Journal of water process engineering最新文献

{"title":"Photocatalytic H2O2 production and doxycycline degradation via a Z-scheme MoSi2N4-Bi2O2CO3 nanocomposites under visible light: Characterization mechanism, and toxicity evaluations","authors":"Rahila Batul ,&nbsp;Ali Alkhafaji ,&nbsp;Dheyaa J. Jasim ,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Y.M. Fahmy ,&nbsp;Mirsobit Odilov ,&nbsp;Ibrahm Mahariq ,&nbsp;Mukhtorjon Karimov ,&nbsp;Nuraddin Abdullayev ,&nbsp;Reda A. Haggam","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The simultaneous removal of persistent antibiotics and the in-situ generation of H₂O₂ are promising routes for integrated energy–environmental remediation. Herein, noble-metal-free <em>Z</em>-scheme MoSi₂N₄–Bi₂O₂CO₃ (MSN–BOC) nanocomposites were fabricated via a hydrothermal synthesis followed by ultrasonic self-assembly. Response-surface optimization of MoSi₂N₄ loading, hydrothermal temperature, and ultrasonic power identified MSN0.4–BOC as the optimal photocatalyst, achieving a H₂O₂ production rate of 610 μmol.g⁻¹.h⁻¹ and &gt; 97% doxycycline (DOX) removal with 57% TOC mineralization under visible light. Comprehensive characterization (XRD, FTIR, Raman, N2 sorption, SEM/TEM, XPS, UV–Vis DRS, PL/TRPL, photocurrent, and EIS) revealed intimate interfacial contact, enlarged surface area, broadened visible-light absorption, prolonged carrier lifetimes, and minimized charge-transfer resistance in the composite. Mott–Schottky and valence-band XPS analyses, together with radical scavenging and ESR measurements, confirmed a direct <em>Z</em>-scheme charge-transfer pathway in which photogenerated electrons in MoSi₂N₄ drive the two-electron oxygen reduction to H₂O₂, while holes in Bi₂O₂CO₃ oxidize DOX via •O2− and •OH as the main reactive species. LC–MS identified the main degradation intermediates and plausible pathways, and ecotoxicity assays demonstrated a substantial decrease in acute and developmental toxicity of the transformation products compared with parent DOX. Cycling tests and post-reaction XRD verified the structural stability and reusability of MSN0.4–BOC. This work establishes MoSi₂N₄–Bi₂O₂CO₃ <em>Z</em>-scheme heterojunctions as efficient and durable platforms for coupled H₂O₂ production and antibiotic wastewater detoxification under solar-light irradiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109580"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of heterogeneity of counter-diffusional biofilm on microaeration-assisted for nitrophenol degradation: Metabolic pathways and microbial mechanisms","authors":"Zhuowei Zhang ,&nbsp;Simin Li ,&nbsp;Jing Guo ,&nbsp;Yin Yu ,&nbsp;Wenhao Hou ,&nbsp;Jingye Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Counter-diffusional biofilm driven by hydrophobic membrane offers opportunities for sustainable environmental remediation. However, how the heterogeneity of counter-diffusional biofilms affects internal redox function, bacterial ecology and metabolic metabolism remains unknown. Addressing this, we herein report a counter-diffusional biofilm coupled with microaeration hydrolysis-acidification system for 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) degradation to explore the role of heterogeneity. Results demonstrated that the micro-aeration rate, micro-aeration pressure and reflux ratio primarily affected the redox microenvironment of the biochemical reactions and the physical stability of the biofilm, generating distinct 2,4-DNP degradation pathways. We achieve a novel 2,4-DNP degradation pathway with simultaneous organic-fermentation and nitrogen-removal, resulting in 99.54 ± 0.03% removal over 20% higher than the conventional biotreatment processes. The enhanced pathways were nitroreduction, deamination, carboxylation, cleavage, and fermentation, as well as simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Such an enhancement effect is largely dependent on a hospitable redox microenvironment with a dissolved oxygen (DO) gradient of 0–0.4 mg/L along cross heterogeneity of counter-diffusional biofilm. Furthermore, reduction-related, nitrogen removal-related, fermentative, and oxidation-related bacteria were dominantly distributed in the outer, middle, and inner layers of the biofilm, respectively, exhibiting redox biostructural stratification along with biofilm depth. Ultimately, a synergistic metabolism between carbon and nitrogen through energy metabolism and electron transfer within the biofilm was revealed, thus generating a synergistic interaction between the functional bacteria at cross heterogeneous stratifications. This study offers novel insights into the role of heterogeneity in biofilm systems, expanding the fundamental understanding of biofilm heterogeneity and facilitating the application of the counter-diffusional biofilm process for wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109670"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme-pH, high-temperature regeneration of end-of-life RO membranes for semiconductor ultrapure water production: Performance recovery and full-scale field assessment","authors":"Chulmin Lee ,&nbsp;Masamitsu iiyama ,&nbsp;Seong Min Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-temperature, extreme-pH cleaning can regenerate end-of-life reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for reuse in ultrapure water (UPW) systems. In lab-scale tests, a two-step protocol—60 °C NaOH followed by HCl—restored ≥95% of original water permeability