Journal of water process engineering最新文献

{"title":"Formation of Sb2S3 photocatalyst during antimony removal from mine drainage by Shewanella sp. ANA-3","authors":"Jinna Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Wu ,&nbsp;Kaixiong Yang ,&nbsp;Qiuyun Lou ,&nbsp;Kun Xu ,&nbsp;Li Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antimony (Sb) is not only a priority pollutant but also a critical mineral; therefore, strategies to simultaneously remove and recover Sb from wastewater are urgently needed. This study proposes a user-friendly biological treatment for managing Sb mine drainage using <em>Shewanella</em> sp. ANA-3 as the functional bacterium. When inoculated into Sb mine drainage supplemented with carbon and sulfur source, ANA-3 removed 85 % Sb within 96 h at the rate of 0.0158 mg·L⁻¹·h⁻¹. The removal mechanism was attributed to the formation of amorphous Sb₂S₃ precipitates, as confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that Sb₂S₃ nucleation and growth initially occurred within the ANA-3 cells, with secretion taking place once particle size reached approximately 100 nm. High-resolution TEM further identified the precipitates as Sb₂S₃ nanospheres with an average diameter of 136 nm. These nanospheres exhibited an optical band gap of ~2.13 eV and a strong photochemical response under visible light, suggesting their potential for photocatalytic applications. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of methyl orange dye, achieving an 85 % degradation rate with a rate constant of 0.011 min⁻¹. This performance significantly surpassed that of commercial and chemically synthesized Sb₂S₃. The superior photocatalytic efficiency of the bio-formed Sb₂S₃ highlights its potential for broader applications. By combining efficient Sb removal and functional photocatalyst recovery, our study opens a new avenue for sustainable Sb remediation and recovery from Sb mine drainage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 108002"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative binary green oxidant application for environmentally friendly treatment of leachate membrane bioreactor effluent","authors":"Şebnem Gün,&nbsp;Çağla Kürkçü,&nbsp;Rabia Nefise Yılmaz,&nbsp;Emine Can-Güven,&nbsp;Senem Yazici Guvenc,&nbsp;Gamze Varank","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the treatability of leachate membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent was investigated by CaO₂/PS/Fe(II) and CaO₂/PMS/Fe(II) processes. While existing studies focus on synthetic wastewater, this work evaluates CaO₂/PS/Fe(II) and CaO₂/PMS/Fe(II) processes for real leachate MBR effluent. The study will highlight the potential of using green oxidants and catalysts in the treatment. Environmentally friendly oxidants (CaO₂, PS, and PMS) and environmentally friendly catalysts (Fe(II), which is defined as environmentally friendly with its properties such as low cost, abundance, low toxicity, and sustainability) were used. The COD removal efficiencies of binary processes were higher than those of single processes, and the highest COD removal efficiencies were achieved with combined processes. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to determine the effects of process variables on the combined processes. The optimum conditions were initial pH 6.92, Fe(II) dose 2.72 g/L, CaO₂ dose 3.65 g/L, and PS dose 3.89 g/L for CaO₂/PS/Fe(II) while initial pH 7.22, Fe(II) dose 2.74 g/L, CaO₂ dose 3.37 g/L, and PMS dose 4.65 g/L for CaO₂/PMS/Fe(II). Under optimum conditions, COD and UV₂₅₄ removal were estimated as 89.5 % and 98.9 %, respectively for CaO₂/PS/Fe(II) and 92.7 % and 99.7 %, respectively for CaO₂/PMS/Fe(II). To verify the data, validation experiments were conducted and COD and UV₂₅₄ removal were 87.5 % and 96.2 % for CaO₂/PS/Fe(II) and 90.1 % and 97.6 % for CaO₂/PMS/Fe(II), respectively. Minor deviations (&lt;3 %) between predicted and experimental results are attributed to wastewater heterogeneity and experimental margins. Combined green oxidation processes effectively treated the leachate MBR effluent meeting the discharge criteria desired for the receiving media.