and band cells; serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, globulins, lipase, and total protein; and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity. Lemur age was a significant negative predictor of albumin:globulins ratio; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity; and serum concentrations of calcium, cholesterol, glucose, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and triglycerides. Neutrophil proportions increased with aging and lymphocyte proportions decreased with aging, particularly in females. Recent steep population declines of wild ring-tailed lemurs make their successful husbandry and medical care an increasingly pressing concern. These biomedical data will aid in clinical diagnosis and treatment of lemurs in human care, and support conservation efforts for this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"436-446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THREE CASES OF CLINICAL LEPTOSPIROSIS IN PATAGONIAN MARAS (<i>DOLICHOTIS PATAGONUM</i>).","authors":"Taylr Wells, Matti Kiupel, Rinosh Mani, Sally A Nofs, Kimberly A Thompson, Ronan Eustace","doi":"10.1638/2023-0042","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rodents are typically viewed as asymptomatic reservoirs for leptospirosis infection, as clinical disease in rodents is rarely described. This report includes three separate cases of leptospirosis in Patagonian maras (<i>Dolichotis patagonum</i>) over a 3-yr period in multiple locations within a single zoo. All three cases presented with varying clinical signs including lethargy, conjunctival hyperemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and presumed renal azotemia. Infection with <i>Leptospira</i> spp. was diagnosed antemortem by PCR on whole blood (<i>n</i> = 1, Case 1) or urine (<i>n</i> = 2, Cases 2 and 3). <i>Leptospira</i> antibody titers measured by serum microagglutination testing (<i>n</i> = 3) were elevated or increased in all three animals over a 1-3-wk period for <i>Leptospira</i> serovars Bratislava and Hardjo (Case 1) and Grippotyphosa (Case 2 and 3). Two of the three animals responded to treatment with penicillin and doxycycline and supportive care, whereas one animal did not respond to treatment. Postmortem findings in this individual included conjunctivitis, chemosis, dehydration, icterus, tricavitary serosanguinous effusions, necrotizing hepatitis, diffuse pulmonary congestion, and edema. Immunohistochemical examination identified scattered <i>Leptospira</i> organisms within hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. A wild raccoon (<i>Procyon lotor</i>) at the institution tested positive by PCR on kidney tissue for the same <i>Leptospira</i> spp. serovar and was the suspected source of infection. This case series highlights the clinical importance of leptospirosis as a differential for Patagonian maras presenting with lethargy, ocular signs, acute hepatic disease, and azotemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"502-510"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CASE DEFINITION AND TREATMENT TRIAL OF TETANY SYNDROME IN PANAMANIAN GOLDEN FROGS (<i>ATELOPUS ZETEKI</i>).","authors":"Sean P Coyne, Kevin Barrett, Jennifer Shultz, John A Flanders, Ellen Bronson","doi":"10.1638/2023-0075","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mass extinction of amphibians necessitates specialized programs to ensure species' survival. Maryland Zoo in Baltimore houses the largest assurance population of the critically endangered Panamanian golden frog (<i>Atelopus zeteki</i>). However, individuals in this population experience a tetany-like syndrome, characterized by rigid/inappropriately positioned limbs and difficulty hopping, swimming, and righting. In this study, a syndrome case definition was assigned and the associated clinical signs were described. Then, four different treatments were systematically assessed in order to find the most effective protocol for treatment and begin to elucidate its underlying causes. Eighty-three frogs fulfilled the case definition and were treated orally for 14 d with either calcium gluconate, magnesium chloride, supplemental gavage feeding, or combination of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B complex. Frogs were tested with a defined protocol assessing hopping, righting, and swimming abilities. Testing was performed at symptom onset and repeated weekly until resolution occurred. Analyses revealed that combination treatment was significantly more effective in eliminating clinical signs of tetany syndrome. Results show the most effective way to treat this syndrome, but do not help elucidate the underlying cause. Future work will focus on examining factors (e.g., diet, husbandry) that may elicit the syndrome for a more complete understanding of its etiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"447-452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FOUR CASES OF SEVERED PEDUNCLES IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (<i>TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS</i>) ALONG THE ALABAMA COAST.","authors":"McKenzie R Munday, Mackenzie L Russell, Cristina Díaz Clark, Martha A Delaney, Michael J Kinsel, Ruth H Carmichael, Jennifer C G Bloodgood","doi":"10.1638/2023-0126","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alabama (AL) is a hotspot in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) for human interaction-related cetacean strandings, including harassment, vessel strikes, and fisheries interactions. We examined four bottlenose dolphins (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>) stranded dead along the AL coast during 2012-2017 with severed peduncles suspected to be related to human interaction (HI). Evidence from each case, including photographs, gross necropsy results, and histopathologic findings when available, was reviewed to determine the mode of severance and whether it contributed to death. In each case, the severance site had smooth, clean edges on at least one side, indicating the use of a sharp instrument to remove the caudal peduncle and flukes. Three cases also had evidence of fisheries interactions, including linear impressions around the rostrum, fins and/or flukes, indicating that these animals may have been entangled in fisheries gear prior to death. Histopathology in one of these cases revealed that the severance occurred perimortem; speculatively, the caudal peduncle and flukes may have been cut off to facilitate removing the dolphin from its entanglement. Although cases of amputation and mutilation are not uncommon globally among stranding reports, few cases have been described and analyzed in the literature. This paper is the first to document and compare multiple cases of severed peduncles with evidence of HI, including fisheries, in the GoM. This case series enhances our understanding of the types of HI occurring in bottlenose dolphins and highlights the need for continued public education, policy, and management to address cases like these.