Journal of The Royal Society Interface最新文献

{"title":"Integrating machine learning and data-driven modelling: predicting dengue outbreaks and revealing spatially heterogeneous climatic drivers in Brazil.","authors":"Danyang Li, Weide Li, Haotian Zhang, Shujuan Hu","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2026.0071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue fever poses a major global health threat, with Brazil experiencing severe recurrent outbreaks driven by climatic, socio-economic and mobility factors. Accurate prediction remains challenging owing to dynamically shifting transmission patterns under intervention. This study employs a physics-informed neural network framework to integrate surveillance data with mechanistic models, inferring time-varying intervention parameters. The model demonstrates a strong capacity to fit state-level data from Brazil. Furthermore, it is used to generate 12-week forecasts for future dengue cases. Given the critical influence of climate on transmission dynamics, we also constructed separate eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models for individual states using epidemiological and meteorological data. SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) analysis was applied to identify key climatic drivers and reveal significant regional heterogeneity. Our findings reveal that the drivers of the outbreak exhibit regional heterogeneity, and this geographical variation shows a strong correlation with the intensity of human activities and regional economic development levels. These insights into spatial heterogeneity and predictive modelling can inform the design of more effective, regionally tailored public health strategies for dengue control in Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the role of ionic doping in hydroxyapatite: the building blocks of tooth enamel and bones.","authors":"Mahdi Tavakol, Jinke Chang, Cyril Besnard, Gabriel Landini, Richard M Shelton, Jin-Chong Tan, Alexander M Korsunsky","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0958","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.0958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the primary mineral component of various mineralized tissues in the human body, including bone and teeth, where it performs critical roles of structural support and load transmission. In the context of dental health, the two most crucial properties of HAp are mechanical stability, which ensures resistance to forces, and chemical stability, which preserves surface integrity in acidic environments. During the early stages of human evolution, e.g. when teeth were used to crush uncooked food, mechanical stability was of paramount importance. However, with changes in diet and lifestyle, the principal origins of tooth damage and loss shifted towards bacterially mediated chemical attack, known as tooth decay, or caries. To enhance the chemical stability, ion doping has emerged as a particularly significant approach, and it lies at the focus of the present study. A molecular dynamics (MD) framework was developed to investigate the effects of ion doping on the chemical and mechanical stability of HAp and to identify optimal doping candidates. The framework combines conventional MD with steered molecular dynamics (SMD), thermodynamic integration (TI) and uniaxial compression test simulations to provide comprehensive insights into the doping process. The findings revealed surface atoms as the most viable candidates for doping, as demonstrated by SMD and conventional MD simulations. Notably, TI calculations have identified magnesium ions as a better candidate among the ions considered here for enhancing the chemical stability of HAp. However, uniaxial compression simulations revealed that increasing Mg²⁺ concentration simultaneously reduces the mechanical stability of HAp, highlighting a trade-off between chemical resistance and mechanical performance. By contrast, fluoride and carbonate substitutions showed comparatively minor effects on both properties. The results presented in this study offer valuable guidelines for synthesizing HAp-based substituent materials with properties tailored to meet the demands of modern dental applications such as implant coatings, enamel remineralization agents and restorative materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanics and composition of fixed neurocranial tessellated cartilage from the neurocranium of four mobulid ray species with different depth ranges.","authors":"Theda Hinrichs, Jingxiao Zhong, Chun-Wei Chang, Gobiraj Ramajeyam, Anusha Neranjan, Shahrouz Amini, Mason Dean, Shaun Collin, Dietmar W Hutmacher, Travis J Klein, Victoria Camilieri-Asch","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.1331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2025.1331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mobulidae are large filter-feeding cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) that migrate in the world's oceans. However, how their skeletal tissues have adapted to varying environments remains poorly understood. In this study, skeletal adaptations were investigated in four devil rays (Mobulidae), inhabiting various depth ranges from the surface (Mobula eregoodoo 0-50 m, Mobula thurstoni 0-100 m) to deeper water (Mobula mobular 0-1112 m, Mobula tarapacana 0-1896 m). However, since these are highly protected species, often with offshore, pelagic lifestyles, samples are difficult to obtain and are often preserved by freezing or fixation. Thus, the effects of formalin fixation were assessed on neurocranial samples from a ray (M. eregoodoo), a shark (Centroselachus crepidater) and a chimaera (Hydrolagus bemisi) before the mechanical and compositional properties of fixed neurocranial tessellated cartilage (n = 2 per species) were assessed in the four mobulid ray species using uniaxial compression, micro- and nano-indentation alongside assessments of mineralization, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and water distribution. During the fixation experiment, mechanical properties decreased by over 30%, possibly owing to leaching or water exclusion. With this effect in mind, the mechanical behaviour in mobulid rays displayed a decreasing trend among species with increasing depth ranges. No correlation between mechanical properties and GAG content or mineralization was found; however, water displayed a negative relationship with the mechanical properties. Collectively, these results suggest a more hydrated and compliant cartilage matrix in species with increased depth range compared with shallower species. This study provides the first account of energy dissipation, toughness, strength and relaxation behaviour of tessellated cartilage in chondrichthyans, revealing new insights into skeletal adaptation in cartilaginous fishes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cycling cadence selections at different saddle heights minimize muscle activation rather than energy cost.","authors":"Cristian D Riveros-Matthey, Mark J Connick, Glen A Lichtwark, Timothy Carroll","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2026.