Journal of water process engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effect of biocarrier on Dirammox during high NH4+-N wastewater treatment: Microbial community, sludge property, and removal efficiency","authors":"Yuchen Yuan ,&nbsp;Xiaochen Xu ,&nbsp;Fenglin Yang ,&nbsp;Jiadong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the retention of active microorganisms within the sludge, this study examined the effect of various biocarriers under the direct ammonia oxidation (Dirammox) technology for treating high NH₄⁺-N wastewater. Following prolonged operation with an influent concentration of 1000 mg/L NH₄⁺-N and 10,000 mg/L COD, the results demonstrated that the TN removal efficiencies of R1 (control), R2 (Fenton iron mud), and R3 (coconut shell) were 62.45 ± 3.30 %, 63.17 ± 3.98 %, and 64.90 ± 3.74 %, respectively. The COD removal efficiencies were 97.13 ± 0.91 %, 98.45 ± 0.24 %, and 97.66 ± 0.70 %, respectively, and TP was completely removed in all cases. Under high-load conditions, sludge supplemented with biocarriers not only exhibited a reduced recovery time but also demonstrated enhanced settling performance. Specifically, the SV₃₀/SV₅ ratio in R3 and R2 surpassed 0.9 within 10 and 40 days, respectively, whereas R1 stabilized at 0.85 after 30 days. Microbial analysis revealed that the introduction of biocarriers increased microbial diversity, resulting in distinct variations in microbial community structure. These findings indicated that the presence of biocarriers significantly mitigated the adverse effects of high-load conditions and improved sludge settling characteristics, primarily by reducing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion, enhancing viscosity, and promoting microbial adhesion and species diversity. Consequently, the pollutant removal efficiency was further optimized due to the increased microbial diversity. In summary, the Dirammox process presented a promising approach for high NH₄⁺-N wastewater treatment, with biocarriers demonstrating a substantial positive impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108194"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging naturally low pH for enhanced 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal from industrial wastewater: Carbon black adsorption and resource recovery approach","authors":"Noppaluck Promjan ,&nbsp;Kullapa Soratana ,&nbsp;Tanapon Phenrat","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A sustainable approach for treating 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in acidic industrial wastewater was investigated by leveraging its naturally low pH characteristics. The adsorption performance of bare carbon black (CB) under acidic conditions was evaluated in comparison with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified CB, while exploring the integration of waste-derived sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for final pH adjustment. The results showed that optimal 2,4-D removal was achieved by bare CB at pH 2, aided by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and Lewis acid–base interactions working synergistically. At pH 2, the maximum sorption capacity of 14 mg/g was observed at an optimal CB dose of 4.5 g/L. While APTES-modified CB at pH 4 had a 3.63-times higher sorption capacity, our life-cycle assessment revealed that utilizing bare CB under naturally acidic conditions coupled with waste-derived NaOH reduced the global warming potential by 27 % compared to using APTES-modified CB with fresh NaOH. This reduction primarily resulted from avoiding energy-intensive modification processes and utilizing waste-derived chemicals. The approach also decreased operational costs by 35 %. The adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, indicating multi-layer adsorption and chemisorption mechanisms. This research demonstrates that integrating naturally occurring acidic conditions with waste-derived materials can enhance both environmental and economic sustainability in treating industrial wastewater under challenging pH conditions, supporting circular-economy principles in wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108137"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling in livestock: Reuse of corral washing water and reduction of the release of pathogenic microorganisms into the environment","authors":"Juliana Kassis ,&nbsp;Thais Girardi Carpanez ,&nbsp;Anderson Machado de Melo Junior ,&nbsp;Henrique Vieira de Mendonça ,&nbsp;Marcelo Henrique Otenio ,&nbsp;Jonathas Batista Gonçalves Silva ,&nbsp;Sue Ellen Costa Bottrel","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to assess the viability of utilizing dairy cattle wastewater (DCW) in a recirculation system for cleaning cattle confinement units. Aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly “SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation”; “SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production” and “SDG 14: Life Bellow Water”, the objectives included quantifying water savings achieved through recirculation, and