Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Nirsevimab Implementation on the Mid-Term Burden of Bronchiolitis in the Outpatient Setting: Results from the Prospective OURSYN Study.","authors":"Lea Lenglart, Corinne Levy, Fabienne Cahn-Sellem, Morched Zouari, Frederic Hassid, Stéphane Béchet, Maeva Boulhol, Rolf Kramer, Alexis Rybak, Naim Ouldali, Robert Cohen","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag035","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Nirsevimab was implemented in Europe and the United States in September 2023. While its effectiveness in preventing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-bronchiolitis has been demonstrated by real-life studies, its impact on mid-term child health, quality of life, and parental absenteeism remains unstudied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Infants under 1-year with a first bronchiolitis episode were recruited through the OURSYN study involving 37 primary care pediatricians in France between 2021 and 2025 (pre-nirsevimab period: 02/2021-03/2023 and nirsevimab period: 09/2023-03/2025). RSV status was determined by antigenic nasopharyngeal testing. At day 15, parents reported symptoms, quality of life (PedsQL Infant), and work absenteeism. Their associations with (i) RSV status, (ii) period of inclusion, and (iii) nirsevimab immunization status among RSV-positive cases were assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1870 bronchiolitis cases included, 637 (34.0%) occurred during the nirsevimab period and 812 (43.4%) were RSV-related. Over the study period, at day 15, RSV-cases had more feeding difficulties (aOR = 1.41 [1.06-1.88]), longer daycare absence (4.7 vs. 3.2 days), and more parental absenteeism (aOR = 1.61 [0.99-2.62]) compared to RSV-negative. The proportion of RSV-cases decreased during the nirsevimab period compared with the pre-nirsevimab period (47.1% vs. 35.7% P < .001). Bronchiolitis cases recruited during this period had shorter daycare absences (3.2 vs. 4.3 days). Among RSV-cases, immunized infants had lower risk of persistent fever (aOR = 0.14 [0.01-0.79]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This large prospective study provides the first evidence that the mid-term burden of RSV-bronchiolitis in infants may be reduced following the implementation of nirsevimab, with potential benefits for infant health, quality of life and parental absenteeism.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147973441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ruptured Pulmonary Echinococcus Cyst.","authors":"Justin M Klucher, David A Rosen, Elke M Zani-Ruttenstock","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag040","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Treatment for Severe Pertussis in Infants Younger than 2 Months during a Macrolide-Resistant Bordetella pertussis Outbreak: A Case Series.","authors":"Tatsuki Ikuse, Toshihiro Matsui, Masaki Yamada, Kensuke Shoji, Ito Kato, Hiroki Kato, Shotaro Matsumoto, Rinshu Shimabukuro, Nao Otsuka, Chikara Ogimi","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag046","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148330646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Sustained Viral Suppression among Children Living with HIV in Kenya: Secondary Analysis of Data from a Randomized Control Study.","authors":"Patrick Oyaro, Garoma W Basha, Katherine K Thomas, Evelyn Brown, Shukri A Hassan, Rabbia Imran, Enericah Karauki, Nashon Yongo, Pooja Maheria, Rena C Patel, Lisa L Abuogi","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag038","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Viral suppression (VS) amongst children living with HIV (CLHIV) remains poor and several factors may affect sustained VS (SVS) over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized control trial among CLHIV in western Kenya assessing individual, caregiver, and household factors associated with SVS, defined as viral load <1000 copies/mL throughout the study period of 12 months. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusting for additional covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 668 CLHIV were included, median age of 9 years (interquartile range (IQR) 7-12) and time on antiretroviral treatment (ART) 6 years (IQR 3-8). Using a viral load (VL) cut off of 1000 copies/mL, the factors associated with lower odds of SVS were (1) self-reported child's poor ART adherence [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27, 0.69]; (2) being on protease inhibitor-containing regimen [AOR 0.49 (0.31, 0.79)]; (3) spending less than 30 minutes travelling to the facility [AOR 0.59 (0.37, 0.95)] and (4) having more VL results available for analysis [AOR 0.80 (0.71, 0.90)]. At VL cut off of 200 and 50 copies/mL, being on PI containing regimen and travel duration to clinic were no longer associated with SVS. However, at VL cut off of 50 copies/mL, additional factors associated with lower odds of SVS were less than 2 years on ART [AOR 0.29 (0.14, 0.64)] and caregiver depression [AOR 0.61 (0.41, 0.91)].