Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research最新文献

{"title":"Pectoralis Clavicular and Sternocostal Thicknesses Increase Similarly in Response to One and Three Sets of Pec Deck Resistance Training in Untrained Young Men.","authors":"Matheus Daros Pinto, Cristiano Ughini, João Pedro Nunes, Eduardo Lusa Cadore, Ronei Silveira Pinto","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Pinto, MD, Ughini, C, Nunes, JP, Cadore, EL, and Pinto, RS. Pectoralis clavicular and sternocostal thicknesses increase similarly in response to one and three sets of pec deck resistance training in untrained young men. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): 523-530, 2025-Perceived lack of time is a commonly cited reason for not engaging in resistance training (RT). Consequently, there is interest in identifying time-efficient and minimum-effective RT doses. Although RT and rehabilitation programs typically aim for muscle-specific growth, research on the pectoralis major is notably limited despite it being a frequently targeted muscle group. Here we compare the effects of two RT volumes on regional pectoralis major hypertrophy and shoulder horizontal abduction strength using a within-subject design. Following a non-training control period, 15 untrained young men (age: 24.1 ± 3.1 years) participated in a 12-week RT program, comprised of the pec deck exercise, performed in 1 set (1S) vs. 3 sets (3S), in a linear periodization of 20 to 8 repetitions maximum to failure. B-mode ultrasound imaging was used to analyze muscle thicknesses of the pectoralis major clavicular and sternocostal portions, and maximal strength was determined by 1-repetition maximum tests on the pec deck exercise. After 12 weeks of RT, similar increases were observed between conditions for the pectoralis major clavicular (1S = 17%; 3S = 18%) and sternocostal (1S = 21%; 3S = 21%) thicknesses, and maximum strength (1S = 46%; 3S = 43%). Our results indicate no effect of RT volume (1S vs. 3S) on changes in muscle size and strength and do not support regional hypertrophy after pec deck exercise in untrained men. These results have important implications for RT prescription and rehabilitation practices for individuals who may have limited time or those undergoing brief rehabilitation sessions targeting the pectoralis musculature.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":"39 5","pages":"523-530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Countermovement Jump Inefficiency Is Mostly Independent of Quadriceps Weakness in Athletes Returning to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.","authors":"Karl F Orishimo, Takumi Fukunaga, Ian J Kremenic, Smita Rao, Richard Magill, Wen K Ling, Malachy P McHugh, Stephen J Nicholas","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005066","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Orishimo, KF, Fukunaga, T, Kremenic, IJ, Rao, S, Magill, R, Ling, WK, McHugh, MP, and Nicholas, SJ. Countermovement jump inefficiency is mostly independent of quadriceps weakness in athletes returning to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): 562-569, 2025-After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), comparing ground reaction force (GRF) metrics during countermovement jumps (CMJs) and isokinetic quadriceps strength testing may aid in return-to-sport decision-making. The purpose of this study was to compare asymmetries in GRF metrics during bilateral and unilateral CMJs and asymmetries in quadriceps strength between patients after ACLR and healthy athletes. Twenty-two patients who had undergone ACLR and 12 healthy athletes performed isokinetic tests of quadriceps strength and maximal-effort bilateral and unilateral CMJs on force plates. Countermovement jumps force and isokinetic measurements were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Associations between asymmetries in CMJ metrics and isokinetics were assessed using correlation analysis. In the patients, significant asymmetries in knee extension strength were found (24.5% at 60 °·s -1 , 13% at 180 °·s -1 ). In addition, asymmetries were found in 4 of 6 GRF metrics during bilateral CMJs and in 10 of 15 metrics during unilateral CMJs. The control group showed no significant asymmetries in quadriceps strength or CMJ GRF metrics. Asymmetry in knee extension strength was not correlated with any bilateral CMJ asymmetries and only 2 unilateral CMJ asymmetries. Asymmetry in knee extension power was correlated with 3 bilateral CMJ asymmetries and 3 unilateral CMJ asymmetries. A comparison of GRF profiles revealed functional deficits on the involved side of the patients during both CMJs, indicating difficulty with stretch-shortening cycle function. Asymmetries were partially explained by deficits in quadriceps power but mostly independent of quadriceps weakness. Return-to-sport assessments after ACLR should include the assessment of the biomechanical efficiency of lower extremity stretch-shortening cycle function.