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"521-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY REVIEW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM <i>EX SITU</i> POPULATION OF EUROPEAN WILDCATS (<i>FELIS SILVESTRIS</i>) BETWEEN 2000 AND 2021.","authors":"Bárbara Ferreira, Simon Girling, Amanda Guthrie, Ellie Milnes, Mark F Stidworthy, Alice Bacon","doi":"10.1638/2023-0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Scottish population of the European wildcat (<i>Felis silvestris</i>), the only remaining native felid species in the United Kingdom, is critically endangered and was declared functionally extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2019. This retrospective study investigated the causes of morbidity and mortality reported in the United Kingdom captive wildcat population from 01 January 2000 to 31 December 2021. The aim was to assess the health and welfare of <i>ex situ</i> wildcats and, by making recommendations for management based on study findings, contribute to the sustainability of the population under managed care. Younger wildcats accounted for 85.7% of all morbidity cases (kittens, 7/77; young adults, 59/77), and the gastrointestinal (67.5% [52/77]), musculoskeletal (10.4% [8/77]), and integumentary (5.2% [4/77]) systems were most affected. Mortality was primarily associated with disease of the gastrointestinal (13.5% [12/89]), respiratory (13.5% [12/89]), neurological (5.6% [5/89]), and renal (5.6% [5/89]) systems. One quarter of all the histopathology examinations reported gastritis with associated <i>Helicobacter</i>-like organisms, often combined with pancreatitis or cholangiohepatitis. Neonates represented 25% (22/89) of all deaths, a high percentage compared with that of previous reviews in other nondomestic felids.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"369-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FATAL ACUTE HEMOLYSIS FOLLOWING TRIAZOLE THERAPY IN AFRICAN PENGUINS (<i>SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS</i>).","authors":"Courtney N Patson, Elizabeth J Elsmo, Lauren Trepanier, Michael M Garner, Michael J Murray, Ellen Bronson, Lorelei L Clarke, Sherry K Cox, Robert J Ossiboff, Marley E Iredale, Bryce M Miller, Lindsey Waxman, Eric Littman, Mary I Thurber","doi":"10.1638/2023-0073","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aspergillosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in penguins, with triazole antifungal drugs being commonly used for prophylaxis and treatment. This report describes 15 cases of fatal hemolysis associated with liquid itraconazole and voriconazole formulations administered to African penguins (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>) from four institutions. All penguins underwent stressful events (e.g. relocation, induced molt) and were administered commercial liquid itraconazole formulations or compounded voriconazole liquid suspension. Observed clinical signs in affected penguins prior to death included hyporexia, weight loss, lethargy, dyspnea, red-tinged droppings, and obtunded mentation. Intra- and extravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuric nephrosis were the primary pathologic manifestations on postmortem examination. The concentration-dependent hemolytic potentials of itraconazole, voriconazole, and commercial and compounded vehicle suspensions were evaluated in vitro by exposing chicken whole blood as a surrogate for penguin blood. Hemoglobin content in blood plasma was then measured by spectrophotometry. Neither itraconazole nor voriconazole alone induced hemolysis in vitro. The vehicle ingredients sorbitol and hydromellose induced hemolysis, but not at predicted plasma levels in chicken erythrocytes, suggesting neither the azole antifungals nor their major vehicles alone were likely to contribute to hemolysis in vivo in these penguins. Potential mechanisms of toxicosis include generation of an unmeasured reactive metabolite causing hemolysis, preexisting erythrocyte fragility, or species-specific differences in hemolytic thresholds that were not assessed in the chicken erythrocyte model. More research is needed on the potential for toxicosis of azole antifungal drugs and carrier molecules in this and other avian species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"479-489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USE OF VISCOELASTIC COAGULATION TESTING IN MEGACHIROPTERA (<i>PTEROPUS HYPOMELANUS</i> AND <i>PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS</i>) REVEALS HIGH VARIABILITY IN CLOT KINETICS.","authors":"Emily E Brenner, Amy B Alexander, Leonel A Londoño, Nicole I Stacy, Sarah E Crevasse, Jorge A Hernandez, James F X Wellehan","doi":"10.1638/2023-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Megachiroptera is a mammalian suborder that includes old world fruit bats. Common clinical problems among captive Megachiroptera, such as liver disease (e.g., iron storage disease), kidney disease (e.g., protein-losing nephropathy), and heart disease (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy), carry elevated risk for hemostatic derangements. The assessment of viscoelastic coagulation assays, however, has not yet been reported in bats. The main objective of the study was to describe viscoelastography data using the Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor (VCM) Vet in captive large flying foxes (<i>Pteropus vampyrus</i>) (<i>n</i> = 20) and variable flying foxes (<i>Pteropus hypomelanus</i>) (<i>n</i> = 10). Additional objectives were to compare viscoelastic and clotting parameters (1) between healthy <i>P. vampyrus</i> and <i>P. hypomelanus</i> bats and (2) between untreated bats and those treated with meloxicam or aspirin, and (3) to examine relationships between activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and potentially homologous viscoelastic parameters clotting time (CT) and clot formation time (CFT). The results showed marked variability among clinically normal bats. The intrinsic pathway, as measured by aPTT, had prolonged times compared with most terrestrial mammals, but similar times to birds, marine mammals, and sea turtles. A search of <i>P. vampyrus</i> genome found stop codons present in two exons of the factor XI gene; alterations in factor XI expression would be expected to alter intrinsic coagulation. Because of the high variability, no statistically significant findings were noted in the secondary objectives. Correlation between aPTT and CT or CFT was not strong (<i>r</i>_s = 0.406 or 0.192, respectively). The results from this study suggest that clot kinetics vary widely among Megachiroptera when using the VCM Vet with untreated blood. A prolonged intrinsic coagulation pathway, as has been found in other megachiropteran species, and activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway during venipuncture may be responsible for the inconsistent results.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 2","pages":"393-403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141321109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}