Journal of water process engineering最新文献

{"title":"Design calculation method of the interception ratio for combined sewer overflow abatement in the context of overflow frequency regulation","authors":"Xingpo Liu ,&nbsp;Shijie An ,&nbsp;Liang Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interception ratio is the critical parameter for the design and rehabilitation of the interceptive combined sewer systems. Currently, there are four categories of methods for determining the interception ratio: economic investment optimization methods, population density correlation methods, hydraulic model simulation methods, and standard (or specification) recommendation methods. However, these methods rarely consider the control requirements of combined sewer overflow (CSO) at the discharge outfalls, such as overflow frequency regulation. In this context, three new design calculation methods are proposed and compared for different scenarios of overflow frequency regulation, including the threshold sorting method (Method I), the annual multi-event-maxima (AMEM) sampling method (Method II) and the low return period rainfall intensity formula method (Method III). For three methods, nine minimum interevent time (MIET) scenarios (10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 min) for rainfall event division are considered in calculating the interception ratio. A case study is conducted based on the ten-year recorded rainfall series (from 1/1/2008 to 12/31/2017). Results reveal that: (1) The mean interception ratios of the three methods are 2.61, 4.95 and [0.69, 2.65], respectively. (2) The standard deviations of three methods are 0.05, 0.00 and [0.01, 0.13], respectively. (3) The result of method II can be used as the upper limit of interception ratio. (4) Method III is applicable to situations where only the low return period rainfall intensity formula can be obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 109599"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating economical physio-chemical processes for effectively decontaminating bio-treated landfill leachate concentrate","authors":"Yan Shi ,&nbsp;Aozhu Sun ,&nbsp;Guan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is essential to further reduce the levels of contaminants and toxicity in bio-treated landfill leachate concentrate through the rational development of economical processes practically. To this end, this study employed a sequential approach that integrates coagulation, activated carbon adsorption, and vacuum ultraviolet advanced oxidation processes for removing organic matters, heavy metals and ammonia nitrogen in the leachate. The results indicate that efficient removal of organic matter and heavy metals from the leachate can be achieved using polyferric sulfate as the optimal coagulant. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that coagulation effectively eliminated macromolecular organic compounds as well as those containing unsaturated conjugated bonds. Adsorption experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of three types of activated carbon (derivative from coal, fruit shell, and coconut shell) in removing remained dissolved organics and ammonia nitrogen from the leachate. The findings demonstrated that coal-based carbon treated with 10% H₂SO₄ exhibited superior adsorption capacity for organics. Advanced oxidation experiments utilizing vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) alone or in combination with oxidants (H₂O₂, NaClO and Na₂S₂O₈) were performed to evaluate their effectiveness on organics reduction in the leachate. The VUV/H₂O₂ process emerged as optimal as high removal efficiencies were attained— over 90% for UV₂₅₄ and 70% for DOC. This study confirms that integrating the economical physiochemical processes offers an effective strategy for advancing the treatment of bio-treated landfill leachate concentrate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 109741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance ZnO-modified aminated poly (vinyl chloride) thin film composite membrane for amoxicillin separation via forward osmosis process","authors":"Sima Majidi ,&nbsp;Reza Yegani ,&nbsp;Niloofar Ranjbaran","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the development of a novel thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane using aminated polyvinyl chloride (APVC) modified with zinc oxide (ZnO-APVC) for increasing the membrane performance stability by enhancing an interfacial adhesion between support and active layers which causes the efficient separation of amoxicillin (AMX) from water. The FO performance of the ZnO-APVC/polyamide (PA) membrane is compared with unmodified APVC/PA and a conventional poly(ethersulfone)/polyamide (PES/PA) FO membrane. The ZnO modification increased the water permeability (A) of the APVC based TFC to 7.71 L.m⁻².h⁻¹.bar⁻¹ and enabled higher FO fluxes than that of unmodified APVC/PA under optimized FO conditions (0.6 M 1:1 NaCl–MgCl₂ draw