{"title":"Regeneration strategies for exhausted adsorbents used in water treatment - A critical review","authors":"Nisha Bagotia","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The most popular, dependable, and efficient method of treating wastewater to remove impurities is adsorption. The recovery and sustainable management of wasted adsorbents is one of the main problems with the adsorption-treatment method used to remove pollutants from wastewater streams. The production of spent adsorbents causes the secondary pollution problem. The regeneration and re-utilization of used adsorbents can be done to alleviate the secondary pollution problem. Aside from adsorbents high adsorption performance, the disposal of spent adsorbents is an environmental concern. Secondary use of spent adsorbents as catalyst, fertilizer, cementitious materials, and biofuels is definitely a good idea for environmental protection and recycling economy. This review focuses on the effectiveness of emerging adsorbents and how the spent adsorbents could be recovered, regenerated, and further managed through reuse or safe disposal. This article reviews the various regeneration techniques like ultrasound regeneration, electrochemical regeneration, bio-regeneration, thermal regeneration, microwave regeneration and chemical regeneration that have been performed for the renewal of exhausted adsorbents employed for the elimination of organic and inorganic contaminants from polluted media. Furthermore, this review discusses the hybrid regeneration techniques and secondary utilization of exhausted adsorbents. A critical comparison and future perspectives on the utilization of these regeneration techniques at industrial scale also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 106560"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-assembly of tannic acid and g-C3N4 into nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon for enhanced PMS activation","authors":"Jiamei Qian, Fengzhen Wu, Yunjiao Jiang, Zhirui Zuo, Lirong Tang, Guanfeng Lin, Biao Huang, Beili Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emerging field of persulfate-based advanced oxidation focused on heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts for their tunable catalytic properties and environmental benefits. Here, a novel nitrogen-doped porous carbon catalyst (N-C-T) was synthesized by self-assembling tannic acid with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanosheets, followed by carbonization. The g-C₃N₄ nanosheets played a critical role in forming a nitrogen-rich hierarchical porous structure, significantly boosting PMS activation and enhancing phenol degradation efficiency. The optimized catalyst, N-C-900, showed superior performance, removing 97.6 % of phenol in 30 min with a rate constant of 0.121 min<sup>−1</sup>, 30 times higher than tannic acid-derived TA-900 catalyst. Surface-bound radicals were identified as the primary reactive species in the N-C-900/PMS system. The enhanced adsorption of PMS and phenol on the surface of N-C-900 was conducive to the generation of surface-bound radicals, thereby accelerating phenol degradation. Furthermore, the N-C-900/PMS system also exhibited good reusability and stability across a pH range of 3.5 to 9.5. This study provides insights into designing nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon catalysts and sheds light on the possible catalytic mechanisms during PMS activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 106616"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rutong Song , Weihua Han , Zhiping Yang , Zhongbin Ye , Yizhou Yang , Hu Zheng , Simiao Zhao , Guangyong Zeng
{"title":"Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for dyes and antibiotics removal from wastewater using photo-Fenton catalysis MOFs as additives","authors":"Rutong Song , Weihua Han , Zhiping Yang , Zhongbin Ye , Yizhou Yang , Hu Zheng , Simiao Zhao , Guangyong Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Membrane fouling is one of the major challenges limiting the application of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) in various separation processes. To address this issue, we incorporated the photocatalyst NH<sub>2</sub>-MIL-88B(Fe) (NM88B) into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix, creating a novel photocatalytic MMMs that can effectively degrade organic pollutants under light irradiation. This innovative approach endows the membrane with both enhanced permeability and separation selectivity, which is attributed to the hydrophilic groups of the photocatalyst, as well as significant photo-Fenton catalytic capability. The NM88B/PVDF membrane exhibits high permeability (546.4 L·m<sup>−2</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>·bar<sup>−1</sup>) and excellent catalytic degradation of dyes (over 99 %) and antibiotics (over 90 %) due to the synergistic effects of membrane separation and the photo-Fenton process. After ten cycles of self-cleaning tests, the membrane maintained superior antifouling capacity and degradation performance. This study advances the development of MMMs by addressing the persistent issue of membrane fouling while enhancing pollutant removal efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 106614"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivonne García , Locksley F. Castañeda , José L. Nava , Oscar Coreño
