{"title":"Structural colour in red seaweeds is more common and diverse than has been presumed.","authors":"Margot Arnould-Pétré, Silvia Vignolini, Juliet Brodie","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0342","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brightest colorations observed in nature are the result of structural colour, a physical phenomenon relying not on pigments but on the interactions of light with nanostructured materials. Research on structural colour in seaweeds has been growing and hints that the phenomenon is considerably more widespread in these organisms than previously understood. In this review, we combine information from published literature, herbarium specimens and our own observations to clearly outline and reframe the current state of knowledge on the phenomenon in red seaweeds (Rhodophyta). We describe structural colour and the structures responsible for it in rhodophytes, identifying clear categories and their variations. Through an overview of the phylogenetic, geographic and ecological distribution of the phenomenon, we confirm that it is more widespread and diverse than had been indicated by casual recording. We finally discuss hypotheses on the biological significance of structural colour for red seaweeds. Our investigation emphasizes the need for more extensive research in order to fully assess the evolutionary mechanisms at play, the development of the nanostructures and their relation to environmental conditions. This review provides a framework for understanding and classifying structural colour in red algae to encourage a more comprehensive reporting of the phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 230","pages":"20250342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12404814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144959192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hierarchical structure and length-scale dependent structure-property correlations in the organ pipe coral (<i>Tubipora musica</i>).","authors":"Swapnil Morankar, Amey Luktuke, Ankit Kumar, Yash Mistry, Dhruv Bhate, Clint A Penick, Nikhilesh Chawla","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0421","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The skeleton of <i>Tubipora musica</i>, also commonly known as the organ pipe coral, is made up of calcium carbonate and serves as a habitat for small sea creatures called polyps. The present paper provides a comprehensive study on the hierarchical structure and micromechanical properties of the organ pipe coral skeleton. The hierarchical structure of the coral skeleton was probed across multiple length scales using a combination of X-ray microcomputed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. At the macroscale, the structure of the coral consisted of vertical tubes connected by horizontal platforms. On the other hand, the microstructure comprises spherulites and an assembly of cells that were formed through a unique arrangement of plates of calcite. This unique arrangement of fibres and plates resulted in varying microstructural morphologies on the surface of the coral skeleton. Nanoindentation was conducted at multiple load regimes to investigate mechanical properties of coral's hierarchical structure. At smaller indentation depths, Young's modulus and hardness increased with indentation depth due to densification of the porous structure. At larger indentation depths, multiple damage mechanisms were observed, such as crack deflection and secondary crack formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 230","pages":"20250421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12457968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amit K Chakraborty, Reza Miry, Russell Greiner, Mark A Lewis, Hao Wang, Tianyu Guan, Pouria Ramazi
{"title":"Deep learning for disease outbreak prediction: a parallel LSTM-CNN model.","authors":"Amit K Chakraborty, Reza Miry, Russell Greiner, Mark A Lewis, Hao Wang, Tianyu Guan, Pouria Ramazi","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0046","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early warning signals (EWSs) are vital for implementing preventive measures before a disease turns into a pandemic. While new diseases exhibit unique behaviours, they often share fundamental characteristics from a dynamical systems perspective. Moreover, measurements during disease outbreaks are often corrupted by different noise sources, posing challenges for time-series classification (TSC) tasks. In this study, we address the problem of having a robust EWS for disease outbreak prediction using a parallel long short-term memory-convolutional neural network deep learning model in the domain of TSC. We employed two simulated datasets to train the model: one representing generated dynamical systems with randomly selected polynomial terms to model new disease behaviours, and another simulating noise-induced disease dynamics to account for noisy measurements. The model's performance was analysed using both simulated data from different disease models and real-world data, including influenza, COVID-19 and monkeypox. Results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms previous models and statistical indicators in most of the datasets, effectively providing EWSs of impending outbreaks across various scenarios. This study bridges advancements in deep learning with the ability to provide improved EWSs in noisy environments, making it highly applicable to real-world crises involving emerging disease outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 229","pages":"20250046"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144883112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>In silico</i> study of the dynamics of solid food particles in the stomach during gastric digestion.","authors":"Sharun Kuhar, Jung Hee Seo, Rajat Mittal","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0291","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, there has been growing interest in computational fluid dynamics models of the gastric phase of the digestion process. While several models address the digestion and emptying of liquid meals, none incorporate large solid food particles. This omission is significant, as a food bolus typically contains solid particles of varying sizes, with those exceeding 1-2 mm unable to pass through the pylorus. The current study integrates large spherical particles into an imaging-based stomach model to examine the action of hydrodynamic and contact forces on these particles. The model captures particle shuttling dynamics and quantifies the forces that drive trituration in a healthy and a hypomotile stomach at different viscosities of the surrounding liquid contents. The results show that the presence of solid foods can reduce the gastric emptying rate of liquids while also significantly influencing the flow inside the antrum. Hypomotile stomachs were ineffective in trapping the solids next to the pylorus, with many food particles never even making it to the terminal antrum, unlike the healthy case. The pressure, shear stresses and contact forces acting on the solid particles were also lower for the hypomotile case.