solution), while achieving the lowest specific reverse salt flux (SRSF ≈ 0.02 g·L⁻¹). In AMX separation tests, the ZnO-APVC/PA exhibited higher water flux than PES/PA using all AMX feed concentrations, and reasonable water flux of 16.3 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ with nearly complete AMX rejection at concentration of 150 ppm. Long-term cyclic tests during 120 h showed minimal flux decline of 2% across ZnO-APVC/PA compared with APVC/PA and PES/PA which are 4% and 10% for APVC/PA and PES/PA, respectively, demonstrating improved operational stability and confirms the enhanced interfacial adhesion between the APVC support and PA layers via covalent bonding. The results demonstrate stable FO performance during a 120 h continuous laboratory-scale operation, indicating promising initial operational stability of the ZnO-APVC/PA membrane.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109547"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis and advanced modeling of yttrium oxide nanoparticles for efficient antimony removal from contaminated water","authors":"Amine El Azizi ,&nbsp;Konouz Hamidallah ,&nbsp;Yassine El Miz ,&nbsp;Mohamed Elsenety ,&nbsp;Noureddine El Messaoudi ,&nbsp;Mouslim Messali ,&nbsp;Mohamed Loutou","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y₂O₃ NPs) were synthesized via a green route using <em>Pinus</em> leaf extract and evaluated for Sb³⁺ removal from aqueous solutions. Structural characterization confirmed the formation of highly crystalline nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 16.4 nm. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated a high maximum adsorption capacity of 228.54 mg/g. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption, whereas kinetic data followed a pseudo-first-order model, indicating rapid Sb³⁺ uptake. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic (ΔG° &lt; 0, ΔH° = −23.52 kJ/mol). Process optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) showed excellent agreement with experimental results, with ANN providing superior predictive accuracy (R² &gt; 0.99). Regeneration experiments demonstrated that the nanoparticles retained more than 62% of their adsorption capacity after eight reuse cycles, confirming their reusability. These results highlight the potential of green-synthesized Y₂O₃ nanoparticles as efficient, reusable adsorbents for removing Sb³⁺ from contaminated water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109646"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of environmentally friendly nano-CaCO3/PDMS-modified polyurethane sponge and its application in oil-water remediation","authors":"Shaolang Wang,&nbsp;Jia Luo,&nbsp;Kai Yang,&nbsp;Bo Yang,&nbsp;Guiju Li,&nbsp;Zhichao Zhang,&nbsp;Yong Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient treatment of oilfield produced water is a critical challenge for promoting sustainable development in the petroleum industry. To address the high toxicity and environmental hazards associated with conventional fluorine-containing modifiers, this study designed an environmentally friendly nano-CaCO₃/PDMS-modified polyurethane sponge (CaCO₃/PDMS@PU) for oil-water separation. Silanization was achieved through condensation between the epoxy groups of the silane coupling agent KH560 and hydroxyl groups on nano-CaCO₃. Polydopamine self-polymerization formed an adhesive layer that uniformly loaded the modified nano-CaCO₃ onto the sponge framework. Subsequent PDMS cross-linking and curing constructed a low surface energy hydrophobic layer, resulting in a water contact angle of 136°. Adsorption experiments demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of 23.5 g/g for various organic solvents, with the adsorption process fitting pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm model. Continuous oil-water separation tests verified high efficiency and stability under dynamic conditions. The material maintained excellent adsorption performance in strong acidic (pH = 1) and alkaline (pH = 12) environments. After eighteen adsorption-desorption cycles, approximately 87% of the initial chloroform adsorption capacity was retained. This study provides a novel strategy for developing green and efficient oil-water separation materials with strong environmental adaptability and promising application potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109633"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Granular stability mechanism and microbial shifts of the anammox process operated at 15 °C","authors":"Xiaoliang Fan ,&nbsp;Yunzhi Qian ,&nbsp;Xuanhui Lv ,&nbsp;Yonghao Zhu ,&nbsp;Jiayao Ding ,&nbsp;Chenshun Lu ,&nbsp;Shilong He","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low temperatures in winter can inhibit the activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria (AnAOB) and restrict the application of the anammox process. This study investigated the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and influent