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unlike walking and running, people do not consistently choose cadences that minimize energy consumption when cycling. This suggests either that the neural control system for locomotion relies on indirect sensorimotor cues to energetic cost that are approximately accurate during walking but not cycling, or that an alternative objective function applies that correlates with energy expenditure in walking but not cycling. This study compared how objective functions derived as proxies to (i) energy cost or (ii) an avoidance of muscle fatigue predicted self-selected cycling cadences (SSC) at different saddle heights. Saddle height systematically affected SSC, with lower saddles increasing SSC and higher saddles decreasing SSC (n = 12). Both fatigue-avoidance and energy-expenditure cost functions derived from muscle activation measurements showed minima that closely approximated the SSCs. By contrast, metabolic power derived from VO2 uptake was minimal at cadences well below the SSC across all saddle height variations. The mismatch between the cadence versus muscle activation and the cadence versus metabolic energy relations is probably owing to additional energy costs associated with performing mechanical work at higher cadences. The results suggest that the nervous system places greater emphasis on muscle activation than on energy consumption for action selections in cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling of microtubule spirals driven by dyneins: collective effect of microtubule and motor mechanics.","authors":"Aman Soni, Shivani A Yadav, Chaitanya A Athale","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2026.0085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Molecular motor-driven spirals of actin filaments pinned at one end while driven along their length were seen to be scale-independent. The spiral radius and frequency dependence on force was predicted to follow a universal law, validated by actin-myosin experiments. However, the theory was primarily compared to acto-myosin spirals, assuming no effect of filament length and that motor velocity is additive with density. Here, we reconstitute microtubule spirals driven by dynein transport and end-pinning and find that spiral size scales with force with an exponent α approximately -1/3, consistent with theoretical predictions. However, spiral radius scaling with length deviates from the theory and can be explained by a 'variable persistence length' model. The previously predicted exponent of frequency scaling with force β approximately 4/3 is not observed in experiments. A model that assumes constant collective transport velocity of motors regardless of density predicts the scaling exponent β approximately 1/3, comparable to that observed experimentally. Our work demonstrates that microtubule motor systems deviate from the general scaling laws of cytoskeletal spirals predicted previously, based on both detailed mechanics of microtubules and collective force generation of motors.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear viscoelastic effects of fascia: experimental findings and constitutive modelling.","authors":"Alejandro Aparici-Gil, Marta M Perez, Estefania Peña","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2026.0078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study provides a comprehensive biomechanical characterization of the fascia lata, integrating systematic stress-relaxation protocols and, for the first time, dynamic mechanical analysis to resolve its complex dissipative mechanisms. Experimental tests were conducted along both longitudinal and transverse fibre orientations across multiple strain levels and frequencies to assess the synergistic effects of anisotropy, strain magnitude and loading rate. To describe these phenomena, three visco-hyperelastic constitutive frameworks were developed and compared: a first-order linear model (n=1), a generalized Maxwell model with two internal variables (n=2) and a nonlinear strain-dependent formulation. Results reveal a marked anisotropic viscoelastic profile, with the transverse direction exhibiting a significantly higher relaxation capacity (ratio of 0.666±0.144 at 2.5% strain) compared to the longitudinal axis (0.817±0.049), driven by the viscous flow of the interfibrillar ground substance. Although the tissue demonstrated marginal nonlinear viscoelasticity, the linear n=2 model outperformed the nonlinear n=1 framework, achieving superior predictive fidelity (R2=0.7321, NRMSE=0.1216 versus R2=0.7200, RMSE=0.2949 MPa). Results indicate that spectral refinement outweighs nonlinear complexity in this context. Specifically, the dual-branch linear approach captures the tissue's fundamental dissipation more effectively than a single-branch nonlinear formulation, which tends towards over-parametrization.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signals too small to sense: physical and information-theoretic limits to induction-based magnetoreception in birds.","authors":"Daniel R Kattnig","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2026.0332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A recent study (Nordmann et al. 2025 Science 391, 1155-1160 (doi:10.1126/science.aea6425)) proposes that magnetoreception in pigeons may arise from electromagnetic induction within the semicircular canals of the inner ear. In this framework, motion through the geomagnetic field is suggested to generate an induced electromotive force that leads to ion redistribution in the endolymph, activation of voltage-gated calcium channels and subsequent engagement of downstream neural circuits. In this work, I examine the physical plausibility of this mechanism using a toy model of the induction process combined with an information-theoretic analysis. I find that, under idealized assumptions, Faraday