while keeping salt rejection loss under 2.8%. Fouling analysis confirmed the presence of organic-dominant composite layers with embedded silica and metals, which were effectively removed by sequential chemical treatment. Twelve full-size elements underwent full-scale cleaning, of which eight met reuse criteria (≥95% flux recovery, &lt;3% rejection loss). Field testing over 214 days demonstrated that regenerated modules maintained a lower absolute TMP rise (0.85 bar, 7.71%) than newly installed RO elements (0.93–1.02 bar), owing to prior compaction and structural stabilization. Salt rejection in regenerated elements improved from 98.8% to 98.9%, while new membranes showed slight declines, converging near 99.5%. These results confirm that properly regenerated and screened RO membranes can deliver performance equivalent to new elements in UPW systems. Adopting a selective reuse strategy based on membrane history and post-cleaning performance offers a practical path toward reduced waste, extended module life, and more circular membrane management in high-purity water applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109481"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FiTiformer: A fluctuation–trend modulation model for multi-step forecasting of wastewater influent parameters","authors":"Yiqi Liu ,&nbsp;Shuyang Ren ,&nbsp;Gang Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate multi-step forecasting of key influent parameters is of great importance for the stable operation, energy optimization and early warning of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, existing Transformer-based approaches often fail to capture the strong non-stationarity and complex local fluctuations of wastewater data. To address these challenges, we propose a novel forecasting model, termed the Fluctuation-injected Trend inverted Transformer (FiTiformer), which enhances predictions by jointly modeling trend and fluctuation components. In this model, we design a Gated Fluctuation-to-Trend Modulation (GFTM) module that adaptively injects high-frequency fluctuation signals into the trend representation, thereby enhancing robustness under non-stationary conditions. This module is complemented by an inverted Transformer network that captures inter-variable dependencies to extract informative fluctuation features, while a Patch-wise Structural Loss ensures that local patterns are preserved in predictions, rather than focusing solely on global errors. Extensive experiments on the BSM2 benchmark and a full-scale WWTP dataset validate the effectiveness of FiTiformer. On the BSM2 dataset, the model achieves an average R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> above 0.88 while reducing RMSE by more than 7.4%. On the full-scale WWTP dataset, FiTiformer attains an average R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> above 0.70 with an RMSE reduction exceeding 8.0%. These results demonstrate that FiTiformer enhances both global trend modeling and local fluctuation preservation, offering reliable and interpretable multi-step forecasting for practical WWTP operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109600"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeochemical processes and health risks from heavy metal contamination in groundwater of the Toluca Valley, Mexico","authors":"Rosa María Fuentes-Rivas ,&nbsp;José Alfredo Ramos-Leal ,&nbsp;Ma de Lourdes Nájera-López ,&nbsp;Oscar Guadalupe Almanza-Tovar ,&nbsp;Janete Morán-Ramírez","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater and its public health implications were evaluated in Texcalyacac, Mexico. Twenty-five groundwater samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons. In situ measurements included pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved oxygen. Major ions (Ca, Na, Mg, K) and trace elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), while nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and chloride concentrations were determined using colorimetric methods. Most physicochemical parameters met drinking water standards. Seasonal variations reflected a dilution effect during the rainy season. Lead (Pb) concentrations exceeded permissible Mexican limits, representing a significant health risk. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Metal Index (MI) classified groundwater as non-potable in the dry season. Elevated levels of nitrate, phosphate, chloride, and sulfate, linked to agricultural and urban activities, indicate anthropogenic influence. Health risk assessment identified Pb as the primary contaminant, posing low chronic non-carcinogenic risks to adults and children. Groundwater was classified as a Ca–Mg–HCO₃ type. Gibbs and Mifflin diagrams suggested that rock–water interactions, evaporation, and mixing with local and intermediate flow systems govern groundwater evolution. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that mineralization, reflected by major ions and TDS, was the main control on groundwater chemistry, while a secondary component was associated with anthropogenic inputs affecting nutrient and organic matter levels. This study highlights an integrated approach combining hydrogeochemical characterization and health risk assessment. It effectively identifies priority contaminants and seasonal vulnerabilities and guides sustainable groundwater management in a small, water-dependent community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109530"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) wastewater treatment using pre-anoxic denitrification process","authors":"Sepideh Hashemi Safaei ,&nbsp;Stephanie Young","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amine-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC), widely used for CO₂ mitigation, generates amine-rich wastewater containing ammonia and hazardous byproducts, posing environmental challenges. Biological treatment offers a sustainable solution for its management. This study investigated a pre-anoxic denitrification–nitrification system operated in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) to treat synthetic PCC wastewater containing both monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA), representing a more realistic mixture than commonly studied. The system operated at a 2-day hydraulic retention time (HRT) with low organic loading (COD/N ≈ 3.5), without nutrient adjustment (C:N:P ≈ 61:18:1), and influent amine concentrations were gradually increased to 3000 mg/L to simulate real operating conditions. Initial tests used synthetic wastewater formulated from a local PCC plant's contaminant profile. Later, a 5 M MEA-rich pilot-scale stream containing multiple degradation byproducts was diluted into the influent, reaching approximately 10,000 mg/L total amines. Results showed that the system effectively degraded MEA and DEA in the anoxic stage and achieved high ammonium and COD removal at amine concentrations up to 3000 mg/L. However, introducing the real MEA-rich stream exposed process limitations, including incomplete amine biodegradation, nitrite accumulation, and inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Microbial community analysis indicated functional separation between reactors: the pre-denitrification SBR was enriched with amine-degrading denitrifiers (e.g., <em>Thauera</em>, <em>Rhodobacter</em>), while the nitrification SBR developed an aerobic, carbon-limited community supporting ammonia oxidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109594"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of SiW9Co3–Bi4O5Br2 photocatalysts with improved charge separation for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution and metronidazole degradation: Characterization, mechanism, and toxicity assessment","authors":"Rahila Batul ,&nbsp;Waqed H. Hassan ,&nbsp;Dheyaa J. Jasim ,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Shatha A. Aldaghfag ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ayadi ,&nbsp;Ibrahm Mahariq ,&nbsp;Mukhtorjon Karimov ,&nbsp;Otabek Mukhitdinov ,&nbsp;Alisher Abduvokhidov ,&nbsp;Reda A. Haggam","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rational design of efficient photocatalysts for clean energy generation and environmental remediation remains a significant challenge. In this study, a novel SiW₉Co₃–Bi₄O₅Br₂ heterostructure photocatalyst was successfully synthesized using a simple hydrothermal–self-assembly method. The structural, morphological, and optical properties were thoroughly investigated using techniques such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, SEM, TEM, and UV–Vis DRS. SiW₉Co₃ clusters were uniformly anchored on the surface of Bi₄O₅Br₂ nanosheets, forming heterojunction interfaces that facilitated charge transfer and suppressed electron–hole recombination. Under visible light, the optimized SiW₉Co₃–Bi₄O₅Br₂ (20 wt%) composite exhibited superior photocatalytic performance, achieving H₂ evolution rate of 570 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹, significantly higher than that of pristine Bi₄O₅Br₂. Simultaneously, 98.05 % of metronidazole (25 mg·L⁻¹) was degraded within 80 min. Radical scavenging and ESR results confirmed that •O₂⁻ and •OH were the dominant species responsible for H₂ generation and pollutant degradation. The <em>Z</em>-scheme mechanism was proposed, where photogenerated electrons in SiW₉Co₃ reduce H⁺ to H₂, while holes in Bi₄O₅Br₂ oxidize metronidazole. Additionally, the photocatalyst demonstrated high stability, with minimal performance degradation after five cycles, and XRD confirmed its structural integrity after cycling, supporting its potential for long-term, sustainable applications in both energy and environmental fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109471"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feature-DTW and Mel-Spectrogram-based sensor fusion: A framework for leak detection and classification in water distribution systems","authors":"Matheus Medeiros Donatoni ,&nbsp;João Inácio Moreira Bezerra ,&nbsp;Marlon Mauricio Hernández Cely ,&nbsp;Bernardo Pereira Foresti ,&nbsp;Oscar Maurício Hernandez Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Leopoldo Pisanelli Rodrigues de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water leak detection is essential to prevent water, energy, and financial losses while ensuring a reliable supply. In this context, the present work uses a laboratory-based leak dataset and proposes an efficient framework for leak detection and classification, combining advanced feature engineering with sensor fusion and machine learning techniques. The method employs Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) for comparison with a reference-instance strategy within a refined Feature-DTW framework that uses Mel-Spectrograms for time-series representation. This approach reduces computational cost through low-dimensional spectrogram