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This analysis found that adherence on ART, years on ART, ART \"anchor\" drug, caregiver depression, travel duration to the health facility and number of VL assays were associated with SVS among CLHIV. Interventions to improve health outcomes for CLHIV should consider and address all relevant risk factors for viral non-suppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13278768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148005755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory Bacterial Epidemiology at Three Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Clinical Centers.","authors":"Amanda Ziminski, Madsen Zimbric, Harlan McCaffery, Joudeh Freij, Evans Machogu, Misty Thompson, Amjad Horani, Leslie Wehmeijer, Lindsay J Caverly, Thomas Saba","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag048","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare congenital disorder marked by impaired motile ciliary function, resulting in chronic oto-sino-pulmonary infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While enhanced infection prevention and control (IPC) practices have successfully reduced P. aeruginosa prevalence and transmission in cystic fibrosis (CF), comparable IPC strategies have not been evaluated in PCD. This study aimed to characterize bacterial epidemiology across PCD Clinical Centers, hypothesizing that P. aeruginosa prevalence would be higher at centers lacking enhanced IPC measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective observational study assessing the period prevalence and chronic infection rates of P. aeruginosa and other respiratory microorganisms at 3 pediatric PCD Centers and 1 adult Center. Between-center comparisons of patients ever infected status used Fisher's exact test, with age-adjusted repeated-measures analyses conducted via Bayesian mixed-effects logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort included 41 pediatric patients from Center A (Standard Precautions), 25 from Center B (clinic cohorting), and 30 from Center C (enhanced IPC based on CF Foundation Guidelines, CF-IPC). An additional 13 adult patients from Center A were included for descriptive analysis only. Pseudomonas aeruginosa period prevalence at pediatric Centers A, B, and C was 37%, 32%, and 47%, respectively (P = .55). In contrast, pediatric Haemophilus influenzae prevalence (P = .001) and chronic H. influenzae infection rates (P < .0001) were significantly higher at Center A compared with Centers B and C. Age-stratified analysis across all pediatric Centers demonstrated increasing P. aeruginosa prevalence beginning around age 10, while H. influenzae prevalence declined with age. Nearly 85% of adults had a history of P. aeruginosa infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that CF-IPC protocols may not exert the same influence on bacterial epidemiology in PCD as they do in CF. Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be more prevalent in PCD than previously recognized, and variations in IPC strategies were not significantly associated with differences in P. aeruginosa rates across pediatric PCD Centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148339190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs to Prevent HIV in Neonates and Infants.","authors":"Lisa L Abuogi, James G Carlucci, Andrew Edmonds, Lisa Regula, Nandita Sugandhi, Dwight E Yin, Jessie K Edwards","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag051","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preventing the postnatal transmission of HIV remains an unfinished goal globally. Infant antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis remains important, particularly when maternal viral suppression is not assured. We conducted a systematic review to identify optimal infant ARV prophylaxis to inform World Health Organization 2025 guidelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Embase, and Global Index Medicus were searched for randomized controlled trials published in 2014-2024 evaluating ARVs given to infants to prevent postnatal HIV transmission. Eligible articles from prior systematic reviews from 1994 to 2014 were also reviewed. Two risk periods were considered: (1) the early postnatal period from delivery to 6 weeks of age, and (2) during breastfeeding from 6 weeks to 12 months. Scenarios were defined as higher risk when the mother was not on ART and lower risk when mothers were on ART.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We screened 1670 studies and reviewed 70 full-text articles. Nine trials (16 279 infants) met eligibility criteria. In 5 studies addressing high-risk scenarios in the early postnatal period, use of 3 drugs for infant prophylaxis for 1 week followed by a single drug through 6 weeks resulted in 0.1% HIV transmission risk; 2 drugs through 6 weeks resulted in 1.5% risk; and 1 drug alone through 6 weeks, 2.5%-8.2% risk. In 6 studies addressing higher-risk scenarios during breastfeeding, single-drug prophylaxis throughout breastfeeding resulted in <1%-1.5% transmission risk at 12 months. No studies evaluated infant prophylaxis in lower-risk early postnatal scenarios. In low-risk breastfeeding scenarios, 6 weeks of infant prophylaxis resulted in <1% risk at 12 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In higher-risk scenarios, trial data show that infants have the lowest risk of HIV transmission during the early postnatal period when they receive 2 weeks of 3 ARV drugs followed by a single drug through 6 weeks. Afterward, single-drug prophylaxis throughout breastfeeding demonstrates the lowest transmission risk at 12 months.