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107965"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic catalysis of ZIF-90@floating microspheres accelerates interface reactions in lipid degradation","authors":"Qingyue Sun,&nbsp;Tianci Liu,&nbsp;Xiaohui Huang,&nbsp;Songheng Bo,&nbsp;ShengXin Liu,&nbsp;Xiaojun Zhang,&nbsp;Changbiao Chi,&nbsp;Guo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global challenge of oil pollution and its treatment necessitates innovative solutions. Lipases offer an efficient and environmentally friendly method for oil degradation. However, lipases are only active at the oil-water interface and their effectiveness is hindered by poor stability and inactivation. This study introduces ZIF-90 as an alternative to traditional lipases. It is capable of activating H₂O to generate •OH and •H radicals for hydrolysis of lipids, thereby demonstrating enzymatic activity comparable to lipases. Floating microspheres were developed to address the limitations of lipase stability and interface activation. These were created by 3D printing low-density hollow microspheres containing ZIF-90, ensuring the optimal positioning of all ZIF-90 at the oil-water interface during the reaction. This allows the ZIF-90 within the microspheres to fully interact with both the oil substrate and water molecules at the interface, effectively catalyzing the oil pollution degradation without stirring and emulsifying in large aquatic areas. This innovative approach results in catalytic activity 6.61 times higher than free enzyme. Notably, treatments involving strong acids or high temperatures promote the activation of coordination between the imidazole and Zn²⁺ of ZIF-90, significantly enhancing oil pollution degradation by 1.45 to 3.7 times. This research provides valuable insights and methodologies for developing novel biomimetic enzymes, with potential applications in enhancing the efficiency of other catalysts at the oil-water interface for addressing floating lipid pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107986"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Anammox-sulfur autotrophic denitrification coupling with sludge/coal gangue biochar: Nitrogen removal performance and microbial community dynamics","authors":"Yaxin Hou ,&nbsp;Jiawei Sun ,&nbsp;Kaiyu Hou ,&nbsp;Rong Zhao ,&nbsp;Tiancheng Fang ,&nbsp;Abuliti Abudula ,&nbsp;Guoqing Guan ,&nbsp;Yun Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SADN) can reduce nitrate produced by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) to nitrite, providing an electron acceptor for Anammox. This study investigated the effects of sludge/coal gangue-based biochar (SCBC) on the coupled process of Anammox and SADN. The results indicated a significant rise in NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency (ANRE) from 42.4 % to 75.0 %, and total nitrogen removal efficiency from 83.2 % to 91.7 % upon introducing SCBC. Furthermore, SCBC elevated extracellular polymeric substances content from 10.3 ± 0.5 to 14.1 ± 0.7 mg·gSS⁻¹ and the protein/polysaccharide ratio from 3.3 to 4.4, bolstering system stability. SCBC reduced <em>Thiobacillus</em> abundances from 48.0 % to 45.0 %, while respectively increasing <em>Sulfurimonas</em> and <em>Candidatus Brocadia</em> abundances from 3.2 % to 3.3 % and 0.2 % to 3.9 %, which suggested an enrichment of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In conclusion, SCBC addition improves Anammox-SADN coupling, opening new avenues for nitrite supply in Anammox and nitrate treatment. It also presents a novel approach for sludge and coal gangue utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107987"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation of peroxydisulfate by phosphoric acid-modified microwave biochar for tetracycline removal in water: Mechanistic insights","authors":"Hao Dong ,&nbsp;Carolina Belver ,&nbsp;Shuai Chen ,&nbsp;Guodong Li ,&nbsp;Qiyi He ,&nbsp;Jihang Guo ,&nbsp;Fangjun Zhao ,&nbsp;Guilan Gao ,&nbsp;Jie Guan ,&nbsp;Jorge Bedia","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphoric acid activation and microwave pyrolysis have clear benefits in biochar production. This research investigated the effects of pyrolysis power and phosphoric acid concentration on the physicochemical properties of modified biochar. The biochar with optimal activity was selected as a catalyst and used to activate peroxodisulfate (PDS) for the efficient removal of tetracycline (TC). The results revealed that the most active sample was MHP500–1500. It was prepared at a microwave power of 1500 W with 10 mol/L phosphoric acid at 500 °C. This sample had abundant active sites and excellent electron transfer capability. The specific surface area was 1508 m²/g. The MHP500–1500/PDS system achieved a TC removal rate of 92 % within 1 h. The internal graphitic carbon structure of MHP500–1500 accelerated the electron transfer in the MHP500–1500/PDS system, successfully activating PDS. PDS was adsorbed on the surface of MHP500–1500, forming a complex. The complex attacked the electron-rich pollutant TC through electron transfer, and the singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generated during the activation process could also attack TC. The combined action of these two non-radical pathways achieved the removal of TC. Additionally, the MHP500–1500/PDS system exhibited stability in different water