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 229","pages":"20250291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144883108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Larval zebrafish swim bouts in three dimensions reveal both new and redundant behaviours.","authors":"Aniket Ravan, Yann R Chemla, Martin Gruebele","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0065","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two-dimensional swimming of larval zebrafish has been studied extensively. We use a three-dimensional imaging system and neural network for pose estimation to study their three-dimensional behaviour. We answer two questions: (i) are spontaneous or delayed-onset turns from free swim, dark flash and acoustic startle experiments objectively differentiable? and (ii) could larvae use stochastic selection among responses, 'feinting' during an escape? Our analysis identifies two new major modes of dorso-ventral displacement. The first half-cycle of swim bouts contains most of the information to distinguish behaviours. Dimensionality reduction as previously applied to nematodes and fruit flies reveals four clusters of swimming behaviour: the previously classified short-latency C-turns (SLCs), O-turns, free swims and a behaviour we term 'voluntary turn', which comprises turns during free swimming and time-delayed turns during dark flash and acoustic startle experiments that cannot be distinguished even when additional half-cycles are included in the analysis. Unlike previous clustering analyses, we provide a physical picture of behavioural clusters in terms of two coordinates. The larvae also engage in a new behaviour: the vertical component of the SLC enables the animal to either extend the initial direction or switch it in the middle. We rationalize this behaviour as a feinting response for predator evasion.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 229","pages":"20250065"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12324872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Saponara, Elias Fernández Domingos, Jorge M Pacheco, Tom Lenaerts
{"title":"Evolution favours positively biased reasoning in sequential interactions with high future gains.","authors":"Marco Saponara, Elias Fernández Domingos, Jorge M Pacheco, Tom Lenaerts","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2025.0153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Empirical evidence shows that human behaviour often deviates from game-theoretical rationality. For instance, humans may hold unrealistic expectations about future outcomes. As the evolutionary roots of such biases remain unclear, we investigate here how reasoning abilities and cognitive biases coevolve using the evolutionary game theory. In our model, individuals in a population deploy a variety of unbiased and biased level-[Formula: see text] reasoning strategies to anticipate others' behaviour in sequential interactions, represented by the incremental centipede game. Positively biased reasoning strategies have a systematic inference bias towards higher but uncertain rewards, while negatively biased strategies reflect the opposite tendency. We find that selection consistently favours positively biased reasoning, with rational behaviour even going extinct. This bias coevolves with bounded rationality, as the reasoning depth remains limited in the population. Interestingly, positively biased agents may coexist with non-reasoning agents, thus pointing to a novel equilibrium. Longer games further promote positively biased reasoning, as they can lead to higher future rewards. The biased reasoning strategies proposed in this model may reflect cognitive phenomena like wishful thinking and defensive pessimism. This work therefore supports the claim that certain cognitive biases, despite deviating from rational judgement, constitute an adaptive feature to better cope with social dilemmas.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 229","pages":"20250153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12381588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144959279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomoki Yoshitani, Rintaro Miyazaki, Satoru Seino, Kazuya Edamura, Koichi Murata, Ikki Matsuda, Takeshi Nishimura, Isao T Tokuda
{"title":"Individual vocal identity is enhanced by the enlarged external nose in male proboscis monkeys (<i>Nasalis larvatus</i>).","authors":"Tomoki Yoshitani, Rintaro Miyazaki, Satoru Seino, Kazuya Edamura, Koichi Murata, Ikki Matsuda, Takeshi Nishimura, Isao T Tokuda","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0098","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adult male proboscis monkeys, <i>Nasalis larvatus</i>, develop an enlarged external nose. Males often produce loud, long-distance calls filtered through the nasal passage. The enlarged nose probably functions as a visual badge of social status and a visual key representing the owner's physical and sexual quality, and thus is useful for females in selecting mates. In addition to such visual signalling, a larger external nose enhances the lower frequencies in calls, possibly exaggerating acoustic signals related to body size. Here, we used computational simulations with three-dimensional models of the nasal passage to show how the external nose modifies the acoustic property, indicating that the external nose develops to enhance lower frequencies in adults but varies in a specific formant position among adult males. This finding suggests that the external nose generates acoustic signals about physical-sexual maturity in adult males and individual identity among them. The unusual features of the social organization in this species, a patrilineality of a multilevel community consisting of one-male-multi-female units, may reinforce the functional importance of individual male recognition for males and females to monitor the location of both their own units and those of other males.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 229","pages":"20250098"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12343138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144835419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madhur Mangalam, Damian Kelty-Stephen, Mahsa Barfi, Theodoros Deligiannis, Brian Schlattmann, Aaron Likens, Ken Kiyono, Nicholas Stergiou
