Journal of Wildlife Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic Strategies and Strain Typing for Johne's Disease in Wood Bison (Bison bison athabascae).","authors":"Ana Hernandez-Reyes, Jeroen De Buck, Jennifer L Davies, Razieh Eshraghisamani, Larissa Martins, Karin Orsel","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cattle diseases are considered a major threat to wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) conservation. Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic infectious enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), that affects domestic and wild ruminants globally and could negatively impact wood bison health. Clinical manifestation of JD in free-ranging or captive wood bison has not been documented. We studied animals in a captive wood bison herd in Alberta, Canada 1) to detect Map in bison clinically suspected of Johne's disease, by histopathology, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and isolation by culture; 2) to identify optimal tissue samples for Map detection; and 3) to identify the strain(s) of Map isolated. Six wood bison were evaluated with clinical signs suggestive of JD. We performed necropsies within 24-48 h after euthanasia and collected 24 tissue samples from each bison. At necropsy, no evidence of thickening or corrugation of the intestinal mucosa was observed in any bison. On histopathologic examination, granulomatous lesions with acid-fast bacilli were more frequent in the paracortex of the midjejunal lymph node (LN) and distal jejunal LN, followed by ileal LN, in comparison to the rest of the tissue samples evaluated. In general, tissue culture had the highest proportion of positive samples, with 62.5% (90/144) of positive samples, followed by F57/IS900 qPCR with 43.1% (56/130), and histopathology with 29.0% (38/131). We concluded that distal jejunum and its associated lymph nodes were the most reliable tissue samples for detecting Map, regardless of tissue autolysis or the absence of visible gross lesions. Finally, using IS1311 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis and single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we identified a type II (cattle) strain, secondary clade, in tissue samples. These findings have practical relevance for field necropsies as they provide evidence to direct selection of preferred sampling sites to detect Map in wood bison and to choose appropriate diagnostic techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Treated at a Wildlife Health Center in Northwestern France.","authors":"Philippe M-A Gourlay, Caroline M Lefrère, Julie Botman, Dianjara Rakotoharisoa, Nadine Brisseau, Anne Lehebel, Séverine Murri, Marisa Haenni, Jean-Yves Madec, François Meurens","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is commonly observed in France, residing near human facilities, and is the most frequently treated mammal species in wildlife rehabilitation centers. Consequently, contacts with humans can lead to the potential transmission of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, between species. Although the presence of S. aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), has been documented in hedgehogs across Europe, the situation in France remains unclear. We assessed 139 hedgehogs representative of those typically admitted to our Wildlife Health Center. Carriage of MRSA was determined, and MRSA-positive individuals were characterized clinically and epidemiologically to identify potential risk factors of MRSA carriage. We found an 18% MRSA carriage rate, with 76% of the strains exhibiting the mecC resistance gene. Adult males constituted 60% of the MRSA-positive cases, predominantly found in spring and displaying skin lesions, particularly \"dirty wounds.\" Multivariate logistic regression identified age, \"sex,\" human density, \"dirty wounds\" and \"respiratory troubles\" as significantly associated with MRSA carriage in these hedgehogs. Our study establishes a foundation for improved monitoring of health conditions in French hedgehogs and their MRSA carriage, offering new insights for enhancing biosecurity measures in wildlife rehabilitation centers by pinpointing high-risk individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Sulawesi Tortoise Adenovirus in Free-living Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta), and Red-eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Illinois, USA.","authors":"Zachary C Ready, Laura Adamovicz, Maris Daleo, Amber Simmons, Gary Glowacki, William Graser, Chris Anchor, Dan Thompson, Matthew C Allender","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulawesi tortoise adenovirus (STADV) has been implicated in a mortality event involving three endangered species of tortoises and detected in free-living painted turtles (Chrysemys picta); however, the epidemiology of this virus in North American turtles remains unclear. The specific objectives of this study were to 1) estimate the prevalence of STADV in free-living Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), painted