representation and enhances feature richness by extracting attributes from the DTW alignment path. Three sensor fusion strategies are proposed and evaluated, integrating multi-sensor data with trade-offs between accuracy and computational efficiency. Using the extreme gradient boosting algorithm, the framework achieves high performance in both leak detection and leak type classification. The method attained an accuracy of 0.991 for leak detection and 0.984 for leak type classification — matching state-of-the-art results while applying multi-sensor techniques and maintaining a computational footprint suitable for real-time deployment on edge devices. The results demonstrate that spectrogram-based Feature-DTW, when combined with targeted reference instances and efficient fusion strategies, is a powerful and scalable approach for accurate leak detection and classification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 109751"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ fabrication of magnetic nanoparticle-decorated rGO/TiO2@MXene aerogels for enhanced visible-light-driven degradation of organic pollutants","authors":"Rushikesh P. Dhavale ,&nbsp;Varsha D. Phadtare ,&nbsp;Sagar A. Chaudhari ,&nbsp;Mukund G. Mali ,&nbsp;Vinayak G. Parale ,&nbsp;Santosh V. Mohite ,&nbsp;Donghwa Lee ,&nbsp;Haryeong Choi ,&nbsp;Akshay A. Ransing ,&nbsp;Jiseung Kim ,&nbsp;Sun Hee Kim ,&nbsp;Prashant B. Patil ,&nbsp;Jae-Chul Pyun ,&nbsp;Hyung-Ho Park","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely investigated photocatalyst; however, its limited visible-light responsiveness and low quantum efficiency significantly hinder practical applications. To address these limitations, a magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle (NP)-decorated rGO/TiO₂@MXene (RFTM) aerogel was synthesized via a one-step in situ self-assembly strategy. The resulting 3D aerogel exhibited excellent structural stability, enhanced electrical conductivity, and markedly improved visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. Among the prepared samples, the optimized R6FTM composite achieved 93% degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) within 120 min and 95% degradation of tetracycline (TC) within 30 min, while maintaining outstanding recyclability and long-term stability. This enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed to bandgap narrowing, improved light absorption, efficient charge separation, and suppressed charge carrier recombination resulting from Fe₃O₄ incorporation. Electron spin resonance and photoluminescence analyses confirmed the generation of reactive oxygen species and effective charge transfer across the MXene-derived TiO₂–Fe₃O₄ heterojunction. Furthermore, evaluation under practical conditions demonstrated that the RFTM aerogel exhibited strong photocatalytic activity in real water matrices and produced a significant reduction toxicity in agricultural applications. These findings highlight the potential of RFTM aerogels for environmental remediation and sustainability. Overall, this study presents an effective strategy for constructing robust RFTM-based heterojunction aerogels and offers a promising platform for visible-light-driven environmental remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109591"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating interpretable machine learning with multi-algorithm and encoding strategies for electrooxidation process optimization in rifampin degradation","authors":"Nawid Ahmad Akhtar ,&nbsp;Namatullah Wahidi ,&nbsp;Mehmet Kobya","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel and systematic prediction framework is proposed to optimize electrooxidation (EO) process parameters (anode material, applied current, reaction time, initial pH, type and concentration of supporting electrolyte, initial RIF concentration, and different real water matrices) during rifampin (RIF) degradation. This framework integrates machine learning (ML) algorithms (random forest, decision tree, gradient boosting, multilayer perceptron, support vector machine, and K-nearest neighbors) with various encoding strategies (one-hot, target, and label). Furthermore, hyperparameter optimization techniques (grid search, grid search with noise-augmented data, random search, and Bayesian optimization) were evaluated to enhance predictive performance and provide an in-depth examination of RIF degradation. The boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode achieved 100% RIF degradation under optimal conditions (i = 0.2 A, C_RIF = 10 mg/L, SEc = 51 mM NaCl/L). In the performance evaluation of ML algorithms, the one-hot encoding for the DT algorithm yielded the best predictive accuracy, with the highest R² = 0.952 and Adjusted R² = 0.920 scores, alongside the lowest error metrics: MAE = 3.909, RMSE = 7.594, RSR = 0.217, AAD = 0.0624, and MAPE = 10.391. However, future importance analysis using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), Gini impurity, and Mean Decrease in Accuracy (MDA) revealed that reaction time and anode materials are the most influential parameters for the EO process, whereas the electrolyte types and concentration demonstrated limited impact. Overall, the findings provide important insights into the EO process optimization and demonstrate the statistical robustness of the proposed ML-based framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109588"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}