{"title":"Continuous electrocoagulation-flocculation-sedimentation process to remove arsenic, fluoride, and hydrated silica from drinking water","authors":"Ivonne García , Locksley F. Castañeda , José L. Nava , Oscar Coreño","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The novelty of this paper lies in the novel design and experimental characterization of a laboratory-scale electrocoagulation-flocculation-sedimentation flow plant to remove arsenic (As), fluoride (<span><math><msup><mi>F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math></span>) and hydrated silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) from natural deep well water (31.50 μg L<sup>−1</sup> As, 1.12 mg L<sup>−1</sup> <span><math><msup><mi>F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math></span>, 80 mg L<sup>−1</sup> SiO<sub>2</sub>, 0.31 mg L<sup>−1</sup> <span><math><msubsup><mi>PO</mi><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span>, 15 mg L<sup>−1</sup> <span><math><msubsup><mi>SO</mi><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span>, 141 mg L<sup>−1</sup> alkalinity, 124.30 mg L<sup>−1</sup> hardness, pH 8 and 572 μS cm<sup>−1</sup> conductivity). The electrocoagulation reactor includes Al<img>Fe hybrid plate electrodes as sacrificial anodes. A laboratory-level flocculation-settler equipment is connected in series with the electrocoagulation reactor. The influence of the mean linear flow velocity (1.31 < <em>u</em> < 5.26 cm s<sup>−1</sup>) and current density (3 < <em>j</em> < 5 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>) in the electrolyzer on the removal of As, <span><math><msup><mi>F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math></span>, and SiO<sub>2</sub> was examined, finding the best experimental condition at <em>j</em> = 5 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and <em>u</em> = 1.31 cm s<sup>−1</sup>, with an operational cost of OC = 0.41 USD m<sup>−3</sup>. The As, <span><math><msup><mi>F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math></span>, and SiO<sub>2</sub> removal percentages were 100, 82.80, and 98.60 %, respectively. The spectroscopic analysis (SEM-EDS, XRF-EDS, XRD, and FTIR) revealed the formation of sodium and calcium aluminosilicates and iron oxyhydroxides as flocs. The continuous process proved here envisages a promising deep well water decontamination future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 106571"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongyan Liu , Wenqi Ding , Wanting Hui , Tingting Zhao , Yanqiu Zhang , Wenwen Lv , Xu Guo , Shouchun Ma , Maoquan Wu , Tongjie Yao , Jie Wu
{"title":"Fenton-like reaction via combining confinement effect and Lewis acid-base reaction inside a nanoreactor","authors":"Hongyan Liu , Wenqi Ding , Wanting Hui , Tingting Zhao , Yanqiu Zhang , Wenwen Lv , Xu Guo , Shouchun Ma , Maoquan Wu , Tongjie Yao , Jie Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Fenton-like reaction, the pollutant degradation performance was closely related to the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation activity. As a Lewis base, PMS activation could be accelerated by either Lewis acid-base reaction, or the high local concentrations. To simultaneously realize two aims, herein, a nanoreactor was prepared, where SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> modified Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles were encapsulated inside Co<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> shell. The Lewis acidity on Co<sup>3+</sup>/Co<sup>2+</sup> catalytic sites was improved with the help of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> possessed powerful electron attraction, leading to a rapid Lewis acid-base reaction. Under the confinement effect, both PMS and generated reactive oxygen specie concentrations were boosted inside the cavity, resulting in a rapid transformation of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>•‐</sup>+<sup>•</sup>OH to <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>. Benefiting from two advantages, metronidazole degradation efficiency over nanoreactor at 16.0 min was 92.2%, mineralization efficiency was 68.9%, PMS activation efficiency was 44.0%, and PMS utilization efficiency was 67.2%, much higher than the reference catalysts. Meanwhile, the leached cobalt ion concentration was only 0.48 mg/L, lower than samples without Co<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> shell protection. This work provided a novel way to engineer catalyst surface property inside a nanoreactor, and realized Fenton-like reaction acceleration <em>via</em> combination of confinement effect and Lewis acid-base reaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 106582"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos A. Quintero-González , Julián Martínez , Julio C. Calva-Yáñez , Mercedes T. Oropeza-Guzmán