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"562-569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Psychophysiologic Stress and Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase Awakening Responses to Cross-Country Running Competitions in National-Level Female Athletes.","authors":"Mustafa Aydemir, Yücel Makaracı, Bahattin Avcı, Yeşim Civil Ürkmez, Harry P Cintineo","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005055","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Aydemir, M, Makaracı, Y, Avcı, B, Ürkmez, YC, and Cintineo, HP. The psychophysiologic stress and salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase awakening responses to cross-country running competitions in national-level female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): e676-e683, 2025-Cross-country running, characterized by diverse terrains and environmental conditions, primarily emphasizes individual performance, though team-oriented strategies are also used. This study aimed to examine psychophysiologic stress, anxiety, and race performance of elite female athletes during national cross-country running competitions. Twelve elite-level female cross-country runners were recruited to undergo psychophysiologic state using salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels (pre- and postrace) across 2 consecutive rounds of varying difficulty and significance (round 1 and final round). In addition, cortisol and alpha-amylase awakening responses (CAR and AAAR), and state anxiety (State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-I) were assessed on both precompetition and competition days during each round. The findings revealed significant increases in precompetition day AAAR, pre- and postrace cortisol, and postrace alpha-amylase levels in the final round compared with those in round 1 ( p < 0.05). Mean race time was also faster in the final round than in round 1 ( p < 0.05). Pre- and postrace cortisol levels were correlated with race time in round 1 ( r = 0.554; r = 0.594), but not in the final round ( p > 0.05). Increased cortisol emerged as a potential indicator of race difficulty and predictors of success in cross-country running. Coaches and athletes may benefit from monitoring cortisol levels to optimize performance during competitions with fluctuating conditions. Further research using saliva analysis as a noninvasive tool for assessing psychophysiologic parameters surrounding competition is warranted in larger samples across various endurance sports, though the data presented here provide a unique view of these responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e676-e683"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Both Physical and Cognitive Performance and Recovery.","authors":"Inbal Weisman, Tavor Ben-Zeev, Tal Alon, Ishay Ostfeld, Jay R Hoffman","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Weisman, I, Ben-Zeev, T, Alon, T, Ostfeld, I, and Hoffman, JR. The effects of high-intensity interval training on both physical and cognitive performance and recovery. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): 547-552, 2025-This study examined the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognitive and physical performance and recovery. Ten professional adult (7 men and 3 women) team handball players in the Israeli top league were recruited for this study. Subjects (24.5 ± 6.6 years; 179.0 ± 12.1 cm; 80.0 ± 16.5 kg) performed a total of 3 sets of three 200-m shuttle runs with 2 minutes of rest between each sprint and 5 minutes between each set. Cognitive function (Sports Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition [SCAT 5], Stroop test), physical performance (isometric midthigh pull [IMTP], countermovement jumps [CMJ]), and reactive agility measures were assessed at baseline (PRE), immediately post (IP), 24-hour (24P), and 48-hour (48P) postexercise. Significant decreases (p's < 0.05) were observed from PRE in CMJ mean power (IP and 48H) and CMJ peak power (IP, 24P and 48P). However, no changes from PRE were noted in peak force, rate of force development, or time to peak force in the IMTP at any time point. No significant change from PRE was noted in acute or delayed memory or concentration in the SCAT 5 assessment. However, significant improvements (p's < 0.05) from PRE were noted in reaction time and speed accuracy in the Stroop test at IP, 24P, and 48P. In addition, a significant improvement in reactive agility was observed between PRE and 48H and between IP and 48H (p = 0.049 and p = 0.035, respectively). The results of this study indicate differences in recovery patterns between cognitive and dynamic physical function in elite handball players following HIIT.