turtles, and red-eared sliders (RES; Trachemys scripta elegans) in Illinois, US, using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 2) determine if qPCR prevalence is associated with location, sex, age class, blood parameters, or clinical signs across these three species. Oral-cloacal swabs from 581 Blanding's turtles, 137 painted turtles, and 82 RES sampled across three counties from 2017 to 2022 were evaluated via qPCR. The prevalence of STADV was 2.4% for Blanding's turtles, 14.9% for painted turtles, and 45% for RES. Blanding's turtle subadults (P=0.022) and painted turtle adults (P<0.0001) were more likely to test positive than other age classes within the same species, while no age class association was found in RES (P=0.5). Clinical signs associated with STADV detection included quiet, alert, responsive mentation (P=0.002), pink mucous membranes (P<0.001), carapacial abnormalities (P=0.036), and plastron abnormalities (P=0.003). In a multivariable model, significant predictors for STADV detection included species, with painted turtles (P<0.0001) and RES (P=0.001) more likely to test positive than Blanding's turtles, and year, with turtles sampled in 2021 less likely to test positive than those sampled in 2017 (P=0.005). Detection of STADV was not significantly associated with location, month, sex, hematologic findings, serum biochemical findings, or protein electrophoretic profiles. Widespread molecular detection of STADV in these three species suggests a possible origin for the virus in the outbreak described in 2009, underscoring the importance of epidemiology studies to aid in the management of free-living and managed chelonians.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Adenoviruses in Free-Ranging Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta), and Red-Eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Illinois, USA.","authors":"Zachary C Ready, Laura Adamovicz, James F X Wellehan, Maris Daleo, Amber Simmons, Gary Glowacki, William Graser, Chris Anchor, Dan Thompson, Matthew C Allender","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morbidity and mortality associated with adenoviruses (AdVs) have been reported in multiple taxa, including chelonians. Adenoviruses of a distinct testudinoid origin have been detected in both managed and free-ranging turtles in North America and Europe; however, the prevalence and impact of AdVs in free-ranging turtle populations have yet to be determined. A multispecies investigation to detect novel or existing AdVs in Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii; n=1,359), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta; n=270), and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans; n=205) was performed across four counties in Illinois (with one site reaching into Wisconsin), USA, from 2016 to 2022. Sequence-confirmed AdVs were detected in Blanding's turtles (1.8%; n=24), painted turtles (13.0%; n=35), and red-eared sliders (8.8%; n=18). Ten AdVs, including 5 novel AdVs, were detected across the three species, with each species having 3-6 AdVs detected. Three AdVs were probably prey related, whereas the remaining seven AdVs were probably host-adapted AdVs, based on the absence of clinical signs of disease. The majority of AdVs detected were testadenoviruses; however, the siadenovirus Sulawesi tortoise adenovirus (STADV) was sequence confirmed in 1 Blanding's turtle, 15 painted turtles, and 10 red-eared sliders, all of which were free of clinical signs of disease. These results provide a baseline for the presence and diversity of AdVs in free-ranging turtles in Illinois, including evidence for a North American reservoir for STADV.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver Mineral Levels Associated with Hoof Disease Occurrence and Severity in Roosevelt Elk (Cervus canadensis) in California, USA.","authors":"Steven N Winter, Margaret A Wild, Emma L Lantz, Carrington Hilson, Katherine D Watson, Jessica M Yamauchi, Kathryn P Huyvaert","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trace minerals serve vital roles in physiologic functions of animals. In ungulates, trace minerals, including copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), are essential for immune function, as well as hoof development and maintenance. Trace minerals may influence the occurrence or severity of treponeme-associated hoof disease (TAHD), a debilitating infectious disease of free-ranging Roosevelt and Rocky Mountain ecotypes of elk (Cervus canadensis). To investigate associations between mineral levels and TAHD, we collected postmortem liver and hoof samples from free-ranging Roosevelt elk during TAHD surveillance from 2020 to 2021 in Del Norte and Humboldt counties, California, USA. We analyzed mineral levels in liver samples (n=81; 41 TAHD positive, 40 TAHD negative) to improve baseline information on the range of trace mineral concentrations for elk in the region. Hooves were examined for the presence of TAHD, and the severity of observed gross lesions was scored. Using the combined mineral and