Journal of water process engineering最新文献

{"title":"Associated lithium extraction from oil/gas field produced water: Resources, technologies, and practices","authors":"Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Shaolin He ,&nbsp;Jiaqing Chen ,&nbsp;Tianyi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium in oil/gas field produced water (OGPW) has been revealed as a potential resource, however, information about its industrial extraction is scare in literatures partly because of commercial competitions, which in turn slows down the development of recovery technology. This paper tries to dig out the latest advances and experiences in pilot and industrial practices for the acceleration of lithium recovery from OGPW. Lithium is observed abundant in oil/gas fields of the selected basins in the USA, Canada and China. From the points of industrial practice and economic feasibility, this paper emphasizes the importance of enhanced pretreatment before lithium adsorption, and proposes a serious of pretreatment targets for produced water. Regarding lithium recovery, the U.S. and Canada are initiating their commercial projects based on demonstration tests, while China is advancing several full-process pilot scale experiments. Positive achievements have been made, including pretreatment technologies, adsorbent selection, scale control and product purification, etc., and the problems and solutions in pilots are presented almost firstly by this paper in the literature. The direct lithium extraction (DLE) technology coupling adsorption and membrane separation has become the dominant process for lithium recovery from produced water, and the aluminum-based adsorbent is recommended as the optimal choice for industrial practice in the near few years. Economically, higher lithium concentrations and lower deep pretreatment costs enhance the feasibility of lithium extraction from OGPW. Lithium developers are positive in recovery of OGPW with Li ≥75 mg/L. If the deep pretreatment costs are controlled within 10 CNY/m³, OGPWs with Li ≥50 mg/L might be financially feasible for lithium recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108356"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental, energy and economic assessment of four recyclable nano-sized semiconductor photocatalysts to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol","authors":"Ayoob Rezaie ,&nbsp;Eshagh khaki ,&nbsp;Hamid Boleydei ,&nbsp;Benyamin Khoshnevisan ,&nbsp;Samaneh Fayyaz","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As environmental concerns continue to grow, life cycle assessment LCA) has become a vital tool for assessing the sustainability of different technologies. Photocatalysts are particularly important for water treatment due to their effectiveness in removing organic pollutants. This study investigated the sustainability of four types of photocatalysts in the removal of 2,4-DCP from aqueous solutions using LCA and evaluated their environmental impacts, energy consumption, and economic costs. The ecological consequences of these photocatalysts were evaluated using SimaPro software, which encompasses 18 environmental impact categories and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). The results of this study indicated that, in most environmental indicators, the rGH photocatalyst had the highest environmental impact, except for terrestrial biotoxicity (TE) and human non-carcinogenic toxicity (HNCT). In contrast, the 10 % rGH-Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag photocatalyst composition demonstrated the lowest environmental impact across all evaluated indicators. Moreover, the analysis of the four photocatalytic processes revealed a significant impact on human health. Among these, the 10 % rGH-Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag photocatalyst demonstrated the highest efficiency, achieving 92.64 %. In terms of energy consumption, the 10 % rGH-Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag required the lowest energy, with a cumulative energy demand (CED) of 0.27 GJ, while rGH had the highest CED at 1.29 GJ. Regarding cost, the Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag option was found to be the most economical, costing $768.47, whereas rGH was the most expensive at $7524.57. In conclusion, the use of the 10 % rGH-Fe₃O₄@SnO₂/Ag photocatalyst is a more effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly method for the removal of 2,4-DCP from aqueous solutions compared to other investigated methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108351"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized cellulose nanomaterials as a fluorescent 'turn-off' sensor for Ag+ ions in aqueous solutions and pharmaceutical samples","authors":"Hana M. Abumelha ,&nbsp;Nouf M. Alourfi ,&nbsp;Amnah S. Al Zbedy ,&nbsp;Arwa Alharbi ,&nbsp;Nada Alkhathami ,&nbsp;Ibtisam Mousa ,&nbsp;M.A. Khalil ,&nbsp;Nashwa M. El-Metwaly","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A fluorescent chemosensor was effectively synthesized through the Schiff base condensation reaction between 2-amino-1-naphthol and 5-formylsalicylic acid, resulting in the formation of 2-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)imino]-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (HNHB). This compound was subsequently immobilized onto cellulose nanorods (CNRs) to create a hybrid nanocomposite sensor denoted as HNHB chemosensor. Structural and morphological characterization conducted via FTIR, XPS, and XRD validated the successful immobilization of the ligand while maintaining the crystallinity of the cellulose matrix. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) images displayed a rod-like nanostructure characterized by a uniform distribution of the functional groups. The chemosensor presented a significant fluorescence quenching (turn-off) response solely in the presence of Ag⁺ ions, with this phenomenon attributed to photoinduced electron transfer instigated by Ag⁺ ions. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.0236 ppm and 0.0717 ppm, respectively. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reaffirmed the formation of a stable Ag⁺-ligand complex, reporting reduction in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap upon coordination. The sensor demonstrated robust performance across real sample matrices, achieving recovery rates between 98.17 % and 99.77 % for Ag⁺ ions detection in pharmaceutical products and spiked tap water. These findings substantiate the HNHB chemosensor as a selective, stable, and cost-effective platform for the detection of trace amounts of Ag⁺ ions in aqueous environments and pharmaceutical samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108381"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot study on regulating the efficacy of bioleakage by adding sand bedding layer to bioactivated carbon filters in water plants","authors":"Dingxun Ma ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Fan ,&nbsp;Mengyue Niu ,&nbsp;Xianchun Tang ,&nbsp;Hongbin Chen ,&nbsp;Shiting Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ozone Bioactivated Carbon (OBAC) filters are widely used in the deep treatment section of urban water treatment plants in China. However, there is a general lack of effective control measures for microbial leakage of OBAC filters in the effluent water, especially during periods of high influent volume. It has a potential significant impact on the biosecurity of the water supply. In this study, a pilot study was conducted at Water Plant A to investigate the effect of adding quartz sand layers with different particle size at the bottom of the activated carbon layer on controlling microbial leakage under nine months operating conditions. It was found that at a filtration rate of 10 m/h and thicknesses of 1.8 m for the activated carbon layer and 0.4 m for the quartz sand layer, the average retention rate of microorganisms reached 92 %. The quartz sand layer could form biofilm and its biomass could reach about 50 % of the activated carbon layer in the same area. The use of a quartz sand layer with a wide range of particle sizes (0.5–1.1 mm) and an “air backwashing with intensity of 15 L/(m²·s) for 3 min with 1~2 min standing and exhausting with water backwashing with intensity of 8~9.5 L/(m²·s) for 8 min” backwashing method not only achieved a good backwashing effect but also keep the interface between the carbon and sand clear thus solving the problem of mixed carbon and sand layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108365"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating fermentation with denitrification into anammox system for stable nitrogen removal at low carbon to nitrogen ratio","authors":"Danchen Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhongxiu Gao ,&nbsp;Lili Sun ,&nbsp;Guojie Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Miao ,&nbsp;Xiang Ding ,&nbsp;Jixiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yitong Li ,&nbsp;Junhui Shi ,&nbsp;Xuejun Bi ,&nbsp;Jianhua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating fermentation process into anammox system is a prospective strategy to enhance nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) and facilitate advanced recovery of organic matter from wastewater. In this study, the feasibility of achieving collaboration between fermentation bacteria and denitrifying bacteria (DNB) in a mainstream anammox system was verified at low influent carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N, 3.0 → 0). The results indicated a stable NRE (81.8 %–85.2 %) when the C/N was decreased from 3.0 to 1.0. At C/N = 0, the NRE initially declined to 46.8 % and then recovered to 61.2 %, with simultaneous removal of NO₃⁻-N and NH₄⁺-N, suggesting the occurrence of simultaneous anammox, denitrification, and fermentation. A high abundance of hydrolytic fermentation bacteria was observed in the system via microbial community analysis, such as <em>Calorithrix</em> (approximately 13.3 %), while partial denitrification bacteria, including <em>Thauera</em> (2.6 % → 4.8 %), progressively enriched. <em>Candidatus_Brocadia</em>, the sole identified genus of anammox bacteria, increased from 0.6 % to 2.2 %. Microbial correlation network analysis further highlighted a strong positive correlation between fermentation bacteria and DNB, such as <em>norank_f__Saprospiraceae</em> and <em>Thauera</em>. These bacteria promoted partial denitrification/anammox, thereby supporting stable nitrogen removal under low C/N. Their interactions can reduce the reliance of nitrogen removal on organic matter and facilitate the recovery of organic matter from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108386"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnesium carbonate granule formation from carbonate precursors in a fluidized-bed crystallization system","authors":"Jing-Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Thi-Hanh Ha ,&nbsp;Ralf Ruffel M. Abarca ,&nbsp;Ming-Chun Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing use of fossil fuels and industrial activities has led to a surge in CO₂ emissions, significantly impacting climate change. Carbon capture and utilization technologies provide a promising solution to reduce atmospheric CO₂ and convert it into valuable products. This study focuses on the synthesis and recovery of magnesium carbonate particles via the reaction of CO₂ with liquid magnesium sources under controlled conditions. The impact of pH, surface loading, [Mg]₀/[CO₃]₀ molar ratio, and interference ions such as calcium on the process of magnesium carbonate synthesis granulation through fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization (FBHC) has been extensively investigated. Under optimal conditions (pH 10.0, [Mg]₀/[CO₃]₀ molar ratio of 1, and cross-sectional loading of 55.0 kg m⁻² h⁻¹), the crystallization ratio (CR) and total removal (TR) of both carbonate and magnesium exceeded 50 %. This work highlights the potential for converting industrially available CO₂ into functional magnesium carbonate granules, promoting the resource utilization of both CO₂ and magnesium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108373"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tungsten-based nano-architecture for the photocatalytic degradation of recalcitrant pharmaceutical pollutants: A review","authors":"Ademidun Adeola Adesibikan ,&nbsp;Oluwaseyi Oluwadamilare Saliu ,&nbsp;Patrick Gathura Ndungu","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing occurrence of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments presents a significant challenge to water security, a critical component of sustainable development. These emerging pollutants, often resistant to conventional treatment methods, pose risks to human health and disrupt aquatic ecosystems, highlighting the urgent need for advanced water purification strategies. As a result, there is a need for the development of innovative and environmentally sustainable techniques and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including photocatalysis using tungsten-based nanomaterials (TBNPs), have shown a promising approach. This review critically focuses on the application of TBNPs as eco-effective photocatalysts, exploring the potential synergistic effects of combining tungsten (W) nanoparticles with other materials, leading to enhanced photocatalytic performance. It discusses the principal mechanism of photodegradation, focusing on the interaction between TBNPs and pharmaceutical pollutants. It also presents an overview of recyclability (&gt;80 % degradation efficiency by the 5th cycle), advantages, and limitations. This review shows that TBNPs exhibit promising photocatalytic efficiency compared to other materials, based on reported studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108349"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino acid-functionalized CQDs/yttrium-doped ZnO nanocomposite for photocatalytic mineralization of antibiotics in water","authors":"Sneha Shukla ,&nbsp;Adiba Khan ,&nbsp;Ankita Manchanda ,&nbsp;Maqsood Ahmad Malik ,&nbsp;Farooq Ahmed Wani ,&nbsp;Saif Ali Chaudhry","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The designing of a novel photocatalyst, with efficient charge carrier separation and high photo-redox capability, is crucial for the efficient degradation of antibiotics from wastewater, and yet remains a significant scientific challenge. Herein, a series of carbon quantum dots-yttrium-doped zinc oxide, YZC, nanocomposites have been developed by incorporating amino acid functionalized-carbon quantum dots, A-CQDs, on yttrium-doped zinc oxide, YZnO, via hydrothermal process. The as-prepared YZC, specifically YZC-1.0, exhibited significant photodegradation activity against Amoxicillin with 90 % degradation in 180 min, Cephalexin with 81.17 % degradation in 300 min, and their mixture with 70.2 % degradation in 300 min by visible light illumination. The yttrium-doping in ZnO reduced the band gap and aided in the creation of oxygen vacancies in ZnO. While the incorporation of π-conjugated A-CQDs in YZnO served as a photosensitizer, thus facilitating electron excitation at higher wavelengths, thereby, extending the photo-response in the visible region. The synthesized YZnO and YZC photocatalysts have been characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, FT-IR, BET, and XPS techniques. The optical and electrochemical properties have been studied via UV-DRS, photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and photocurrent