determining the reduction in enterobacteria, indicative of <em>Escherichia coli</em>, prevented from entering the environment. The recirculation of DCW for hydraulic cleaning of cattle confinement unit floors resulted in remarkable water savings, reaching up to 99.61 %. This process successfully averted the release of approximately 6.43 × 10⁴ CFU/mL of pathogenic organisms into the environment. The incorporation of a biodigester into the system yielded dual benefits in the form of biogas and biofertilizer, which could be reintegrated into the production process. Beyond the immediate benefits of water conservation, this approach contributes to sustainable water resource management and preserves the quality of watercourses. The integration of such innovative practices underscores the potential to enhance environmental stewardship in agriculture, aligning with broader goals of sustainability and circular economic principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108217"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of metformin on sewage sludge anaerobic digestion: Focusing on changes in microbial metabolites and community/functional genes","authors":"Jishi Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruixi Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Gu ,&nbsp;Zhaoyi Duan ,&nbsp;Zhengyi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metformin (MEF) is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes and is often detected in sewage sludge, but its effect on anaerobic digestion (AD) for methane (CH₄) production has rarely been investigated. This study revealed the influence of MEF on AD of sewage sludge. MEF significantly interfered with AD process, causing CH₄ yield reduction of 9.67 % and 30.18 % exposure on 6 mM and 9 mM of MEF, compared to the control groups without MEF, respectively. Liquid phase analyses revealed that MEF led to the accumulation of butyric and acetic acids and the increase in protein and polysaccharide contents at the initial stage of AD, showing the sludge dissolution. In addition, the high-throughput sequencing identified <em>Firmicutes</em> as the main contributor to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), with its relative abundance rising from 35.45 % to 47.48 %. Conversely, the relative abundance of <em>Methanosaeta</em> decreased from 56.21 % to 36.0 %, causing low CH₄ yield. Furthermore, an analysis of the changes in enzyme abundance involved in metabolic processes indicated that MEF could disrupt the metabolic pathway, thereby inhibiting CH₄ yield. Surprisingly, MEF could not be decomposed by anaerobes while it could be adsorbed by the sludge in AD. Thus, low cost and efficient pretreatment techniques for the PPCPs containing sewage waste are recommended to obtain suitable substrates for more CH₄.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108198"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded on boron-doped coffee grounds highly efficiently activates peroxymonosulfate to degrade tetracycline","authors":"Xiangyu Wang ,&nbsp;Liang Feng ,&nbsp;Youxue Deng ,&nbsp;Iseult Lynch ,&nbsp;Jun Ma ,&nbsp;Ping Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The practical application of unmodified biochar in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is constrained by its limited surface functional groups and the inherent drawbacks of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), including particle aggregation and oxidative instability. To address these challenges, nZVI catalysts with controlled boron doping ratios were synthesized via coffee grounds modification, followed by systematic evaluation of their catalytic performance, mechanistic pathways, and operational parameters. Under optimized conditions (0.12 g L⁻¹ nZVI@B₁-BC and 1 mM peroxymonosulfate (PMS)), near-complete tetracycline (TC) removal (99.1 %) was achieved within 30 min. Remarkably, boron doping enhanced TC degradation kinetics by 1.51-fold compared to undoped counterparts, highlighting the pivotal role of heteroatom engineering in tailoring catalyst reactivity. The nZVI@B₁-BC composite demonstrated exceptional robustness across diverse aqueous matrices, exhibiting strong tolerance to coexisting anions, humic acid (up to 25 mg L⁻¹), and pH fluctuations (3−11). Radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis identified hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and sulfate radicals (SO₄^•−) as dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS), while HPLC-MS elucidated three potential TC degradation pathways involving dehydroxylation, demethylation, and ring-opening reactions. This work advances the rational design of biochar-supported nZVI catalysts and provides actionable insights for optimizing persulfate activation systems in antibiotic-contaminated water remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108196"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of mathematical models to predict permeate water quality in pilot- and full-scale reverse osmosis processes","authors":"Christopher