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":"39 5","pages":"547-552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and Match Characteristics of English Elite Academy Soccer Players: Differences Between Age Groups.","authors":"Brent Dickinson, Paul A Jones, Paul Comfort","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005065","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Dickinson, B, Jones, P, and Comfort, P. Physical and match characteristics of English elite academy soccer players: differences between age groups. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): 608-616, 2025-The purpose of this study was to evaluate physical and match characteristics of elite academy soccer players and determine differences between age groups. Sixty elite academy soccer players, including u15 (Subject: N = 15; age: 14.64 ± 0.25 years; mass: 59.88 ± 9.12 kg; height: 171.0 ± 6.7 cm), u16 (Subject: N = 15; age: 15.42 ± 0.36 years; mass: 65.11 ± 8.70 kg; height: 175.0 ± 7.2 cm), u18 (Subject: N = 15; age: 17.00 ± 1.00 years; mass: 72.85 ± 7.43 kg; height: 179.0 ± 6.4 cm), and u23 (Subject: N = 15; age: 19.60 ± 0.85 years; mass: 77.47 ± 7.03 kg; height: 181.0 ± 7.7 cm) participated in the study. Significant differences were seen in anthropometrics and maturation ( p ≤ 0.031), absolute eccentric hamstring strength ( p ≤ 0.033), absolute isometric mid-thigh pull performances ([IMTPs] p ≤ 0.026), jump height and reactive strength index from the 10-5 reactive jump tests ( p ≤ 0.015), most countermovement jump variables ( p ≤ 0.040), and the 30-15IFT ( p ≤ 0.012), with better performances in older age groups. Absolute and relative (i.e., divided by time) match characteristics were significantly greater ( p ≤ 0.038) in older age groups compared with younger age groups. Results indicate that older, more mature players demonstrate better performance in eccentric hamstring strength and IMTP peak force, based on absolute measures; however, the differences were negated when ratio scaled (i.e., divided by body mass). Strength training practices need to be improved to ensure that strength increases exceed those expected with increases in mass associated with maturation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"608-616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Repetition Maximum and Repetitions to Failure at Submaximal Intensity in Eccentric-Only, Concentric-Only, and Conventional Arm Curl, Bench Press, and Back Squat Exercises.","authors":"Keisuke Shibata, Taichi Yamaguchi, Kota Shimamori, Yuta Yamazaki, Kazuki Takizawa, Kazunori Nosaka","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Shibata, K, Yamaguchi, T, Shimamori, K, Yamazaki, Y, Takizawa, K, and Nosaka, K. One-repetition maximum and repetitions to failure at submaximal intensity in eccentric-only, concentric-only, and conventional arm curl, bench press, and back squat exercises. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): 515-522, 2025-The present study compared eccentric-only (ECC-only), concentric-only (CON-only), and eccentric-concentric (ECC-CON) arm curl (AC), bench press (BP), and back squat (BSQ) exercises for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and repetitions to failure (RF) to delineate characteristics of ECC-only exercises. Twelve resistance-trained young men participated in 7 sessions. In session 1, 1RM of ECC-CON was determined for AC, BP, and BSQ. In session 2, ECC-CON 1RM for the 3 exercises were reassessed, and RF of ECC-CON at 80% of ECC-CON 1RM load was examined for the exercises. In sessions 3 and 4, RF of ECC-only and CON-only at 80% of ECC-CON 1RM load was determined. In session 5, ECC-only 1RM and CON-only 1RM were assessed for the exercises. In sessions 6 and 7, RF of ECC-only and CON-only at 80% of respective 1RM load was measured. The 1RM was greater (p < 0.01) for ECC-only (AC: 19.3 ± 3.6 kg, BP: 103.3 ± 18.2 kg, BSQ: 141.3 ± 17.5 kg) than for CON-only (AC: 14.6 ± 2.9 kg, BP: 82.3 ± 16.2 kg, BSQ: 113.8 ± 14.5 kg) and for ECC-CON (AC: 14.3 ± 3.2 kg, BP: 87.1 ± 16.2 kg, BSQ: 119.2 ± 16.1 kg) with a significant difference between CON-only and ECC-CON for BP only. The RF was greater (p < 0.01) in ECC-only than in CON-only and ECC-CON at 80% of ECC-CON 1RM and respective 80% 1RM load for all 3 exercises (e.g., BP at 80% of respective 1RM load, ECC-only: 14.5 ± 4.6, CON-only: 10.0 ± 3.3, ECC-CON: 10.3 ± 2.1 repetitions). These results suggest that greater loads can be handled in ECC-only with less fatigue than others, and this provides advantages for eccentric-only resistance exercises.