Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior最新文献_第8页

Response-dependent point loss and response force as disrupting operations on behavioral resistance to change in humans 反应依赖性失分和反应力作为干扰人类行为抵抗力的操作。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.885

Carlos Eduardo Costa, André Connor de Méo Luiz, Lucas Franco Carmona, Guilherme Dutra Ponce, Roberto Alves Banaco, Kennon A. Lattal

{"title":"Response-dependent point loss and response force as disrupting operations on behavioral resistance to change in humans","authors":"Carlos Eduardo Costa, André Connor de Méo Luiz, Lucas Franco Carmona, Guilherme Dutra Ponce, Roberto Alves Banaco, Kennon A. Lattal","doi":"10.1002/jeab.885","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.885","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioral momentum theory (BMT) provides a theoretical and methodological framework for understanding how differentially maintained operant responding resists disruption. A common way to test operant resistance involves contingencies with suppressive effects, such as extinction or prefeeding. Other contingencies with known suppressive effects, such as response-cost procedures arranged as point-loss or increases in response force, remain untested as disruptive events within the BMT framework. In the present set of three experiments, responding of humans was maintained by point accumulation programmed according to a multiple variable-interval (VI) VI schedule with different reinforcement rates in either of two components. Subsequently, subtracting a point following each response (Experiment 1) or increasing the force required for the response to be registered (Experiments 2 and 3 decreased response rates, but responding was less disrupted in the component associated with the higher reinforcement rate. The point-loss contingency and increased response force similarly affected response rates by suppressing responding and human persistence, replicating previous findings with humans and nonhuman animals when other types of disruptive events (e.g., extinction and prefeeding) were investigated. The present findings moreover extend the generality of the effects of reinforcement rate on persistence, and thus BMT, extending the analysis of resistance to two well-known manipulations used to reduce responding in the experimental analysis of behavior.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"121 2","pages":"163-174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41136528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emergence of a three-sample conditional discrimination as foundation for reasoning capabilities 作为推理能力基础的三样本条件判别的出现。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.877

Luis Antonio Pérez-González, Héctor Martínez, Marlon Palomino

{"title":"Emergence of a three-sample conditional discrimination as foundation for reasoning capabilities","authors":"Luis Antonio Pérez-González, Héctor Martínez, Marlon Palomino","doi":"10.1002/jeab.877","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.877","url":null,"abstract":"We hypothesized that a three-sample conditional discrimination can emerge as a result of learning conditional discriminations with relational stimuli. After learning three first-order conditional discriminations AB, PQ, and CD, we taught a second-order conditional discrimination XAB in which X1 indicated selection of related stimuli (e.g., A1 and B1) and X2 of unrelated stimuli (e.g., A1 and B2). Then, we probed the emergence of conditional discriminations PQX and XCD in which the X stimuli were comparisons and contextual stimuli, respectively. Finally, a conditional discrimination was probed with stimuli P, Q, and C as samples and D1 and D2 as comparisons. When the P and Q stimuli were related (and related to X1 in PQX), all participants selected the D stimulus that was related to the C stimulus (D1 when C1 was present and D2 when C2 was present); when the P and Q stimuli were unrelated (and related to X2 in PQX), they selected the D stimulus unrelated to the C stimulus (D2 when C1 and D1 when C2), which demonstrated emergence based on the relations established among all stimuli. In Experiment 2, the teaching of XAB was omitted and only one in six participants demonstrated emergence, which indicated that relational stimuli X1 and X2 played an important role in emergence. Thus, a new type of emergence that mimics analogical reasoning was demonstrated. The obtained outcome suggests that this procedure provides a learning foundation for acquiring reasoning capabilities.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"120 3","pages":"376-393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41179194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Resurgence of goal-directed actions and habits 目标行动和习惯的恢复。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.884

Shun Fujimaki, Ting Hu, Yutaka Kosaki

{"title":"Resurgence of goal-directed actions and habits","authors":"Shun Fujimaki, Ting Hu, Yutaka Kosaki","doi":"10.1002/jeab.884","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.884","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated how goal-directed and habitual behaviors recover after extinction within the context of the resurgence effect, a form of relapse induced by the removal or worsening of alternative reinforcement. Rats were trained to press a target lever with one reinforcer (O1) for either minimal (4) or extended (16) sessions. An extinction test after the completion of O1 devaluation confirmed that minimal and extended training formed goal-directed and habitual behaviors, respectively. Then, pressing an alternative lever was reinforced with a second reinforcer (O2) while the target response was placed on extinction. When O2 was discontinued, the minimally trained target response resurged with goal-directed status as in the extinction test. However, the extinguished habitual behavior in the extensively trained rats did not recover as a habit but instead with goal-directed status, possibly due to the context specificity of habits or the introduction of a new response–reinforcer contingency. The critical finding that reinforcer devaluation consistently led to less resurgence regardless of the amount of acquisition training provides a clinical implication that coupling differential-reinforcement-of-alternative-behavior (DRA) treatments with the devaluation of the associated reinforcer of problematic behavior could effectively diminish its recurrence.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"121 1","pages":"97-107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10246587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Theory of reinforcement schedules 钢筋计划理论。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.880

