Journal of Wildlife Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Liver Mineral Levels Associated with Hoof Disease Occurrence and Severity in Roosevelt Elk (Cervus canadensis) in California, USA.","authors":"Steven N Winter, Margaret A Wild, Emma L Lantz, Carrington Hilson, Katherine D Watson, Jessica M Yamauchi, Kathryn P Huyvaert","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trace minerals serve vital roles in physiologic functions of animals. In ungulates, trace minerals, including copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), are essential for immune function, as well as hoof development and maintenance. Trace minerals may influence the occurrence or severity of treponeme-associated hoof disease (TAHD), a debilitating infectious disease of free-ranging Roosevelt and Rocky Mountain ecotypes of elk (Cervus canadensis). To investigate associations between mineral levels and TAHD, we collected postmortem liver and hoof samples from free-ranging Roosevelt elk during TAHD surveillance from 2020 to 2021 in Del Norte and Humboldt counties, California, USA. We analyzed mineral levels in liver samples (n=81; 41 TAHD positive, 40 TAHD negative) to improve baseline information on the range of trace mineral concentrations for elk in the region. Hooves were examined for the presence of TAHD, and the severity of observed gross lesions was scored. Using the combined mineral and surveillance data, we constructed logistic and ordinal regression models to ask whether TAHD occurrence and TAHD lesion severity were associated with mineral concentrations, respectively. We did not find support for our hypothesis that lower mineral levels contributed to higher TAHD occurrence in the sample populations; however, Cu and Se in both TAHD-affected and unaffected elk were below previously reported reference ranges, so we cannot discount suboptimal levels of these minerals as potential risk factors for TAHD in elk in this region. Contrary to our hypothesis, higher Zn levels were correlated with TAHD occurrence and increasing lesion severity, which may be evidence of a host-mediated nutritional immune response to infectious disease. Further investigation is needed to understand regional variation in mineral levels and the impact on wildlife health before mineral supplementation can be recommended as an effective management tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Body Temperature Associated with Ketamine Combinations during Capture of Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) in Idaho, USA.","authors":"Mark L Drew, Jennifer L Struthers","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-23-00161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-23-00161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capture and handling of wildlife is essential to answering pertinent questions about ecology and biology. It is important to refine methods to increase animal welfare and safety. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) have been captured annually in Idaho, USA, for management or research purposes since their reintroduction in 1995-96. Two wolves died of hyperthermia during aerial darting in 2015. A retrospective analysis of 490 captures between 1999 and 2018 was conducted to identify factors that might contribute to the likelihood of hyperthermia (body temperature ≥41 C) when using anesthetic drugs in wolves. Wolves were captured in summer (May-October, n=321) by using foothold traps and anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine (n=66), ketamine-medetomidine (n=51), or tiletamine-zolazepam (n=204). Wolves were captured in winter (November-April, n=169) by using aerial darting with ketamine-medetomidine (n=75) or tiletamine-zolazepam (n=94). Mean body temperatures of wolves captured in summer were 39.7 C for ketamine-xylazine, 39.9 C for ketamine-medetomidine, and 39.5 C for tiletamine-zolazepam; in winter, mean temperatures were 40.4 C for ketamine-medetomidine and 39.1 C for tiletamine-zolazepam. In summer captures, hyperthermia occurred in 6/66 (9.1%) of wolves by using ketamine-xylazine, 7/51 (13.7%) by using ketamine-medetomidine, and 19/204 (9.3%) by using tiletamine-zolazepam. For winter captures, hyperthermia occurred in 20/75 (26.7%) of wolves by using ketamine-medetomidine and 7/94 (7.5%) by using tiletamine-zolazepam. Mixed-effects linear regression analysis was used to investigate the role of drug administration on initial body temperature while controlling for demographic and environmental factors. The top models supported effects of drugs administered on initial body temperature for wolves captured in both summer and winter. Ketamine, especially when combined with medetomidine, was associated with greater increased body temperatures than tiletamine-zolazepam, irrespective of season or method of capture.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143483576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Survey of Hemosporidian Parasites in Owls in Mainland Portugal.","authors":"Rita Santos, Rui Lourenço, Isabel P da Fonseca, Mariana Louro, Sílvia S Barros, María Casero, Ricardo Brandão, Ana F Lopes, Mariana R Ferreira, Jacinto Gomes","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owls play an important role as avian hosts for hemosporidians via overlap in habitat use and activity with these arthropod vectors, thereby resulting in susceptibility to morbidity and, in some cases, mortality upon infection. This study analyzed the hemosporidians in tissues collected from individual dead owls (n=240) in various regions of mainland Portugal; the owls were primarily obtained from wildlife rehabilitation centers (WRCs). Hemosporidian species were detected using nested PCRs, targeting the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondria. For species and lineage identification, 19 positive PCR samples were selected and sequenced by the Sanger method. In total, 51% (n=122) of the 240 owl samples tested positive for at least one hemosporidian species: 31% (n=75) were positive for