total nitrogen (TN) concentration on the nitrogen removal performance, granular stability mechanism and microbial shifts in anammox granular sludge (AnGS) system at 15 °C. An HRT of 0.96 h led to denitrifying bacteria (DNB) proliferation, limiting the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) to 2.1 g N/L/d. A TN concentration of 400 mg/L promoted AnAOB activity, increasing the NRR to 4.2 g N/L/d. During this transition, particle size with high AnAOB activity and proportion has shifted from &gt;2.0 mm to 1.0–1.5 mm. At 4.2 g N/L/d, hydroxyapatite (HAP) selectively formed in AnGS sized &gt;1.0 mm due to differences in activity. AnAOB released less proteins (PN) under short HRT and less polysaccharides (PS) under high TN concentration to maintain settling properties by adjusting the PN/PS ratio (R² = 0.96, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Reduced HRT enriched <em>Ca. Kuenenia</em> in AnGS with a size range of 0.5–2.0 mm, constituting 20.2% to 30.2%. While, elevated TN concentrations increased the abundance of <em>unclassified_f_Brocadiaceae</em> in AnGS, ranging from 20.7% to 33.0%. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis indicated that AnGS sized &gt;2.0 mm exhibited abundant key functional genes of anammox. This study serves as a reference for achieving stable treatment of low-temperature wastewater through the anammox process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109659"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging scales in wastewater treatment: Moroccan clays as eco-friendly adsorbents explored by experiments, response surface methodology, and Monte Carlo simulations","authors":"Amine El Azizi ,&nbsp;Noureddine El Messaoudi ,&nbsp;Konouz Hamidallah ,&nbsp;Dounia Ahoudi ,&nbsp;Rahime Eshaghi Malekshah ,&nbsp;Mouslim Messali ,&nbsp;Mohamed Loutou","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates the adsorptive performance of natural clayey materials from the Nador region (Morocco) for the removal of dye pollutants from aqueous solutions. The study focused on the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions, combining experimental characterization, statistical optimization, and molecular modeling to provide a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption process. Detailed microstructural analyses, including XRF, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and complementary physicochemical tests, revealed the structural and compositional features that govern adsorption behavior. Adsorption performance was strongly influenced by the solid-to-liquid ratio, initial dye concentration, and contact time, with equilibrium reached within 20 min. Kinetic modeling revealed that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best description of the adsorption process. At the same time, isotherm studies confirmed the Langmuir model as the most suitable, indicating monolayer adsorption on homogeneous active sites. To optimize operational conditions, a Box–Behnken design integrated with response surface methodology was applied. At the molecular level, Monte Carlo simulations combined with simulated annealing provided valuable insights into dye-surface interactions, demonstrating spontaneous, exothermic adsorption and stronger MB affinity for bentonitic and kaolinitic clays than for illitic clay. Overall, integrating experimental, statistical, and computational approaches establishes a multiscale understanding of adsorption mechanisms. The findings highlight the high efficiency, low cost, and sustainability of Moroccan clays, confirming their potential as promising raw materials for advanced environmental applications, particularly in the development of eco-friendly microfiltration membranes for wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109651"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turbulent characteristics around sediment reduction facilities imitating dragonfly wings in sewer systems","authors":"Bing Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Li ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Sifu Liu ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Sun ,&nbsp;Feifei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sediment accumulation remains a pervasive challenge in sewer systems, impacting system efficiency. While turbulence-driven sediment dynamics are well-documented, the intentional modulation of turbulence through bioinspired structural designs remains underexplored. This study first delves into the turbulent kinetic energy of two bioinspired sediment reduction plates, specifically a 25° folded plate (P0) and a dragonfly wing-inspired undulated plate (P3). Their distinct turbulence modulation mechanisms are then investigated through quadrant analysis and turbulence spectra. P3 demonstrates superior performance in turbulent kinetic energy enhancement and spatial homogeneity relative to P0. Reynolds stress analysis in P0 reveals distinct spatial heterogeneity: ridge regions