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy and Safety Among Infants.","authors":"Elizabeth M Quincer, Gabriela Vazquez-Benitez, Eric S Weintraub, Kimp Walton, Lily Wang, Kimberly K Vesco, Michelle L Henninger, Matthew F Daley, Simon J Hambidge, Joshua T B Williams, James G Donahue, Ousseny Zerbo, Darios Getahun, Lisa A Jackson, Candace C Fuller, Heather S Lipkind, Allison L Naleway, Michael M McNeil, Elyse O Kharbanda","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag036","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccination during pregnancy prevents disease in both the pregnant woman and infant via transplacental antibody transfer which may interfere with infant immune response to early childhood vaccination. Data on safety of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy in relation to non-targeted infant infections are lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies from May 17, 2020, through February 15, 2021, across eight integrated healthcare systems in the Vaccine Safety Datalink to evaluate receipt of COVID-19 vaccination during second or third trimester of pregnancy on medically attended encounters for infections among infants up to 6 months. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated, controlling for potential confounders using inverse probability of treatment weighting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 42 940 pregnancies, 14 762 (34.4%) were exposed to COVID-19 vaccination during second or third trimester of pregnancy. COVID-19 vaccination during second or third trimester was not associated with an increase in non-targeted infant medically attended respiratory infections (aIRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77, 0.95), including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (aIRR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65, 0.93) and was not associated with infant bloodstream (aIRR 1.03, 95% CI 0.77, 1.37) or meningeal (aIRR 0.54, 95% CI 0.19, 1.56) infections up to 6 months of life.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found no increased risk for non-targeted medically attended infant respiratory infections and no association with bloodstream or meningeal infections from birth to 6 months of life following COVID-19 vaccination during second or third trimester of pregnancy. These findings support COVID-19 vaccination safety during pregnancy on the risk of non-targeted infant infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13382912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148150273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Rotavirus Vaccine on Rotavirus Diarrhea-Associated Hospitalizations among Children under 5 Years of Age in Uganda.","authors":"Cissy Nalunkuma, Hellen Tukamuhebwa Aanyu, Elizabeth Kaudha, Stephen Gyagenda, Esther Nalumansi, Gladys Nakiragga, David Mugisha, Augustine Mulindwa, Annet Kisakye, Tyler Chavers, Goitom G Weldegebriel, Reggis Katsande, Keith Shaba, Jason M Mwenda, Umesh D Parashar, Jacqueline E Tate, Paul A Gastañaduy","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag037","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We document a 43% reduction in rotavirus-associated hospitalizations among Ugandan children following introduction of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix). Declines were evident each year after Rotarix introduction and at each surveillance site, predominantly among infants. Continued monitoring for long-term impact is warranted given changes in the vaccine formulation in Uganda.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147982185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lungs Are Only Half the Story: Programmatic Shifts to Prioritize Pediatric Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Detection in High-Burden Settings.","authors":"Meredith B Brooks, Giordano Sosa Soto, Jeffrey I Campbell, Farhana Amanullah, Tapash Roy, Amyn A Malik","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag032","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13219736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147690740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Effectiveness of Rotavirus Vaccine Against Rotavirus Disease Among Children < 2 Year of Age in Mali.","authors":"Jacqueline E Tate, Samba O Sow, Awa Traore, Anna Roose, Dilruba Nasrin, Sandra Panchalingam, Helen Powell, Sharon M Tennant, Umesh D Parashar, Karen L Kotloff","doi":"10.1093/jpids/piag033","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jpids/piag033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We estimated rotavirus vaccine effectiveness among children <2 years of age in Mali from 2015-2018. Using a test-negative case-control design, rotavirus vaccine was 60% (95% confidence interval: 3%-84%) effective among children <2 years of age. Rotavirus vaccines are an effective tool for reducing rotavirus disease burden in Mali.</p>","PeriodicalId":17374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13295578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}