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":"39 5","pages":"515-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postpractice Neuromuscular Performance Changes in 3 × 3 Professional Female Basketball Players.","authors":"Dimitrije Cabarkapa, Damjana V Cabarkapa, Amit Batra, Andrew C Fry","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Cabarkapa, D, Cabarkapa, DV, Batra, A, and Fry, AC. Postpractice neuromuscular performance changes in 3 × 3 professional female basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): e706-e710, 2025-The purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in lower body neuromuscular performance characteristics across multiple testing time points within a cohort of professional 3 × 3 female basketball players. Ten athletes volunteered to participate in this study (x̄ ± SD; age = 29.1 ± 4.3 years; height = 181.4 ± 7.0 cm; body mass = 77.4 ± 6.2 kg). Each athlete completed 3 countermovement vertical jumps while standing on a portable force plate system on 4 different occasions: before team practice, immediately postpractice, and the next morning and afternoon. Twenty-two force-time metrics were analyzed, 8 within braking and propulsive and 2 within landing phases of the jumping motion, including 4 performance metrics. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The findings reveal an absence of significant changes in all force-time metrics of interest pre-post practice. However, a notable decrease in jump height (-5.8%), average and peak propulsive force (-4.3% and -4.7%), propulsive net impulse (-3.5%), average and peak propulsive power (-6.1% and -6.0%), and reactive strength index modified (-11.8%) was observed the following morning when compared with baseline measurements. The reactive strength index modified was shown to be the most sensitive metric in detecting fatigue-induced changes in athletes' performance, because it experienced the largest drop between these 2 testing time points (p = 0.011; g = 0.727). Also, the observed performance suppression disappeared by the afternoon training session because all of the aforementioned force-time metrics returned to the baseline levels, indicating that the athletes were adequately recovered to participate in team training activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":"39 5","pages":"e706-e710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying the Psyching-Up Strategies Used in Strength Sports: A Concept Mapping Approach.","authors":"Kurtis Cusimano, Paul Freeman, Jason Moran","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005057","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Cusimano, K, Freeman, P, and Moran, J. Identifying the psyching-up strategies used in strength sports: a concept mapping approach. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): 553-561, 2025-It has frequently been reported that strength athletes use psyching-up strategies to enhance performance. Despite numerous investigations into the efficacy of these psyching-up strategies, there has yet to be a thorough exploration of the methods used by athletes to do so. Thus, it is important to explore the full breadth of strategies used by athletes. This study aimed to identify the psyching-up strategies used by strength sport athletes and assess the perceived effectiveness on performance. Using a concept mapping approach, 246 strength sport athletes and coaches participated in an initial statement (technique) generation phase, and 112 sorted the techniques into clusters and rated the effectiveness of each technique at enhancing maximal strength performance. In the generation stage, 64 individual psyching-up techniques were identified. Similarity matrix generation, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to produce visual cluster maps, which identified 8 separate clusters of psyching-up strategies: \"pre-performance routines\"; \"positive thoughts, feelings, images, and behaviors\"; \"goals and performance accomplishments\"; \"self-deprecation\"; \"negative thoughts, feelings, images, and behaviors\"; \"stimulation\"; \"physical and physiological techniques\"; and \"aggressive acts\". Participants ranked \"pre-performance routines\" as being the most effective psyching-up strategy, with males reporting significantly higher ratings for \"self-deprecation\"; \"negative thoughts, feelings, images, and behaviors\"; \"stimulation\"; and \"aggressive acts\". The present findings demonstrated a greater breadth of psyching-up techniques than those currently examined within the literature. Accordingly, we suggest a revised definition of psyching-up strategies in the context of strength sports: \"strategies intending to alter activation or to enhance mental preparedness, immediately prior to or during skill execution\".