environments. After five repetitions of the experiments, the removal rate of TC still reached 77 %. Compared with other carbon-based catalysts, the catalyst prepared in this study not only has a higher specific surface area but also exhibits better TC removal efficiency at a lower dosage. This study provides new insights into the non-radical pathway for pollutant removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107966"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the impacts of bromide and nitrite interaction on the degradation of bisphenol A during sulfate radical oxidation","authors":"Jingjing Gui ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Peizeng Yang ,&nbsp;Junhe Lu ,&nbsp;Yueifei Ji ,&nbsp;Jing Chen ,&nbsp;Yueqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Deyang Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfate radical (SO₄^•-) oxidation processes have the capacity to effectively degrade bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor of great concern. However, potential environmental risks associated with generating harmful byproducts in this process remain largely unknown. This study revealed that nitrated byproducts were generated during the degradation of BPA by SO₄^•- oxidation with nitrite (NO₂⁻) present. This is due to the production of nitrogen dioxide radical (NO₂^•) through the reaction of NO₂⁻ and SO₄^•-, which further combines with phenoxy radicals originating from BPA oxidation, leading to nitrated byproducts. Moreover, bromide (Br⁻) facilitated the transformation of NO₂⁻ to nitrated byproducts in this process. When 150 μM Br⁻ and 100 μM NO₂⁻ were both in the solution, the total formation of identified nitrophenols (i.e., 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol) reached 0.67 ± 0.02 μM, compared to 0.55 ± 0.01 μM with NO₂⁻ alone. Nitryl bromide (NO₂Br) generated from the interaction of NO₂⁻ and free bromine in situ formed from Br⁻ oxidation was identified to play a pivotal role. It directly reacts with BPA and some intermediates via electrophilic substitution, leading to nitrated byproducts with Br⁻ releasing. Coherently with the enhanced nitrated byproducts formation, toxicity test showed that the BPA sample treated by SO₄^•- in the co-presence of Br⁻ and NO₂⁻ was more toxic than that with NO₂⁻ alone. Thus, it is required to keep a watchful eye on undesired byproducts formation when SO₄^•- oxidation technologies are applied in realistic environments where Br⁻ and NO₂⁻ are commonly co-existing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 108000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the adsorption sites and mechanism of biochar towards tetracycline using machine learning","authors":"Bo Xian,&nbsp;Qingzhi Li,&nbsp;Huayi Zhao,&nbsp;Quan Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the past, exploration of the adsorption sites and mechanism of adsorbent towards adsorbate largely rely on adsorption experiments and physico-chemical characterization. The emergence of artificial intelligence techniques, such as machine learning, has provided new approaches for studying adsorption sites and mechanisms. However, most current studies using machine learning to investigate the adsorption performance and mechanisms of materials have not thoroughly extracted or revealed the role and contribution of chemical bonds and chemical states in the adsorption process. In this study, by extracting and separating material XPS analysis data, we exploratively apply machine learning methods to predict and investigate the adsorption sites and mechanisms of antibiotic adsorption on biochar. Specifically, this work employed 4 machine learning models for over 344 datasets to analysis the correlations between the key functional groups (including N–6, π–π and C–O/C–N) and adsorption ability. The results showed N–6, π–π and C–O/C–N structures are key functional groups contributing to adsorption. Among them, π–π interaction have the most pronounced effect, suggesting that this mechanism may play a dominant role in adsorption process. This approach not only helps to identify functional groups that enhance adsorption but also links them to specific mechanisms, offering valuable insights for the rational design of biochar-based adsorbents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107970"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater quality assessment using few-shot learning with prototypical, Siamese, and matching networks","authors":"Abdessamed Derdour ,&nbsp;Mohammed Baz ,&nbsp;Ali Alzaed ,&nbsp;Amanuel Kumsa Bojer ,&nbsp;Sherif S.M. Ghoneim","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater quality assessment is critical for sustainable water resource management, especially in hyperarid regions like Adrar, Algeria, where