Peter R. Killeen

{"title":"Theory of reinforcement schedules","authors":"Peter R. Killeen","doi":"10.1002/jeab.880","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.880","url":null,"abstract":"The three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity of an organism; (2) that activity is bounded by competition from other responses; and (3) animals approach incentives and their signs, guided by their temporal and physical conditions, together called the “contingencies of reinforcement.” Mathematical models of each of these principles comprised mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR; Killeen, 1994). Over the ensuing decades, MPR was extended to new experimental contexts. This article reviews the basic theory and its extensions to satiation, warm-up, extinction, sign tracking, pausing, and sequential control in progressive-ratio and multiple schedules. In the latter cases, a single equation balancing target and competing responses governs behavioral contrast and behavioral momentum. Momentum is intrinsic in the fundamental equations, as behavior unspools more slowly from highly aroused responses conditioned by higher rates of incitement than it does from responses from leaner contexts. Habits are responses that have accrued substantial behavioral momentum. Operant responses, being predictors of reinforcement, are approached by making them: The sight and feel of a paw on a lever is approached by placing paw on lever, as attempted for any sign of reinforcement. Behavior in concurrent schedules is governed by approach to momentarily richer patches (melioration). Applications of MPR in behavioral pharmacology and delay discounting are noted.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"120 3","pages":"289-319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10598239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transfer of functions based on equivalence class formation using musical stimuli 基于使用音乐刺激形成等价类的函数转移。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.881

Thiago H. S. Martins, Raone M. Rodrigues, Felipe C. O. Araújo, Átila M. Cedro, Renato Bortoloti, André A. B. Varella, Edson M. Huziwara

{"title":"Transfer of functions based on equivalence class formation using musical stimuli","authors":"Thiago H. S. Martins, Raone M. Rodrigues, Felipe C. O. Araújo, Átila M. Cedro, Renato Bortoloti, André A. B. Varella, Edson M. Huziwara","doi":"10.1002/jeab.881","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.881","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical evidence has supported that musical excerpts written in major and minor modes are responsible for evoking happiness and sadness, respectively. In this study, we evaluated whether the emotional content evoked by musical stimuli would transfer to abstract figures when they became members of the same equivalence class. Participants assigned to the experimental group were submitted to a training procedure to form equivalence classes comprising musical excerpts (A) and meaningless abstract figures (B, C, and D). Afterward, transfer of function was evaluated using a semantic differential. Participants in the control group showed positive semantic differential scores for major mode musical excerpts, negative scores for minor mode musical excerpts, and neutral scores for the B, C, and D stimuli. Participants in the experimental groups showed positive semantic differential scores for visual stimuli equivalent to the major modes and negative semantic differential scores for visual stimuli equivalent to the minor modes. These results indicate transfer of function of emotional content present in musical stimuli through equivalence class formation. These findings could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of using emotional stimuli in equivalence class formation experiments and in transfer of function itself.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"120 3","pages":"394-405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10246583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Real, potentially real, and hypothetical monetary rewards in probability discounting 概率贴现中的真实、潜在真实和假设货币奖励。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.882

Hiroto Okouchi

{"title":"Real, potentially real, and hypothetical monetary rewards in probability discounting","authors":"Hiroto Okouchi","doi":"10.1002/jeab.882","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.882","url":null,"abstract":"Although hypothetical rewards have been used almost exclusively in human discounting studies, investigations of their validity are limited. The present experiment compared the discounting of monetary reward value by probability across conditions in which the rewards were real, potentially real, and hypothetical. Twenty-four undergraduates choose between an uncertain large reward and a certain small reward 60 times (trials). In the real and hypothetical reward conditions, the participants made choices with real and hypothetical money, respectively, in every trial. In the potentially real condition, they did so with real money in randomly selected three of the 60 trials and with hypothetical money in the remainder. The log10-transformed h values of a hyperbolic probability-discount function and the values of the area under the curve with an ordinal transformation of odds against were higher and lower, respectively, in the potentially real and in the hypothetical reward conditions than in the real reward condition, demonstrating that the probability discounting of hypothetical monetary rewards was larger than that of real rewards. These results suggest that future studies are required to identify why the hypothetical reward procedure overestimates the discounting rates of real rewards.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"120 3","pages":"406-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10193894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reduced access to reinforcement drives delay discounting during experienced delays 在经历延误的情况下，获得增援的机会减少会导致延误折扣。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.883

