Comprehensive review of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater: occurrence, ecological impacts, analytical techniques, and remediation strategies

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of water process engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI:10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108391

Giovanni Souza Casella , Fares Zouaoui , Florence Fourcade , Florence Geneste , Mariana Mendes Miranda , Carolina Rodrigues dos Santos , Luciana Alencar Cerqueira , Gemima Santos Arcanjo , Eduardo Coutinho de Paula , Míriam Cristina Santos Amaral , Victor Rezende Moreira

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Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent an extensive class of synthetic compounds known for their persistence due to extremely stable carbon‑fluorine bond, widely detected in aquifers worldwide (e.g.: PFOA 5650.2 ng/L and PFOS 203.3 ng/L, on average). Most of these compounds pose significant acute or chronic health risks. Besides this, the literature suggests that contamination by at least one PFAS is expected in all locations. Furthermore, PFAS plumes tend to be larger than those associated with hydrocarbons and volatile chlorinated organic compounds, and their remediation poses greater challenges due to limited understanding of their behavior, transformations, and remediation mechanism. Given the extent of the occurrence of these chemicals and their adverse effects, the need to develop detection and measurement techniques, in addition to remediation technologies, is evident. This review systematically examines literature published between 2014 and 2025, on Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, to address these limitations. It discusses the extent of PFAS contamination, their ecological effects, and the key mechanisms influencing their mobility and retention in subsurface environments. It also critically evaluates the latest advances in analytical techniques for PFAS detection and highlights emerging strategies for effective remediation in-situ, providing a base for further research and development.

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地下水中全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的综合审查：发生、生态影响、分析技术和补救策略

全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）是一类广泛的合成化合物，因其具有极其稳定的碳氟键而具有持久性，在世界各地的含水层中广泛发现（例如：全氟辛烷磺酸平均为5650.2纳克/升，全氟辛烷磺酸平均为203.3纳克/升）。这些化合物大多构成严重的急性或慢性健康风险。除此之外，文献表明，预计在所有地点至少有一种PFAS污染。此外，与碳氢化合物和挥发性氯化有机化合物相关的PFAS羽流更大，由于对其行为、转化和修复机制的了解有限，它们的修复面临更大的挑战。鉴于这些化学品发生的程度及其不利影响，除了补救技术外，显然还需要发展检测和测量技术。本综述系统地检查了2014年至2025年间发表在Web of Science、Scopus和b谷歌Scholar数据库上的文献，以解决这些局限性。讨论了PFAS污染程度、生态效应以及影响PFAS在地下环境中迁移和滞留的关键机制。它还批判性地评估了PFAS检测分析技术的最新进展，并强调了有效就地修复的新兴策略，为进一步的研究和开发提供了基础。

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来源期刊

Journal of water process engineering Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

8.60%

发文量

846

审稿时长

24 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Water Process Engineering aims to publish refereed, high-quality research papers with significant novelty and impact in all areas of the engineering of water and wastewater processing . Papers on advanced and novel treatment processes and technologies are particularly welcome. The Journal considers papers in areas such as nanotechnology and biotechnology applications in water, novel oxidation and separation processes, membrane processes (except those for desalination) , catalytic processes for the removal of water contaminants, sustainable processes, water reuse and recycling, water use and wastewater minimization, integrated/hybrid technology, process modeling of water treatment and novel treatment processes. Submissions on the subject of adsorbents, including standard measurements of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium will only be considered if there is a genuine case for novelty and contribution, for example highly novel, sustainable adsorbents and their use: papers on activated carbon-type materials derived from natural matter, or surfactant-modified clays and related minerals, would not fulfil this criterion. The Journal particularly welcomes contributions involving environmentally, economically and socially sustainable technology for water treatment, including those which are energy-efficient, with minimal or no chemical consumption, and capable of water recycling and reuse that minimizes the direct disposal of wastewater to the aquatic environment. Papers that describe novel ideas for solving issues related to water quality and availability are also welcome, as are those that show the transfer of techniques from other disciplines. The Journal will consider papers dealing with processes for various water matrices including drinking water (except desalination), domestic, urban and industrial wastewaters, in addition to their residues. It is expected that the journal will be of particular relevance to chemical and process engineers working in the field. The Journal welcomes Full Text papers, Short Communications, State-of-the-Art Reviews and Letters to Editors and Case Studies