induction in the semicircular canals would not generate a signal of sufficient informational content to support the extraction of directional magnetic field information from the geomagnetic field. However, the model supports the possibility of inferences due to radio-frequency electromagnetic waves of a miniscule amplitude, thereby providing a potential rationalization of their disruptive effect on avian compass navigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untangling the effects of within-host and between-host natural selection in viruses with applications to evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage.","authors":"Kieran O Drake, Vinicius Bonetti Franceschi, Fabrícia F Nascimento, Erik Volz","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2025.1012","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2025.1012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fitness of a pathogen can be characterized at multiple levels corresponding to different life cycle stages. Typically, epidemiological studies for measuring pathogen fitness compute a single selection coefficient for pathogen variants that encompasses the entire lifecycle. However, evolution towards greater fitness within hosts can potentially compromise transmissibility. To address this, we develop a population-genetic model and software for the inference of multi-level selection coefficients. Our approach builds on population-genetic models previously applied to macro-evolution, whereby speciation and extinction rates are state-dependent. We relate this state dependence to within- and between-host selection. Evolution of beneficial phenotypes within hosts may occur rapidly (higher 'speciation'), but reduce rates of dispersal between hosts (higher 'extinction'). This new coalescent-based method improves on existing multi-state speciation and extinction models by accounting for highly nonlinear population dynamics and variable sampling through time, making it suitable for epidemiology. We characterize the accuracy of this method using birth-death and coalescent simulations before analysing a real dataset of HIV-1 genetic sequences. We quantified the multi-level relative fitness underlying HIV-1 'co-receptor switching'. In accordance with previous observations, we estimate that the relative transmissibility of X4-tropic virus is 9%, while within-host switching to X4-tropism is approximately 7-fold higher than switching to R5-tropism, indicating a strong within-host and between-host trade-off of co-receptor usage.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13561049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian inference of gene regulatory networks at stochastic steady state.","authors":"Anshi Gupta, Ryeongkyung Yoon, Kresimir Josic","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0040","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) form the regulatory backbone that coordinates gene expression. The architecture of GRNs shapes their function and constrains the biochemical pathways through which information flows. Inferring the structure of regulatory interactions is thus essential for understanding biological systems and designing targeted therapies. Despite substantial progress in GRN inference, most approaches-from statistical methods to deep learning-do not take into account fundamental biochemical processes that drive regulatory dynamics. To address this shortcoming, here, we present a novel Bayesian inference approach based on using the chemical Langevin equation as a model of gene expression dynamics at stochastic equilibrium. Interactions in GRNs are sparse, and we thus use a regularized horseshoe prior enabling selective shrinkage of unsupported interactions while identifying strong regulatory edges. We evaluate our method using synthetic gene expression data, allowing for benchmarking against a known ground truth. Our approach allows us to infer kinetic parameters, identify network structure and infer regulatory cycles without the need to observe transient dynamics. This Bayesian alternative to current methods thus provides both biological interpretability and structural identifiability in GRN inference.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13561089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148912825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement and hydrodynamic modelling quantifies the mechanical cost of cyprid locomotion.","authors":"Elijah Forstadt, Coco DeFrancesco, Audrey B Kellogg, Jesse Belden, Beatriz Orihuela, Daniel Rittschof, James C Bird","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0344","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsif.2026.0344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Barnacle cyprids must locate a settlement site using finite lipid reserves acquired during earlier feeding stages, yet the mechanical cost of their locomotion remains uncertain. Previous estimates of cyprid swimming costs are limited and do not resolve how stroke-scale mechanics, intermittency and temperature shape overall expenditure. Here, we combine high-speed kinematic measurements with an unsteady hydrodynamic model based on the Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen equation to quantify the mechanical cost of swimming in the acorn barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. Measured stroke-timing distributions inform power estimates from drag, added mass, inertia and the Basset history term. We find that drag dominates mechanical power, with the Basset term providing the next largest contribution. Temperature exerts competing effects: reduced viscosity tends to lower mechanical power, but the observed shortening of power-stroke duration offsets this effect, such that predicted power approximately doubles for every 5∘C increase. Power expenditure during individual strokes ranges from hundreds to more than a thousand picowatts, but locomotion is strongly intermittent, yielding a cycle-averaged mechanical power of only about 30-120 pW, or a few microjoules of mechanical energy per day. Although these estimates are relatively small compared with the cyprid's finite lipid reserves, they could be significant if muscle power conversion is sufficiently inefficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":17488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","volume":"23 242","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13561081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}