Journal of water process engineering最新文献

{"title":"Cathodic periodate activation driven by photocatalytic fuel cell for ciprofloxacin degradation","authors":"Yawei Xie ,&nbsp;Shijie Wu ,&nbsp;Yaozu Jin ,&nbsp;Xunfang Hu ,&nbsp;Jinliang Wang ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Ye ,&nbsp;Dehua Ma ,&nbsp;Wei Zheng ,&nbsp;Rui Liu ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Periodate (PI) is a promising oxidant in advanced oxidation processes, and its effective and sustainable activation is crucial for generating reactive species. In this study, a photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) was employed to achieve cathodic activation of PI for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation. Photogenerated electrons from the photoanode activated PI at cathode, generating reactive species responsible for pollutant oxidation. As a result, the PFC-PI system achieved efficient CIP removal, significantly outperforming the PFC-only and PI-only control systems, and simultaneously produced electrical power. Mechanistic investigation revealed a pH-dependent shift of oxidation pathways, where 1O₂ dominated at pH 6, whereas radical-driven pathways prevailed under pH 3. PI was effectively converted to IO₃- without forming iodinated byproducts, confirming a benign conversion route. The identification of transformation products, combined with the density functional theory calculations, confirmed the proposed reaction mechanism. Although several intermediates exhibited higher predicted toxicity, the toxicity test showed reduced acute toxicity toward <em>Vibrio fischeri</em> as well as the antibacterial activity. This work expands the application of photocatalytic fuel cells by enabling periodate activation, offering a promising platform for advanced oxidation of emerging contaminants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109609"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient uranium adsorption performance of TiO2 nanoparticles through the bridging effect of SiO2 and the high selectivity of amidoxime","authors":"Sha Yang,&nbsp;Zhengqi Yang,&nbsp;Zhiyu Hou,&nbsp;Jun Liao,&nbsp;Lielin Wang,&nbsp;Congcong Ding,&nbsp;Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a SiO₂-doped and amidoxime-grafted TiO₂-based material was synthesized, exhibiting high uranium adsorption performance due to the bridging effect of SiO₂ and the high selectivity of the amidoxime group. The successful preparation of modified materials has been validated by means of modern analytical testing techniques (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction). In the adsorption experiment, the TiO₂-based material exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 648.4 mg/g within 90 min at pH = 5 and the adsorption efficiency attained 99.1% under low-concentration conditions (C₀ = 10 mg/L). The high efficiency adsorption for U(VI) on the TiO₂-based material could be attributed to the strong synergistic complexation of -OH and amidoxime groups with U(VI). Meanwhile, the adsorption process was also contributed by redox reaction, electrostatic attraction and the transport of interlayer bound water. Overall, the SiO₂-doped and amidoxime-grafted TiO₂-based material exhibited superior adsorption performance, positioning it as a promising adsorbent for the treatment of U(VI)-containing wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109554"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen removal performance and microbial communities during wastewater treatment through anammox: Effect of HRT and COD content","authors":"Yunhui Pu ,&nbsp;Yao Xiong ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Luo ,&nbsp;Ruoran Liu ,&nbsp;Jingyun Chen ,&nbsp;Dan Xu ,&nbsp;Jialing Tang ,&nbsp;Shah Faisal ,&nbsp;Abdelfatah Abomohra ,&nbsp;Qingyuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anammox is a promising pathway for wastewater treatment, but the effects of operation conditions on nitrogen removal performance and microbial mechanisms were not fully explored. In this study, the impacts of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) content on anammox processes were systematically investigated. It was found that with the decrease of HRT from 24 to 8 h, high ammonia and nitrite removal efficiencies could be observed, while total nitrogen (TN) removal gradually increased to over 80%. Additionally, with the addition of organics in influent, TN removal efficiency further increased (95%) and exhibited a linear relationship with the COD content. After adding organics, denitrification processes were obviously enhanced, but anammox pathway was restricted due to nitrite competition. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially proteins in bound EPS obviously accumulated. Although anammox bacteria slightly reduced with the increase of COD content, denitrifying bacteria (e.g. <em>Ignavibacterium</em>, <em>Paracoccus</em> and <em>Acinetobacter</em>) were largely enriched in activated sludge, which contributed to nitrate conversion and total nitrogen removal. Results of this study revealed the effect of HRT and COD content on nitrogen removal performance and sludge properties in anammox system, and provided useful information for system operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109564"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical detection of anticancer drug in aquatic environments using multiwall carbon nanotube decorated on cerium tungsten oxide modified disposable carbon electrode","authors":"Sharmila Tharuman ,&nbsp;Agalya Mahalingam ,&nbsp;Tse-Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Nandini Nataraj ,&nbsp;Sivaprakash Sengodan ,&nbsp;Shen-Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Keerthi Murugan","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical pollutants, particularly anti-androgenic drugs used in cancer therapy, have emerged as persistent contaminants in aquatic environments, posing potential risks to both ecosystems and human health. Nilutamide (NLT), an anti-androgen medication used in prostate cancer treatment, is metabolized in the liver, generating toxic by-products. Alarming concentrations of NLT have recently been reported in natural ecosystems, highlighting the need for thorough monitoring. In response, electrochemical sensors have emerged as powerful tools, providing compact, highly sensitive, and selective detection capabilities. This study reports electrochemical sensor based on Ce₂W₂O₉/<em>f</em>-MWCNT nanocomposite for the determination of NLT in environmental samples. The prepared sensor demonstrated a LOD of 12 nM, linear range of 0.049–1589.09 mM and a sensitivity of 1.4 mA mM⁻¹ cm⁻² towards the electrochemical reduction of NLT. The Ce₂W₂O₉/<em>f</em>-MWCNT nanocomposite works synergistically to create a conductive, catalytically active interface that accelerates electron transfer kinetics and allows for highly sensitive detection of NLT at low concentrations. In addition, the material's flexibility combined with its structural integrity ensures reliable operation and repeatable sensor responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109589"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and optimization of electrodialysis for nutrient recovery from wastewater","authors":"Sai Tarun Ganapavarapu ,&nbsp;Dylan J. Weber ,&nbsp;Aditya V. Sankaran ,&nbsp;Evan Zhou ,&nbsp;Thi Dao ,&nbsp;Mohammed Tahmid ,&nbsp;Hyuck Joo Choi ,&nbsp;Marta C. Hatzell ,&nbsp;Joseph K. Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Municipal and agricultural wastewaters often contain excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, which can disrupt ecosystems through eutrophication. These nutrients frequently originate from synthetic fertilizers produced by costly and energy-intensive processes. Thus, recovering nutrients from wastewater has the potential to prevent ecological harm and improve agricultural economics simultaneously. Several experimental studies highlight electrodialysis (ED) as a promising method for recovering nutrients in concentrated form for reuse as fertilizer. However, existing modeling and optimization studies of ED primarily target water desalination and do not address the unique challenges of nutrient recovery or assess the viability of ED for this purpose. To address this gap, this paper presents detailed ED models, novel solution strategies and simulation tools, a novel cost optimization formulation, and extensive optimal design results for wastewater nutrient recovery. Using formal optimization algorithms revealed novel strategies for achieving high product concentrations and yielded significantly lower costs than designs based on common heuristics. Results indicate that ED can produce a 3.5 wt% nitrogen product for under 150 $/t-N in an idealized single-salt system. These metrics suggest that ED could play a key role in sustainable fertilizer production from wastewater, particularly when combined with other technologies for achieving higher concentrations. Limitations of the current analysis that could degrade these figures in practice (e.g., the single-salt assumption) are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109540"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redox-active flower-like ZnMoO4 decorated on 2D graphene oxide nanohybrid as an efficient catalyst for sensitive electrochemical detection of a nitrofuran derivative in environmental and biological matrices","authors":"Amulya Garadi ,&nbsp;Sanjay Ballur Prasanna ,&nbsp;Po-Chun Chen ,&nbsp;Gagankumar Sakleshpur Kumar ,&nbsp;Nandini Nataraj ,&nbsp;Yu-Chien Lin ,&nbsp;Xinke Liu ,&nbsp;Ting-Yu Liu ,&nbsp;Ren-Jei Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing a new cost-effective electrode that exhibits outstanding activity and high stability for electrochemical sensors is a challenging task. In this study, simple hydrothermal and ultrasonication techniques were employed to synthesize flower petal-like zinc molybdate embedded on graphene oxide sheets (ZnMoO₄/GO) for the electrochemical detection