surveillance data, we constructed logistic and ordinal regression models to ask whether TAHD occurrence and TAHD lesion severity were associated with mineral concentrations, respectively. We did not find support for our hypothesis that lower mineral levels contributed to higher TAHD occurrence in the sample populations; however, Cu and Se in both TAHD-affected and unaffected elk were below previously reported reference ranges, so we cannot discount suboptimal levels of these minerals as potential risk factors for TAHD in elk in this region. Contrary to our hypothesis, higher Zn levels were correlated with TAHD occurrence and increasing lesion severity, which may be evidence of a host-mediated nutritional immune response to infectious disease. Further investigation is needed to understand regional variation in mineral levels and the impact on wildlife health before mineral supplementation can be recommended as an effective management tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Body Temperature Associated with Ketamine Combinations during Capture of Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) in Idaho, USA.","authors":"Mark L Drew, Jennifer L Struthers","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-23-00161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-23-00161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capture and handling of wildlife is essential to answering pertinent questions about ecology and biology. It is important to refine methods to increase animal welfare and safety. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) have been captured annually in Idaho, USA, for management or research purposes since their reintroduction in 1995-96. Two wolves died of hyperthermia during aerial darting in 2015. A retrospective analysis of 490 captures between 1999 and 2018 was conducted to identify factors that might contribute to the likelihood of hyperthermia (body temperature ≥41 C) when using anesthetic drugs in wolves. Wolves were captured in summer (May-October, n=321) by using foothold traps and anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine (n=66), ketamine-medetomidine (n=51), or tiletamine-zolazepam (n=204). Wolves were captured in winter (November-April, n=169) by using aerial darting with ketamine-medetomidine (n=75) or tiletamine-zolazepam (n=94). Mean body temperatures of wolves captured in summer were 39.7 C for ketamine-xylazine, 39.9 C for ketamine-medetomidine, and 39.5 C for tiletamine-zolazepam; in winter, mean temperatures were 40.4 C for ketamine-medetomidine and 39.1 C for tiletamine-zolazepam. In summer captures, hyperthermia occurred in 6/66 (9.1%) of wolves by using ketamine-xylazine, 7/51 (13.7%) by using ketamine-medetomidine, and 19/204 (9.3%) by using tiletamine-zolazepam. For winter captures, hyperthermia occurred in 20/75 (26.7%) of wolves by using ketamine-medetomidine and 7/94 (7.5%) by using tiletamine-zolazepam. Mixed-effects linear regression analysis was used to investigate the role of drug administration on initial body temperature while controlling for demographic and environmental factors. The top models supported effects of drugs administered on initial body temperature for wolves captured in both summer and winter. Ketamine, especially when combined with medetomidine, was associated with greater increased body temperatures than tiletamine-zolazepam, irrespective of season or method of capture.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143483576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Survey of Hemosporidian Parasites in Owls in Mainland Portugal.","authors":"Rita Santos, Rui Lourenço, Isabel P da Fonseca, Mariana Louro, Sílvia S Barros, María Casero, Ricardo Brandão, Ana F Lopes, Mariana R Ferreira, Jacinto Gomes","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owls play an important role as avian hosts for hemosporidians via overlap in habitat use and activity with these arthropod vectors, thereby resulting in susceptibility to morbidity and, in some cases, mortality upon infection. This study analyzed the hemosporidians in tissues collected from individual dead owls (n=240) in various regions of mainland Portugal; the owls were primarily obtained from wildlife rehabilitation centers (WRCs). Hemosporidian species were detected using nested PCRs, targeting the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondria. For species and lineage identification, 19 positive PCR samples were selected and sequenced by the Sanger method. In total, 51% (n=122) of the 240 owl samples tested positive for at least one hemosporidian species: 31% (n=75) were positive for Haemoproteus-Plasmodium spp., whereas 44% (n=106) were positive for Leucocytozoon spp. Only 7% (n=16) were positive for Haemoproteus-Plasmodium spp. alone and 20% (n=47) for Leucocytozoon spp. alone, whereas 25% (n=59) of owls had mixed infections. Owl species, age, and geographic region of collected samples were significantly associated with hemosporidian prevalence: Eurasian Eagle-Owls (Bubo bubo), adults, and individuals from the Alentejo region presented higher prevalences than other species, ages, and geographic regions. Our findings highlight the potential impact of hemosporidians on owl conservation, particularly their effect on species currently threatened with extinction and the possible repercussions on reintroduction or translocation projects. This study emphasizes the role of WRCs in disease surveillance and suggests the importance of considering prophylactic measures in these settings. Given the high prevalence of hemosporidians, further studies involving live owls, both wild and captive, are encouraged, along with integrating clinical and hematologic data.