Haemoproteus-Plasmodium spp., whereas 44% (n=106) were positive for Leucocytozoon spp. Only 7% (n=16) were positive for Haemoproteus-Plasmodium spp. alone and 20% (n=47) for Leucocytozoon spp. alone, whereas 25% (n=59) of owls had mixed infections. Owl species, age, and geographic region of collected samples were significantly associated with hemosporidian prevalence: Eurasian Eagle-Owls (Bubo bubo), adults, and individuals from the Alentejo region presented higher prevalences than other species, ages, and geographic regions. Our findings highlight the potential impact of hemosporidians on owl conservation, particularly their effect on species currently threatened with extinction and the possible repercussions on reintroduction or translocation projects. This study emphasizes the role of WRCs in disease surveillance and suggests the importance of considering prophylactic measures in these settings. Given the high prevalence of hemosporidians, further studies involving live owls, both wild and captive, are encouraged, along with integrating clinical and hematologic data.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bovine Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).","authors":"Sang-Hun Kwon, Jeong Soo Choi, Min-Gyeong Seo, Bumseok Kim, Yu Jeong Jeon, In Jung Jung, Il-Hwa Hong","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From 2017 to 2023, 196 dead Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus), a common wildlife species in Republic of Korea, were necropsied. In one deer, bovine tuberculosis infection was confirmed through necropsy, histopathologic examination, and microbiologic diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of Methods to Determine Presence of Baylisascaris procyonis Eggs in Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Feces.","authors":"L Kristen Page, Andrew Loiacono, Sydney Edmunds, Benjamin Black, Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam, Chris Anchor","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Baylisascaris procyonis, a nematode parasite of raccoons (Procyon lotor), has important implications for human health and ecological conservation. Several techniques are available for detecting B. procyonis, and it is important to consider their limitations for the specific question to be answered. The sensitivity of molecular tools to detect B. procyonis in comparison to traditional methods is unknown. We compared the sensitivity fecal flotation with PCR to identify raccoons infected with B. procyonis as determined by seeing worms at necropsy. We collected 2-6 g of fecal material from along the ascending, transverse, and descending colon of 31 raccoons, resulting in 48 fecal samples across 31 individuals. Samples were aliquoted into two sets to compare fecal flotation and PCR. Of the 31 raccoons, 7/31 (23%) were infected with B. procyonis, but fecal flotation analysis identified only 4/31 positive raccoons (13%). Using fecal flotations from known positive individuals, 4/10 (40%) were positive, but PCR did not discover any infected individuals. Our results demonstrate the importance of using multiple techniques to confirm B. procyonis presence or absence. Dissection of raccoon intestines is the most sensitive technique because it enables visualization of worms. Fecal flotations remain the most efficient method of determining environmental prevalence and positive individuals from fecal sampling. Although PCR is technically very sensitive, it is limited by the quality and quantity of DNA in a sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Two Serologic Tests for Rapid Detection of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus).","authors":"Mattison Peters, Cara L Field, Lisabet M Hortensius, Jennifer Soper, Julia Burco, Terra R Kelly, K C Prager","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis impacting wild and domestic animals globally. Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona is endemic in free-ranging California sea lions (CSLs; Zalophus californianus), and leptospirosis is frequently diagnosed in stranded CSLs. Serum microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is a commonly performed diagnostic assay, and CSLs with clinical disease have reliably elevated MAT titers. However, MAT results may not be available for several days after sampling. Given the zoonotic and high transmission potential of Leptospira spp., a point-of-care diagnostic test would be valuable in rehabilitation and managed care settings and during outbreak response efforts. The ID SNAP and Zoetis WITNESS anti-Leptospira antibody tests are rapid diagnostic tools that have been validated in dogs and give a qualitative (positive or negative), not quantitative (exact titer), result. The SNAP test uses ELISA to detect both immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies, whereas the WITNESS test is a lateral flow assay that only detects IgM. We compared SNAP and WITNESS results with MAT results by using serum collected from stranded and free-ranging CSL with negative, low, medium, and high anti-Leptospira antibody titers as previously determined by MAT. Percent agreement between SNAP and MAT results was high, with a Cohen's kappa statistic of 0.957. No WITNESS tests were positive. These findings suggest that the SNAP test may be useful for detecting anti-Leptospira antibodies and ruling out leptospirosis in CSL.