R. Hagglund,&nbsp;Steven J. Duranceau","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An evaluation that investigated the accuracy and precision of various mathematical models in predicting permeate water quality for pilot- and full-scale reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes treating brackish ground water containing scale inhibitors has been completed. Process feed, permeate and concentrate were monitored for flow, pressure, and water quality at operating pilot- and full-scale facilities that employed polyamide-based thin-film composite spiral-wound element configurations. The collected information was used to predict water and solute mass transfer using common porous and non-porous mechanistic-based mathematical models. Overall, this study demonstrated the application of 27 models (or model modifications) for predicting the permeate water quality of pilot- and full-scale RO processes using operation information taken directly from utilities' SCADA output data. The solution friction model was observed to be the most accurate in predicting permeate TDS and chloride, partially attributed to its' accurate estimation of the water mass transfer coefficient (MTC) and supported by <em>t</em>-test and Monte Carlo analysis. The solution diffusion method of determining k_w-SD, which used the water flux and net driving pressure, was further refined with power and exponential functions to account for performance decline. These functions were generally accurate in predicting the observed water MTC; however, the k_w-SD approach proved to be more reliable. The solute mass transfer coefficients were determined experimentally and empirically using the Sherwood number correlation. The constants used for Sherwood number correlations under laminar or turbulent flow conditions typically failed to accurately predict actual solute mass transfer values unless a model-fitting approach was used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108167"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile synthesis of polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetic silicon nanocomposite for enhanced and rapid removal and recovery of hexavalent molybdenum ions","authors":"Junbiao Peng ,&nbsp;Weiheng Shu ,&nbsp;Yuan Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoguo Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum is an expensive rare metal with many application, however discharged effluents containing Mo(VI) ions from various industries constitute potential hazards to human health and the ecosystem. Thus, it is demanded to develop appropriate methods to separate and recover molybdenum from industrial wastewater. In the present work, polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized magnetic silicon (PEI@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄) nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile approach (60 °C, 1 h), and then for the first time used as the sorbent for efficient removal and recovery of Mo(VI) ions. The prepared PEI@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite was then characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscoper, etc. Investigations of adsorption performances of the PEI@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ demonstrated its high adsorption capacity of 409.8 mg/g at 298 K and fast adsorption kinetics with an equilibrium time of 45 min, while the sorption process was spontaneous, endothermic and well fitted by Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The possible adsorption mechanisms include coordinate bonds and electrostatic interaction. The sorbed Mo(VI) ions were completely eluated off from PEI@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ sorbent using a Na₃PO₄ solution (20 g/L) within only 2 min. Outstanding reusability of PEI@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ was illustrated after seven adsorption–desorption cycles with only 7 % loss in sorption capacity. The PEI@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ was then applied to the treatment of real wastewaters containing Mo(VI), and very satisfactory results were achieved. These results suggest that the PEI@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite is a potential sorbent for removing and recovery of Mo(VI) from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108210"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-pot synthesis of visible-light responsive BiOCl/BiOBr/g-C3N4 ternary heterojunction with excellent photocatalytic activity","authors":"Lijun Cheng ,&nbsp;Jianhua Shi ,&nbsp;Bingjing Yao ,&nbsp;Yiyun Peng ,&nbsp;Wenhui Li ,&nbsp;Shun Xin ,&nbsp;Hua Gao ,&nbsp;Shaohua Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>BiOCl/BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ ternary heterojunctions were prepared via one-pot method and their photocatalytic sterilization performances for <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>) under visible light illumination were investigated. The highest activity was obtained over BiOCl/BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ ternary composite with n(Bi): n(g-C₃N₄) of 1:1, which approximately inactivated 100 % of <em>E. coli</em> in 2 h and 87.67 % of <em>S. aureus</em> in 3 h. Contrast to pure BiOCl, BiOBr, g-C₃N₄ and BiOCl/g-C₃N₄, BiOBr/g-C₃N₄, BiOCl/BiOBr binary heterojunctions, the enhanced photocatalytic sterilization performance of the ternary heterojunction could be mainly attributed to its relatively stronger light absorption, larger specific surface area and more effective charge carriers separation. Last, the sterilization mechanism of the ternary heterojunction was discussed in detail.