are dominated by outward/inward momentum interactions and ejections that promote sediment suspension, while groove regions exhibit attenuated stress due to flow reattachment that favor deposition. Conversely, P3 exhibits sustained outward interactions and sweeps dominance with attenuated velocity fluctuations, homogenizing shear stress while preserving elevated turbulent kinetic energy for improved suspension. Turbulence spectra further highlight anisotropic energy distributions in P0 (<em>S</em>_<em>u</em>_<em>’</em> &gt; <em>S</em>_<em>v</em>_<em>’</em> &gt; <em>S</em>_<em>w</em>_<em>’</em>) versus uniform triaxial hierarchies in P3 (<em>S</em>_<em>u</em>_<em>’</em> &gt; <em>S</em>_<em>w</em>_<em>’</em> &gt; <em>S</em>_<em>v</em>_<em>’</em>), demonstrating geometric influences on turbulence production. The P0 configuration promotes localized scouring through sweep amplification, whereas the biomimetic design of P3 enhances energy cascades for sustained suspension. These findings establish mechanistic principles for optimizing bioinspired plates for sediment management in sewer systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109663"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel perspective on WWTP prediction: Enhancing accuracy and generalization through a systematic feature engineering framework","authors":"Yaning Xiao ,&nbsp;Bowei Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiuping Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The implementation of precise process control in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is currently impeded by the limitations of traditional models in addressing the inherent nonlinearity and complex temporal dependencies present in raw monitoring data. To address this challenge, this study proposes a data-centric paradigm shift through the introduction of a systematic feature engineering framework. This framework operates through a three-stage workflow: initially, constructing historical lag variables to rigorously capture the temporal continuity of treatment processes; subsequently, employing a multi-evaluator system to identify dominant features and eliminate data redundancy; and finally, adopting an adaptive signal decomposition strategy to mitigate the inherent nonstationarity and fluctuations in water quality data. Validated across 144 independent experimental scenarios (encompassing four wastewater plants, three water quality indicators, and 12 models), this framework demonstrated strong universality, achieving an average reduction in prediction error of over 20%. Critically, this study verified a highly cost-effective pathway for the practical implementation of intelligent operations. This demonstrates that by maximizing the use of existing operational data, robust effluent quality predictions can be achieved without resorting to costly hardware upgrades or the maintenance of complex deep learning architectures. This significantly lowers the threshold for full-scale deployment and offers a scalable solution for optimizing the energy efficiency and ensuring stable, compliant effluents under fluctuating operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109604"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel multi-ion and image co-monitoring system for online kinetics of Pb(II) adsorption on biochar in water process","authors":"Hehu Zhang,&nbsp;Zhendong Xiao,&nbsp;Weili Wang,&nbsp;Guangxin Qi,&nbsp;Yanyun Jin,&nbsp;Youwei Wang,&nbsp;Lingling Lu,&nbsp;Tao Wei,&nbsp;Xiushan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the water process, sampling methods of adsorption indicators typically have two key limitations. One is the reliance on single-modality sampling, which fails to capture the overall adsorption features. Another is the adoption of manual-discrete sampling, which is time-consuming and prone to errors from improper sample handling between measurement intervals. This study developed a novel multi-ion and image co-monitoring system for online kinetics of Pb(II) adsorption on biochar, which can monitor the solution pH, Pb(II) ion, and adsorption images of biochar at different initial Pb(II) concentrations. A combined analysis of XPS, XRD, FTIR, and BET revealed the chemical state of Pb(II) on biochar and its adsorption environment. The co-monitoring system accurately quantified the relationships between adsorption capacity, time, and initial concentration. Notably, the pH increased from 5 to above 5.6 across different initial Pb(II) concentrations, reflecting the abundance of alkaline minerals (e.g., K₂O, CaO, Na₂O, MgO) in biochar, which further clarifies the material's role in the adsorption environment. This study realized the real-time synchronous analysis of physicochemical changes in Pb(II) adsorption kinetics and provided innovative techniques and theoretical support for a more efficient water treatment process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109603"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}