of nitrofurantoin (NFT). The prepared ZnMoO₄/GO nanocomposites were characterized using a range of spectrometric techniques. Electrochemical investigations confirmed that the sensing probe that utilized a ZnMoO₄/GO modified electrode exhibited exceptional electroanalytical performance, enhanced electrical conductivity, and swift mass transport for NFT detection. Additionally, the prepared ZnMoO₄/GO/GCE exhibited an extensive dynamic linear response range from 0.05 to 406.525 μM, featuring a low detection limit of 0.024 μM and remarkable sensitivity of 1.041 μM⁻¹ cm⁻², along with notable interferents capability, storage stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. The GCE modified with ZnMoO₄/GO successfully detected NFT in various environmental samples, as well as in biological samples during real-time monitoring analysis. These electrochemical tests provide a novel perspective on electrocatalytic activity, demonstrating satisfactory recoveries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109561"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disinfection and energy efficiency of photochemical, electrochemical and membrane technologies for wastewater reclamation","authors":"M. Martín-Sómer ,&nbsp;N. Pichel ,&nbsp;N. Sanchez ,&nbsp;J. Marugán","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to systematically compare the disinfection performance and energy efficiency of photochemical (UVC-LED), electrochemical oxidation (ELOX) and membrane filtration (ultrafiltration, UF) technologies for wastewater reclamation. These technologies were compared under equivalent and real operation conditions to facilitate the identification of a viable solution for large-scale wastewater reclamation under the stringent requirements set by the European Union (EU) 2020/741 Regulation. The comparison was carried out using pilot-scale continuous-flow experiments with real WWTP effluents and microbial indicators (<em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Clostridium perfringens</em>, MS2 coliphage and total aerobic bacteria), evaluating both inactivation kinetics and energy consumption. The individual evaluation of each technology showed that the electrochemical cell was more effective for the removal of both <em>E. coli</em> (5.39 ± 0.03 LRV, reaching DL) and MS2 (3.36 ± 0.13 LRV, reaching DL), being the inactivation kinetics 40% and 75% faster than in the UVC photoreactor (275 nm). In terms of energy consumption, the electrochemical cell showed a significantly greater advantage in efficiency due to its higher conversion yield (86% vs. 6.5% for the UVC-LED) and lower operational energy demand, translated into a consumption of 0.33 kWh/m³, nearly 50% less than for the UVC-LED reactor. Despite its high efficiency for bacterial removal, the UF system not only failed to remove viruses but also proved to be the less energy-efficient alternative (8.33 kWh/m³). Thus, based on microbial inactivation kinetics and EU regulatory standards for reclaimed water, ELOX emerged as the most effective and efficient option for sustainable disinfection, particularly when targeting both bacterial and viral contaminants. In any case, combining different treatments can provide multibarrier approaches and expand the operational flow range while complying with EU water reuse regulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 109762"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of Ru-anchored tubular carbon nitride for boosted photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin: Unravelling synergistic mechanism of nitrogen defect engineering and photo-Fenton like reaction","authors":"V. Vinotha Sre ,&nbsp;B. Janani ,&nbsp;Saleh Alhijji ,&nbsp;Abdallah M. Elgorban ,&nbsp;S. Sudheer Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineering the interfacial active sites of metal-anchored photocatalyst is vital for advancing the photo-Fenton-like reactions. Herein, a novel tubular gC₃N₄ (TgCN) with a well-defined 1D morphology was constructed using simple, template-free hydrothermal strategy. Ru atoms were subsequently anchored onto TgCN, exploiting the high affinity of Ru<img>N coordination to achieve uniform dispersion, prevent agglomeration, and maximize the exposure of active sites for H₂O₂ activation. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful formation of the tubular structure with strong Ru<img>N coordination, which led to enhanced light absorption, improved charge separation and a higher surface area. The resulting Ru/TgCN-3 SACs displayed outstanding photo-Fenton catalytic activity towards a pharmaceutical pollutant, achieving 99.9% norfloxacin (NFX) degradation in water with k = 0.0076 min⁻¹ across a wide pH range (pH 3–11). Radical trapping experiments identified •OH and O₂^•- as dominant reactive species, while the multiple oxidation states of Ru were proposed to accelerate the Fenton-like reaction. The Ru/TgCN-3 SACs exhibit robust stability over six consecutive cycles and maintaining high degradation efficiency in real wastewater, underscoring its promise for practical applications. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed two major degradation pathways for NFX, while ecotoxicology assessment of transformation products confirmed the environmental relevance and safety of the approach. This study elucidates the synergistic mechanism between nitrogen-defect engineering in the TgCN support and Ru<img>N coordination for boosting H₂O₂ activation, providing a strategy for designing high performance photo-Fenton catalyst for efficient water remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 109521"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on biological nitrogen removal processes: Performance, microbial responses and inhibition mechanisms","authors":"Yanqing Sun ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Pang ,&nbsp;Zhilei Li ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Hongsheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Per</em>- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic chemicals widely detected in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where they are incompletely removed and may accumulate within biological treatment systems. As major sinks and redistribution nodes, WWTPs serve as critical interfaces linking PFAS contamination to downstream aquatic environments. This review synthesizes current knowledge on PFAS occurrence in WWTPs and critically evaluates their impacts on nitrification, denitrification, and anammox processes, together with the mechanisms underlying PFAS-induced functional instability. Available evidence indicates that PFAS effects on nitrogen removal are concentration-dependent and structurally selective, influenced by carbon chain length, functional groups, exposure intensity, and duration. Autotrophic pathways—particularly anammox—generally exhibit greater sensitivity than heterotrophic denitrification. Mechanistically, PFAS can disrupt membrane integrity, alter extracellular polymeric substance composition, interfere with substrate transport and electron transfer, and induce oxidative stress, collectively impairing process performance. Molecular analyses further suggest that long-chain PFAS display stronger binding affinity toward key nitrogen-transforming enzymes, potentially influencing nitric oxide and nitrous oxide dynamics. Beyond mechanistic insights, this review integrates process-level sensitivity patterns and identifies key uncertainties related to exposure realism, mixed-contaminant interactions, and long-term system resilience. Future research should prioritize environmentally relevant exposure scenarios, underexplored treatment matrices, and integration of multi-omics approaches with engineering performance indicators. This synthesis provides a framework to support risk assessment and development of more resilient nitrogen removal systems under PFAS stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 109785"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale hydrodynamic optimization and energy valorization in hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactors: unraveling the lumen-shell interaction","authors":"Yanxia Xu ,&nbsp;Peifeng Deng ,&nbsp;Jinyi Tian ,&nbsp;Ming Sun ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Qian ,&nbsp;Liming Cui ,&nbsp;Jinyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuejing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactors (MBfR) offer a transformative approach to nitrate remediation; however, their industrial scale-up is currently hindered by limited understanding of internal hydrodynamics. This study bridges this gap via a rigorous multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigation, integrating micro-scale single-fiber dynamics with macro-scale module hydrodynamics using coupled Navier-Stokes and Darcy-Forchheimer formulations. We quantified the impact of membrane length, feed velocity, and biofilm thickness on performance. Single-fiber analysis reveals a non-linear inverse relationship between membrane length and hydrogen outflow uniformity, identifying lumen hydraulic resistance as the primary determinant of substrate availability. Notably, biofilm thickness exerts negligible influence on intraluminal hydrodynamics, suggesting gas-supply energy calculations can be decoupled from biological growth. Energy analysis confirms hydrogen pressurization as the dominant operational expenditure, 6–7 orders of magnitude higher than liquid pumping costs. At the module scale, simulations uncover significant heterogeneity in shear stress and flow channeling near the inlet. Through systematic parametric sweeps, a transverse filament spacing of 0.34 mm was identified as the optimal design point, balancing specific surface area maximization with mass transfer efficiency. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing hollow fiber bundle layouts in next-generation, energy-efficient MBfR systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 109752"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}