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143370802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 in Double-crested Cormorants (Nannopterum auritum) of the Chesapeake Bay, USA.","authors":"Johanna Harvey, Jeffery D Sullivan, Rebecca L Poulson, Deborah L Carter, Cindy P Driscoll, Peter C McGowan, Carl R Callahan, Amy W O'Donnell, Jennifer M Mullinax, David E Stallknecht, Diann J Prosser","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Double-crested Cormorants (Nannopterum auritum) have historically exhibited low levels of infection and antibodies to avian influenza virus (AIV). The recent global expansion of clade 2.3.4.4b A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) has resulted in large-scale mortalities across diverse waterbird taxa including cormorants. We sampled 32 and 29 Double-crested Cormorants breeding in the Chesapeake Bay, US, during the summers of 2023 and 2024, respectively, to assess HPAI H5N1 infection and AIV antibodies. Although no mortality was observed in the area, one bird sampled in 2023 was infected with HPAI H5N1. Additionally, 21/31 individuals in 2023 and 10/25 individuals in 2024 for which sera were collected had AIV antibodies. Based on additional testing using hemagglutination inhibition, virus neutralization, and an enzyme-linked lectin assay, 94 and 100% (2023 and 2024, respectively) of the seropositive birds tested positive for antibodies to both H5 and N1, suggesting previous infection with HPAI H5N1. These results are consistent with survival and limited clinical effects related to HPAI H5N1 infections. Furthermore, these results suggest that population immunity to HPAI H5N1 within the Chesapeake Bay might reduce future infections and potential population impacts should HP H5N1 remain on the landscape, though immunity may be waning across time. Because results are based on a single population, additional testing for both infection and antibodies as well as continued monitoring could enhance understanding of antibody persistence.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143256033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Packed Cell Volume and Plasma Chemistry Reference Intervals for Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) in a Rehabilitation Setting in South Korea before Release.","authors":"Hee-Jong Kim, Kyoo-Tae Kim","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00014","DOIUrl":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rehabilitation and release of wild birds hinge upon a comprehensive understanding of both biologic and nonbiologic factors, including the medical and physical fitness of the animal. The objectives of this study were to determine reference intervals of packed cell volume and plasma chemistry values for healthy Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) and to compare blood values between age and sex classes. There were significant differences between males and females in total protein and globulin mean values, with males having higher values than females. Adult and juvenile Eagle Owls differed significantly in the mean values of calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and uric acid, with juveniles having higher values than adults. The calculated reference intervals for Eagle Owls can be used in Eurasian Eagle Owls admitted to rescue centers to assist veterinarians and wildlife managers to clinically evaluate and monitor the health of Eagle Owls and make decisions about when to release them after treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"159-165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serosurvey of Arboviruses in Free-Ranging Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica.","authors":"R Scott Larsen, Anneke Moresco, Nick Karabatsos, Gaby Dolz, Kenneth E Glander","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00082","DOIUrl":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the prevalence of arthropod-borne viral diseases in a population of free-ranging mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa Rica in 1998. Blood samples were opportunistically collected from monkeys anesthetized for another study. Serology was performed on 64 individuals to assess exposure of this population to vesicular stomatitis virus, equine encephalitis viruses, Mayaro virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and dengue virus. The New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis (VSV-NJ) was the only pathogen for which the population tested positive (44% [28/64]). This is the first report of antibodies against VSV-NJ in nonhuman primates in Costa Rica.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"225-228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Ectoparasite Loads of Tropical Birds: Chewing Lice on Puerto Rican American Kestrels (Falco sparverius caribaearum).","authors":"Martín G Frixione, Sarah E Bush, Dale H Clayton","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00100","DOIUrl":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ectoparasite loads of birds may be governed, in part, by the climatic characteristics of their environment. We surveyed live-trapped American Kestrels (Falco sparverius caribaearum) for lice and other ectoparasites on the humid subtropical island of Puerto Rico during March-May 2024. The main goal was to compare the prevalence and abundance of lice on kestrels in Puerto Rico to recently published data on the lice of kestrels 1000 km away in the Bahamas, and to the lice of kestrels in an arid region of the western US (Utah). A brief general inspection of the plumage of 39 captured birds was followed by careful examination of the underside of wing primary feathers under a dissecting microscope. Two species of lice were collected, Colpocephalum subzerafae and Degeeriella carruthi, neither previously recorded from kestrels in Puerto Rico. The same two species are present on kestrels in the Bahamas. The prevalence and abundance of lice on kestrels in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas were similar, while being much greater than the prevalence and abundance of lice on kestrels in arid Utah, US. We also collected two species of hippoboscid flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae): Microlynchia pusilla, not previously recorded on the American Kestrel, and Ornithoctona erythrocephala. These flies, as well as the lice, might affect the health of kestrels both directly, e.g., causing anemia by feeding on blood, and indirectly by vectoring endoparasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"241-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142503015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}