density. Furthermore, the radical quenching experiment, electron spin resonance, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed to investigate the degradation intermediates and their confirmation. Also, the nanocomposite YZC-1.0 manifested good reusability performance for six consecutive cycles and exhibited exceptional efficiency against real wastewater treatment, revealing its potential for application in wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108262"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the microbial fuel cell for simultaneous effluent treatment and energy generation from POME by systematically manipulating the publication metrics from a highly trusted database platform","authors":"Hamdan Dwi Rizqi ,&nbsp;Juhana Jaafar ,&nbsp;Adi Setyo Purnomo ,&nbsp;Zeeshan Khan ,&nbsp;Naoko Yoshida ,&nbsp;Farhana Aziz ,&nbsp;Wan Norhayati Wan Salleh ,&nbsp;Azuan Abdul Latif ,&nbsp;Ahmad Nazri Saidin ,&nbsp;Mohd Akmali Mokhter ,&nbsp;Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman ,&nbsp;Mukhlis A. Rahman ,&nbsp;M.A.R. Saidin","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palm oil is considered a crucial commodity because its extensive industrial production produces considerable palm oil mill effluent (POME), which intensifies environmental issues. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is a feasible approach for the sustainable management of POME because it concurrently treats wastewater and produces bioelectricity. This review investigates the progress of MFC technology in utilising POME as an energy source based on the open literatures. A systematic methodology was employed to identify relevant studies through the Web of Science database using the keywords “Microbial Fuel Cell” and “Palm Oil Mill Effluent.” A total of 34 studies were included following a rigorous screening based on the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed five categories of MFC development: microbial culture, substrate, system, electrode, and membrane modification to enhance the efficiency of MFCs in degrading the organic content of POME and ultimately generating energy. Undoubtedly, the limiting factor of system modification for the enhancement of MFC efficiency that has been highlighted in this review is significant and crucial as proved by numerous findings from the researchers tabulated in the WOS platform. The efficiency of MFC for POME treatment and power generation is enhanced and achieved up to 97 % and 5800 mW/m², respectively. This review has successfully proved that the MFC is indeed the only technology that can systematically harvest the organic waste and self-powered the POME treatment system via direct current (DC) that bio-energically generated from the MFC itself and hence contribute towards a more facile and sustainable waste management technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108370"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient removal of propranolol from water using PbO2-coated Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrode: Mechanistic insights from experiments and DFT with ecotoxicological assessment","authors":"Slađana D. Savić ,&nbsp;Filip Ž. Vlahović ,&nbsp;Tamara D. Vasović ,&nbsp;Mihajlo V. Jakanovski ,&nbsp;Miloš R. Ognjanović ,&nbsp;Dragan D. Manojlović ,&nbsp;Goran M. Roglić ,&nbsp;Dalibor M. Stanković","doi":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Widely used and highly toxic beta-blocker, propranolol (PRL), was efficiently removed from water using a stable Ti/Sb-SnO₂/PbO₂ anode for the first time. Over a 90-min treatment, &gt;94 % of PRL was degraded at 50 mA/cm². Current density and PRL concentration were found to be crucial for the PRL degradation rate, while Na₂SO₄ concentration and the initial pH value had a minimal effect on the outcome. Under optimized conditions, a high production of reactive species was achieved. HO^• dominated the initial 40 min, whereas<span><math><mspace></mspace><msubsup><mi>SO</mi><mn>4</mn><mrow><mo>•</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span> and <span><math><msubsup><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo>•</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span> became more relevant as the process continued. Degradation intermediates were unraveled and the degradation mechanism was thoroughly described, innovatively integrating both experimental and theoretical insights. Despite increased toxicity of the treated PRL solution, the overall environmental impact remains low thanks to high levels of acute toxicity, that is, 0.23 g/dm³. In comparison to deionized water, the degradation rates in spiked tap water (86 %) and rain samples (84 %) were lower, which also affected the mineralization rate. The anode's excellent reusability was confirmed by 10 repeated experiments with over 81 % of PRL removed. This research presents an encouraging approach to mitigating pharmaceutical pollution in various water bodies using a simple, efficient, and scalable experimental setup.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water process engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 108321"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}