data scarcity and environmental challenges hinder traditional monitoring methods. This study explores the application of three Few-Shot Learning (FSL) algorithms: Prototypical Networks, Siamese Networks, and Matching Networks, for groundwater quality classification using limited datasets. The dataset comprises 166 groundwater samples from the Adrar region, characterized by five quality classes: “Excellent,” “Very Good,” “Good,” “Satisfactory,” and “Unsatisfactory.” Results demonstrate that Prototypical Networks outperform other FSL algorithms, achieving 93 % accuracy with 10 support samples per class, while Siamese and Matching Networks achieve 90 % and 88 % accuracy, respectively. The study highlights the potential of FSL in addressing data scarcity, offering a cost-effective and efficient approach for groundwater quality assessment in data-scarce regions. The findings underscore the importance of FSL in complementing traditional methods, particularly in hyper arid areas where data collection is challenging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 108003"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical role of pH in wastewater treatment and resource recovery from the hazardous chemical polishing wastewater","authors":"Sizhuo Wan ,&nbsp;Sifan Wang ,&nbsp;Mahmood Qaisar ,&nbsp;Bibi Saima Zeb ,&nbsp;Ru Wang ,&nbsp;Linjiang Yuan ,&nbsp;Ping Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical polishing (CP) wastewater offers enormous potential for phosphorus recovery. This study focused on the Al³⁺ removal and phosphate recovery from the CP wastewater by electrochemical (EC) treatment combined with the chemical precipitation method. EC systems with two configurations were established, and multiple batch cycles were operated. The chemical precipitation simulation and Pearson correlation analysis show that the removal pathways of phosphate and Al³⁺ were divided into three steps based on the increasing pH. Step I was the hydrogen reaction to increase pH from 1.21 to 2.78, and then the electrode reaction increased pH from 2.78 to 3.60, named step II. Step III was increasing pH from 3.60 to 7.00 by the addition of NaOH. Al³⁺ was mainly removed as Al(PO)₄ in step II, and phosphate was mainly recovered as vivianite in Step III. The higher pH could increase the Fe(II)/P molar ratio by reducing phosphate concentration in step II, and the higher Fe(II)/P molar ratio could improve vivianite purity in step III. The EC system can run stably for 15 days with a removal efficiency of 99 % and vivianite purity of 57 %. These findings could be exploited for more industrial wastewater treatment, advancing the practical application of EC technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107944"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of full-scale side-stream PN/A process and impact of sulfate ions on anammox in a municipal WWTP in Korea","authors":"Taeseok Oh ,&nbsp;Yunkyu Choi ,&nbsp;Jeongmin Kim ,&nbsp;Yunsu Lim ,&nbsp;Minki Jung ,&nbsp;Younggyun Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the first full-scale implementation and performance assessment of a two-stage partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) process deployed at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Korea. The system consists of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) -based partial nitritation unit and a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) -based anammox unit. Four distinct operational phases were systematically examined over a one-year period: microbial inoculation, sulfate inhibition analysis, process recovery and loading escalation, and final performance validation. Sulfate concentrations exceeding 500 mg/L in the digestate were identified as a critical inhibitory parameter for anammox activity, reducing the specific anammox activity (SAA) by &gt;50 %. By replacing high-sulfate reclaimed water with industrial-grade water, sulfate concentrations were lowered to below 50 mg/L, resulting in consistently stable nitrogen removal performance. Under steady-state conditions, the system achieved a nitrogen removal efficiency of 84.6 % with a nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.89 kgN/m³/day and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.5 days. Stoichiometric ratios (Rs = 1.33, Rp = 0.13) closely matched theoretical expectations, confirming anammox as the predominant nitrogen removal mechanism. This study underscores that stringent sulfate control is essential for stable PN/A operation in digestate treatment settings and offers a model framework for analogous full-scale applications in high-sulfate industrial wastewater scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107985"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}