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108209"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper ion detection in aqueous media using a carboxamide-based colorimetric sensor and test kit: Synthesis, crystal structures, antimicrobial activity, and computational studies","authors":"Samira Fadaei Heydari ,&nbsp;Robabeh Alizadeh ,&nbsp;Vahid Amani ,&nbsp;Raziyeh Arabahmadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present work, a colorimetric chemosensor, N-(2-ethoxyphenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (L^pz-2-OEt) compound, was synthesized via condensation of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid and 2-ethoxyaniline, and characterized by elemental analysis, various spectroscopic methods (IR, UV–Vis, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C{¹H}NMR), DFT calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. UV–Vis studies revealed that L^pz-2-OEt exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity toward Cu²⁺ ions in acetonitrile, with a distinct color change from colorless to yellow, even in the presence of competing metal ions. Job's plot analysis indicated a 2:1 ligand-to-metal stoichiometry. The detection limit (LOD) and binding constant (K_a) for Cu²⁺ were determined to be 1.10 × 10⁻⁵ M and 4.14 × 10⁹ M⁻², respectively. The sensing performance was further validated using a test kit, confirming its practical applicability. Notably, the sensor demonstrated a fast response, reversibility, and reusability. The structure of the new mononuclear Cu²⁺ complex [Cu (L^pz-2-OEt)₂(η²-NO₃)₂(H₂O)].CH₃CN (1) was determined by X-ray crystallography, and its composition was confirmed by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. This complex adopts a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal (6 + 1) coordination geometry. DFT calculations were used to optimize ground-state geometries and calculate global reactivity descriptors and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice were examined via Hirshfeld surface analysis. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. The Cu²⁺ complex exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than the free ligand, while both compounds lacked antifungal activity. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the design of efficient and reusable chemosensors for selective Cu²⁺ detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108166"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient treatment of graywater using a multi-array dielectric barrier discharge plasma jet","authors":"Mohammad Mohammad Hosseini,&nbsp;Hamed Taghvaei","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for freshwater necessitates innovative and sustainable water treatment solutions. Graywater treatment and reuse have emerged as crucial strategies to alleviate pressure on freshwater resources. This study investigates the application of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma for graywater treatment, a method less explored compared to conventional advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The treatment involved exposing graywater to post-discharge plasma using air as the carrier gas. Plasma-generated reactive species were introduced into the water through bubbling, ensuring efficient mass transfer and enhancing contaminant degradation. Under optimal operating conditions (applied voltage: 7.6 kV, treatment time: 60 min, gas flow rate: 500 mL/min), the system achieved 90 % removal efficiency in a 30 mL reaction volume with an initial graywater concentration of 600 ppm. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of plasma-based ozonation for graywater treatment. Ionic analysis showed significant reductions in phosphate (from 38.05 ppm to 15.96 ppm) and sulfate (from 13.65 ppm to 6.23 ppm), both of which are critical components of graywater. Scavenger experiments revealed that singlet oxygen (¹O₂), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and ozone (O₃) were the primary reactive species responsible for degradation. This study highlights the potential of non-thermal plasma technology as a sustainable and efficient solution for graywater treatment. The findings present a promising approach to addressing global freshwater scarcity through advanced plasma-based oxidation processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108178"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}