</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"553-561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3-Minute Work Capacity Test Predicts Simulated Firefighting Performance.","authors":"Lasse Ten Siethoff, Henrik Petré, Alexander Ovendal, Johnny Nilsson, Manne Godhe, Peter Tedeholm, Torbjörn Helge, Eva A Andersson","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005068","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>ten Siethoff, L, Petré, H, Ovendal, A, Nilsson, J, Godhe, M, Tedeholm, P, Helge, T, and Andersson, EA. A 3-minute work capacity test predicts simulated firefighting performance. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): e692-e700, 2025-The study aimed to identify a small set of fitness tests that could effectively predict performance in simulated firefighting tasks. Thirty-six (25 male and 11 female) firefighters participated in the study. Strength was evaluated with grip strength, barbell bench rows, and elevated trap bar deadlifts. Work capacity was assessed using a 3-minute pyramid test, executed with and without firefighting equipment. Firefighting performance was evaluated using a simulated work task course comprising stair climbing, hose pull, victim rescue, and equipment carry. We used backward linear regressions to derive models incorporating fitness test results, demographic variables, and oxygen uptake measures as predictors. Statistical significance was set to p < 0.05. The pyramid test without equipment accounted for 59% of the variance in task performance. When body mass and height were included, the model's predictive power increased to 71%. A final model, integrating the pyramid test, body mass, and absolute maximal oxygen uptake capacity (V̇ o2 max), explained 81% of performance variation. Our findings indicate that V̇ o2 max is the key factor in firefighter task performance, explaining 69% of the variance. The pyramid test, which estimates V̇ o2 max and predicted 59% of performance, is simple, time efficient, and can be conducted at stations to assess physical ability and work capacity. Incorporating the pyramid test into regular assessments can help firefighters focus on improving their work capacity, which is essential for achieving better performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e692-e700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12017595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143502125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sport-Specific Differences in Vertical Jump Force-Time Metrics Between Professional Female Volleyball, Basketball, and Handball Players.","authors":"Damjana V Cabarkapa, Dimitrije Cabarkapa, Jelena Aleksic, Andrew C Fry","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005060","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Cabarkapa, DV, Cabarkapa, D, Aleksic, J, and Fry, AC. Sport-specific differences in vertical jump force-time metrics between professional female volleyball, basketball, and handball players. J Strength Cond Res 39(5): 587-592, 2025-The purpose of the present study was to examine the sport-specific differences in countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) force-time metrics among professional female volleyball, basketball, and handball players. Ninety-four athletes volunteered to participate in the present study (i.e., 41 volleyball, 20 basketball, and 33 handball). After a brief warm-up procedure, each athlete performed 3 nonconsecutive CMJs while standing on a force plate system sampling at 1,000 Hz. Nineteen force-time metrics were selected for performance analysis purposes, including both eccentric and concentric phases of the jumping motion. A one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc comparisons was used to examine statistically significant differences in each dependent variable across 3 sports ( p < 0.05). The results reveal that volleyball athletes demonstrate significantly greater impulse, velocity, and mean and peak power during the eccentric phase of the CMJ compared with both basketball and handball players, and longer eccentric duration than basketball players. During the concentric phase, volleyball athletes showed significantly greater duration, impulse, and velocity compared to their handball and basketball counterparts, with higher mean and peak force observed only in comparison with basketball players. In addition, volleyball athletes had significantly greater jump height and deeper countermovement depth than the other 2 groups. However, the difference in reactive strength index-modified was detected only between the handball and volleyball athletes, with volleyball players exhibiting greater values. Overall, these findings can help sports practitioners with the development of specialized performance-enhancement training programs for athletes competing in sports such as basketball, volleyball, and handball.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"587-592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}