{"title":"Ageing alters postural sway responsivity to the centre of mass movement.","authors":"Madhur Mangalam, Damian Kelty-Stephen, Mahsa Barfi, Theodoros Deligiannis, Brian Schlattmann, Aaron Likens, Ken Kiyono, Nicholas Stergiou","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2025.0220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research suggests that ageing involves a 'loss of complexity' in postural control, reflected in reduced fractal temporal correlations of sway fluctuations. However, this view may be simplistic, overlooking the potential complexity of reorganization that compensates for age-related decline. To explore this, we studied CoM-CoP coupling in young and older adults standing on a rigid or foam surface with eyes open or closed. The coordination between the centre of mass (CoM) and centre of pressure (CoP) may reflect how the multi-segmental postural system is organized. We found CoM played a primary role in driving postural adjustments, with CoP reacting to, rather than influencing, the CoM. Older adults showed larger CoM-to-CoP effects than young adults at timescales linked to transitions from long-latency responses to compensatory adjustments, especially under unstable or vision-restricted conditions. Foam surface instability accentuated short-range CoP responsivity to CoM in young adults and extended that responsivity across the entire time course in older adults. Notably, variability in CoP's temporal structure moderated the task dependence of CoM-to-CoP effects. These results refine the 'loss of complexity' view, showing that ageing entails a more responsive postural system rather than a simple decline in complexity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 229","pages":"20250220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12391883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144959199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Topological interactions account for border dynamics of murmurations and transit flocks.","authors":"Andrew Reynolds","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0020","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Murmurations are one of nature's most striking examples of collective behaviour. Despite extensive research the dynamics of individuals at the borders of these flocks remain poorly understood. These dynamics result in two unexplained phenomena: the tendency of birds to remain longer at the border than the way internal birds keep their position inside the flock; and the hardness (sharpness) of the borders. It has been suggested that the border dynamics can be attributed to selection pressures for advantageous behaviours such as prey evasion. Here with the aid of stochastic models we show that the observed border dynamics are an accidental but potentially advantageous by-product of topological interactions (when birds interact with a fixed number of neighbours) and that they do not arise with metric interactions (when birds coordinate with neighbours based on spatial distance). I find support for these predictions in an analysis of pre-existing telemetry data for flocks of jackdaws (<i>Corvus monedula</i>).</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 229","pages":"20250020"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12324871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Usama Bin Sikandar, Brett R Aiello, Simon Sponberg
{"title":"Body oscillations couple with wing flapping to reduce aerodynamic power in wild silk moth flight.","authors":"Usama Bin Sikandar, Brett R Aiello, Simon Sponberg","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2025.0061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insects show diverse flight kinematics and morphologies reflecting their evolutionary histories and ecological adaptations. Many silk moths use low wingbeat frequencies and large wings to fly and display body oscillations. Their bodies pitch and bob periodically, synchronized with their wingbeat cycle. Similar oscillations in butterflies improve weight support and forward thrust while reducing flight power requirements. However, how instantaneous body and wing kinematics interact for these beneficial aerodynamic and power consequences is not well understood. We hypothesized that body oscillations affect aerodynamic power requirements by influencing wing rotation relative to the airflow. Using three-dimensional forward flight video recordings of four silk moth species and a quasi-steady blade-element aerodynamic model, we analysed the aerodynamic effects of body and wing kinematics. We find that the body pitch and wing sweep angles maintain a narrow range of phase differences, which enhances the angle of attack variation between each half-stroke due to increased wing rotation relative to the airflow. This redirects the aerodynamic force to increase the upward and forward components during the downstroke and upstroke, respectively, thus lowering overall drag without compromising weight support and forward thrust. Reducing energy expenditure is beneficial because many adult silk moths do not feed and rely on limited energy budgets.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"22 229","pages":"20250061"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12381587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144959268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}