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bovine Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).","authors":"Sang-Hun Kwon, Jeong Soo Choi, Min-Gyeong Seo, Bumseok Kim, Yu Jeong Jeon, In Jung Jung, Il-Hwa Hong","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From 2017 to 2023, 196 dead Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus), a common wildlife species in Republic of Korea, were necropsied. In one deer, bovine tuberculosis infection was confirmed through necropsy, histopathologic examination, and microbiologic diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of Methods to Determine Presence of Baylisascaris procyonis Eggs in Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Feces.","authors":"L Kristen Page, Andrew Loiacono, Sydney Edmunds, Benjamin Black, Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam, Chris Anchor","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Baylisascaris procyonis, a nematode parasite of raccoons (Procyon lotor), has important implications for human health and ecological conservation. Several techniques are available for detecting B. procyonis, and it is important to consider their limitations for the specific question to be answered. The sensitivity of molecular tools to detect B. procyonis in comparison to traditional methods is unknown. We compared the sensitivity fecal flotation with PCR to identify raccoons infected with B. procyonis as determined by seeing worms at necropsy. We collected 2-6 g of fecal material from along the ascending, transverse, and descending colon of 31 raccoons, resulting in 48 fecal samples across 31 individuals. Samples were aliquoted into two sets to compare fecal flotation and PCR. Of the 31 raccoons, 7/31 (23%) were infected with B. procyonis, but fecal flotation analysis identified only 4/31 positive raccoons (13%). Using fecal flotations from known positive individuals, 4/10 (40%) were positive, but PCR did not discover any infected individuals. Our results demonstrate the importance of using multiple techniques to confirm B. procyonis presence or absence. Dissection of raccoon intestines is the most sensitive technique because it enables visualization of worms. Fecal flotations remain the most efficient method of determining environmental prevalence and positive individuals from fecal sampling. Although PCR is technically very sensitive, it is limited by the quality and quantity of DNA in a sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Two Serologic Tests for Rapid Detection of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus).","authors":"Mattison Peters, Cara L Field, Lisabet M Hortensius, Jennifer Soper, Julia Burco, Terra R Kelly, K C Prager","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis impacting wild and domestic animals globally. Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona is endemic in free-ranging California sea lions (CSLs; Zalophus californianus), and leptospirosis is frequently diagnosed in stranded CSLs. Serum microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is a commonly performed diagnostic assay, and CSLs with clinical disease have reliably elevated MAT titers. However, MAT results may not be available for several days after sampling. Given the zoonotic and high transmission potential of Leptospira spp., a point-of-care diagnostic test would be valuable in rehabilitation and managed care settings and during outbreak response efforts. The ID SNAP and Zoetis WITNESS anti-Leptospira antibody tests are rapid diagnostic tools that have been validated in dogs and give a qualitative (positive or negative), not quantitative (exact titer), result. The SNAP test uses ELISA to detect both immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies, whereas the WITNESS test is a lateral flow assay that only detects IgM. We compared SNAP and WITNESS results with MAT results by using serum collected from stranded and free-ranging CSL with negative, low, medium, and high anti-Leptospira antibody titers as previously determined by MAT. Percent agreement between SNAP and MAT results was high, with a Cohen's kappa statistic of 0.957. No WITNESS tests were positive. These findings suggest that the SNAP test may be useful for detecting anti-Leptospira antibodies and ruling out leptospirosis in CSL.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143370802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}