{"title":"Physicochemical wastewater treatment improvement by hydrodynamic cavitation nanobubbles","authors":"Carlos A. Quintero-González , Julián Martínez , Julio C. Calva-Yáñez , Mercedes T. Oropeza-Guzmán","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrodynamic nanobubble aeration is proposed as an innovative approach to enhancing physicochemical wastewater treatment. Integrating a novel cavitation system to replace conventional aeration significantly improves standard oxygen transfer efficiency and energy consumption. The changes in size and surface charge of air, oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>), ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), and chitosan nanobubbles were studied as a function of the reactor diameter. Interestingly, it was found that increasing the radial dispersion length had no significant effect on the measured parameters. Flotation, Coagulation-flocculation (C<img>F), and Advanced Oxidation (AOPs) processes of municipal wastewater comparing convective air and O<sub>3</sub> NBs aeration were carried out at pilot plant scale. The use of O<sub>3</sub> NBs in the flotation process improves 160 % the suspended solids removal compared to the air-NBs- process. The C<img>F process was evaluated by adding a chitosan dose to the convective processes and monitoring the water quality parameters in real-time. The results demonstrated that the interaction of chitosan with O<sub>3</sub> NBs eliminates more than 80 % of the initial chemical oxygen demand (COD). Finally, the AOP carried out with O<sub>3</sub> NBs reaches a removal efficiency of 99.8 % total suspended solids and 90 % COD. This modular system presents a practical and efficient alternative for removing municipal and industrial wastewater contaminants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 106581"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janaina S. Santos , Mariana S. Sikora , Francisco Trivinho-Strixino , Supareak Praserthdam , Piyasan Praserthdam
{"title":"A comprehensive review of anodic TiO2 films as heterogeneous catalysts for photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic water disinfection","authors":"Janaina S. Santos , Mariana S. Sikora , Francisco Trivinho-Strixino , Supareak Praserthdam , Piyasan Praserthdam","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review article discusses the biocide ability of anodic TiO<sub>2</sub> films in photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems for water disinfection (WD). These technologies are considered cost-effective and safe for minimizing the generation of harmful disinfection byproducts. Fabricated via titanium anodization, the progress, advantages, and limitations of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube arrays (TNA) and porous TiO<sub>2</sub> film (PEO coating) as photo(electro)catalysts are described, and the main challenges for their development are addressed. The high stability of the anodized films and easy recovery and recycling are attractive properties. These films demonstrate high disinfection efficacy under UV–visible range against resistant strains of bacteria, biofilms, and fungi. Composites with Ag and NiO-ZnO increase disinfection performance under UV-A, while Cu<sub>2</sub>O, MoS<sub>2</sub>, and CeO<sub>2</sub> composites improve the TiO<sub>2</sub> absorption under visible light. The anodic films are efficient in reducing bacterial regrowth post-PC treatment. The disinfection efficiency is enhanced by coupling an electrochemical system to the PC process. The reduction of electron/hole recombination induced by the effective separation of the photogenerated charge carriers under positive polarization of the anodic film in the PEC system increases the availability of photogenerated holes, producing more oxidants. The PEC disinfection with TNA photoanodes demonstrates efficacy in mineralizing biological debris. Surface modifications of TNA photoanodes to improve the PEC efficiency via solar-driven disinfection include doping or forming composites with Ag and Ag/AgBr. TNA meshes tested as photoanodes in portable PEC devices are promising for bacterial and fungal inactivation in natural water samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 106589"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on the treatment of rural sewage with microbial fuel cell-constructed wetlands enhanced by agricultural biomass","authors":"Yuting Ma, Yutong Li, Mengni Tao, Shiwei Cao, Zhaoqian Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the low carbon-to‑nitrogen ratio of rural sewage after biological treatment, corn stalks, wheat straw, and rice straw were selected as additional carbon sources for the microbial fuel cell-constructed wetlands (MFC-CWs). Carbon release of the biomass was not improved obviously by NaOH pretreatment, and the removal efficiency of