Anne C. Macaskill, Kendra Thompson-Davies, Maree J. Hunt

{"title":"Reduced access to reinforcement drives delay discounting during experienced delays","authors":"Anne C. Macaskill, Kendra Thompson-Davies, Maree J. Hunt","doi":"10.1002/jeab.883","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.883","url":null,"abstract":"Rewards lose value as a function of delay. Previous studies suggest that delays have a bigger effect on reward value when people must wait during the delay. However, whether delays involve waiting or postponing has often been confounded with whether choices are about hypothetical or real rewards. The current study characterized the effects of waiting and postponing in hypothetical and experiential choice contexts separately. In Experiment 1 we observed steeper delay discounting for waiting than for postponing in choices about both hypothetical money and about experienced computer game points. Two factors potentially contributing to steeper discounting in choices about waiting are reduced access to other rewards and direct costs of waiting. In Experiment 2, we adapted the experiential delay-discounting task to manipulate each factor separately. Reduced access to other reinforcers had a bigger effect on delay discounting than direct costs of waiting. These results underscore the importance of considering the unique influence of waiting and associated opportunity costs in both basic delay-discounting research and in applied contexts.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"120 3","pages":"416-428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10570832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Translational evaluation of on/off alternative reinforcement cycling 开启/关闭替代钢筋循环的转化评估。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.879

Sean W. Smith, Brian D. Greer

{"title":"Translational evaluation of on/off alternative reinforcement cycling","authors":"Sean W. Smith, Brian D. Greer","doi":"10.1002/jeab.879","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.879","url":null,"abstract":"Cycling between the availability and unavailability of reinforcement for alternative responding has successfully reduced resurgence in basic laboratory evaluations, but this approach represents a marked departure from current standards of care when treating problem behavior, warranting careful translation before its use clinically. Therefore, with extinction arranged for target responding across groups in Phase 2, we evaluated the effects of cycling between the availability and unavailability of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) using a computer-based task with adult humans recruited through Amazon MTurk. Two control groups experienced constant DRA in Phase 2, with one group experiencing a dense DRA schedule and another group experiencing a lean DRA schedule. The cycling DRA group tended to show greater reductions in target responding and improved discrimination in Phase 2 and less target responding across Phases 2 and 3 than the lean DRA and dense DRA groups. These preliminary findings suggest that on/off DRA cycling procedures may produce more desirable treatment outcomes than constant DRA without producing negative side effects; however, further research is needed to confirm these possibilities.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"120 3","pages":"429-439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10185609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Divided stimulus control depends on differential and nondifferential reinforcement: Testing a quantitative model 分裂刺激控制依赖于微分和非微分强化：测试定量模型。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.876

Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Sarah Cowie, Douglas Elliffe

{"title":"Divided stimulus control depends on differential and nondifferential reinforcement: Testing a quantitative model","authors":"Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Sarah Cowie, Douglas Elliffe","doi":"10.1002/jeab.876","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.876","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effects of differential and nondifferential reinforcers on divided control by compound-stimulus dimensions. Six pigeons responded in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure in which a blue or yellow sample stimulus flashed on/off at a fast or slow rate, and subjects reported its color or alternation frequency. The dimension to report was unsignaled (Phase 1) or signaled (Phase 2). Correct responses were reinforced with a probability of .70, and the probability of reinforcers for errors varied across conditions. Comparison choice depended on reinforcer ratios for correct and incorrect responding; as the frequency of error reinforcers according to a dimension increased, control (measured by log d) by that dimension decreased and control by the other dimension increased. Davison and Nevin's (1999) model described data when the dimension to report was unsignaled, whereas model fits were poorer when it was signaled, perhaps due to carryover between conditions. We are the first to test this quantitative model of divided control with reinforcers for errors and when the dimension to report is signaled; hence, further research is needed to establish the model's generality. We question whether divided stimulus control is dimensional and suggest it may instead reflect joint control by compound stimuli and reinforcer ratios.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"120 3","pages":"344-362"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10006772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Resistance to change, of behavior and of theory 抗拒改变，抗拒行为和理论。

IF 2.7 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.875

Andrew R. Craig

{"title":"Resistance to change, of behavior and of theory","authors":"Andrew R. Craig","doi":"10.1002/jeab.875","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.875","url":null,"abstract":"The persistence of operant behavior when disrupted tends to be positively related to how often reinforcers were delivered in the past. Behavioral momentum theory describes this finding as the outcome of Pavlovian processes. That is, the relation between discriminative stimuli and reinforcers that were delivered in their presence strengthens behavior, thereby making it more likely to persist. If only the story were that simple. A growing number of findings challenge the basic tenets of behavioral momentum theory. Some even call into question whether Pavlovian relations contribute to persistence in the first place. In this paper, I will review behavioral momentum theory and some of the data that have been problematic for the theory. I will argue that despite these very real challenges, the theory provides important utility not only to basic analyses of response persistence but also to clinical interventions directed at long-term reductions in problem behavior. It, for example, has set the stage for the development of alternative conceptual analyses of resistance to change, two of which will be highlighted for readers. Moreover, behavioral momentum theory may tell us something important about the reasons it continues to have an influence on the field, despite the challenging data that deter it.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"120 3","pages":"440-456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9911807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0