nitrate nitrogen from pretreated wheat straw (94.8 %) was only slightly higher than that of unpretreated straw (91.6 %). Therefore, to avoid secondary pollution caused by pretreatment, original corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw were used as carbon sources for MFC-CWs. The concentration of chemical oxygen demand in effluent did not change obviously with the carbon sources addition, but the total nitrogen removal rates in MFC-CWs with corn stalks, wheat straw, and rice straw addition of 70 g/m<sup>2</sup> increased by 22.72 %, 16.17 % and 26.14 %, respectively. Additionally, the average output voltage increased by 12.19–33.19 mV with carbon sources addition, while the electricity generation decreased by 0.22–0.65 mW/m<sup>2</sup> after the carbon sources were removed. With the addition of biomass, abundant microorganisms associated with denitrification (<em>Cyanobacteria and unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae</em>), electricity generation (<em>Acidobacteriota and Proteobacteria</em>), and organic matter degradation (<em>Chloroflexi</em>, <em>Actinobacteriota</em>, and <em>Bacteroidota</em>) were observed in MFC-CWs. Therefore, the use of agricultural biomass to enhance the performance of MFC-CWs is a promising method for treating rural sewage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 106407"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainable electrocoagulation for lignin valorization: Green synthesis of magnetic mesoporous activated carbon from pulp and paper industry black liquor and its application as an adsorbent for methylene blue","authors":"Shoumik Sadaf , Seyed Morteza Taghavi Kouzehkanan , Tae-Sik Oh , Zhihua Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The separation and valorization of lignin from cellulosic biomass are critical yet challenging processes. Conventional methods like LignoBoost and LignoForce are energy-intensive and require high capital costs. In addition, they involve hazardous chemicals such as sulfuric acid, leading to SOx emissions. This study aims to develop a sustainable and environmentally friendly electrocoagulation process (EC) for lignin separation and valorization from black liquor in the pulp and paper industry. The EC achieved a 91 % lignin removal efficiency using iron electrodes, significantly higher than conventional methods. The separated lignin was carbonized to produce magnetic mesoporous activated carbon (MMAC) in a greener manner. The MMAC was systematically characterized using SEM, XRD, Raman, BET, and FTIR techniques, revealing a surface area of 125.37 m<sup>2</sup>/g and an average pore size of 6.59 nm. MMAC demonstrated high efficiency in adsorbing 91 % of Methylene Blue from dye solution within 30 min and maintained performance over four cycles, demonstrating the potential of EC in producing high-performance MMAC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 106392"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synergistic removal of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4/MoS2/MIL-53(Fe) photocatalysts with Fenton reaction: Photothermal effect and mechanistic analysis","authors":"Jian Zhang , Guangqin Ren , Hongzhu Zhou , Chen Shao , Haina Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combination of photocatalysis and Fenton technology is considered a promising technology for antibiotic wastewater treatment. In this paper, a CN/MoS<sub>2</sub>/MIL-53(Fe) double Z-scheme heterojunction catalyst with a photothermal effect was constructed. The intrinsic photothermal conversion effect of the catalyst was conducive to increasing the photo-Fenton catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the double Z-scheme heterojunction inhibits the recombination of photogenerated carriers, which improves the redox capacity. It is worth mentioning that the photo-Fenton system can remove 92.5 % of TCH in 30 min, which is 1.64 and 1.32 times higher than that of the photocatalytic and Fenton reactions, respectively, and its excellent performance was caused by the superior Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> cycling efficiency, as well as the synergistic effect between photocatalytic and Fenton reactions. The experimental results indicated that the photo-Fenton system demonstrated strong resistance to ionic interference and structural stability, confirming its potential for practical applications. Free radical trapping experiments revealed the key roles of active species such as <img>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, h<sup>+</sup>, <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, and <img>OH in the removal of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). The possible degradation intermediates and pathways of TCH were deduced by LC-MS analysis. In addition, the toxicity analysis showed that the constructed photo-Fenton system was an environmentally friendly technique for antibiotic wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 106417"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}