Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research最新文献

{"title":"Cross-Validation of Equations for Estimating 1 Repetition Maximum From Repetitions to Failure for the Bench Press and Leg Extension.","authors":"Trevor D Roberts, Robert W Smith, Jocelyn E Arnett, Dolores G Ortega, Richard J Schmidt, Terry J Housh","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004987","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Roberts, TD, Smith, RW, Arnett, JE, Ortega, DG, Schmidt, RJ, and Housh, TJ. Cross-validation of equations for estimating 1 repetition maximum from repetitions to failure for the bench press and leg extension. J Strength Cond Res 39(2): e96-e105, 2025-Eighteen previously published equations (EQs) that estimate 1 repetition maximum (1RM) from repetitions to failure (RTF) were cross-validated for the bench press (BP) and leg extension (LE) movements. Forty-three recreationally active men (age: 20.58 ± 1.47 years; body mass [BM]: 81.66 ± 13.65 kg) completed a 1RM test and RTF at 80% of the 1RM test for the LE, and 39 of the 43 men (age: 20.61 ± 1.48 years; BM: 83.58 ± 12.73 kg) completed the same tests for the BP. The EQs were categorized as generic (the source did not indicate its applicability for a specific movement) or movement-specific (BP-specific and LE-specific EQs). The generic EQs were cross-validated for both movements, whereas the BP-specific and LE-specific EQs were cross-validated for their respective movements only. The cross-validation criteria included calculations of the constant error (CE) (mean differences between estimated and measured 1RM), Pearson Correlation Coefficient, standard error of the estimate, and total error. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. After the initial cross-validation analyses of the previously published EQs, the most accurate EQs were modified by subtracting their cross-validation CE from the original EQ to improve their accuracy for estimating BP and LE 1RM by eliminating systematic error. The modified EQs were then cross-validated using the same statistical procedures. Based on the cross-validation analyses, we recommend the following EQs: BP 1RM = (RTF 0.1 × weight) + 1.49 and LE 1RM = (RTF 0.1 × weight) + 1.06 using weights that result in 4-10 RTF.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e96-e105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age and Sex Differences in IRONMAN World Championship Performance.","authors":"Kevin J Gries, Paul E Witto","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004972","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Gries, KJ and Witto, PE. Age and sex differences in IRONMAN world championship performance. J Strength Cond Res 39(2): 269-276, 2025-There has been an increasing number of masters athletes, particularly women, who have been competing in ultra-endurance events. With this in mind, we sought to determine the influence of age and sex on IRONMAN World Championship performances from 2014 to 2023. The final times of each component (swim, bike, and run) and overall time were collected for places 1st to 10th in each age group (18-69 years). Sex differences in performance were calculated for each age group. Depth of field (time of n th place/first place), a surrogate for participation, was also calculated for each age group and sex. Significance was set at p < 0.05. These data show a ∼12% sex difference in the performance of the swim, bike, run, and final ( p < 0.05), which increased to 20% in the 65-69 years age group ( p < 0.05). The differences appeared driven by the bike and run. Depth of field was greater in men than in women ( p < 0.05), and the sex difference increased with age. Sex differences in performance trended to be related to depth of field ( p = 0.08; R2 = 0.32), suggesting a moderate role of participation in performance sex differences. Although speculative, the performance data can give us an insight into the physiology and sociology of these elite athletes and warrants future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"269-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Preconditioning Lower-Extremity Resistance Exercises on Multidirectional Repeated Sprinting-Induced Muscle Damage.","authors":"Shuo-Min Hsu, Wei-Chin Tseng, Chih-Hui Chiu, Tsung-Yu Hsieh, Ming-Chia Weng, Xiang Dai, Che-Hsiu Chen","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004982","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Hsu, SM, Tseng, WC, Chiu, CH, Hsieh, TY, Weng, MC, Dai, X, and Chen, CH. Effects of preconditioning lower-extremity resistance exercises on multi directional repeated sprinting-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 39(2): e89-e95, 2025-Sprint exercise-induced muscle damage is a popular area of investigation. To examine whether preconditioning lower-extremity resistance exercises would reduce the amount of muscle damage observed after a multi-directional repeated sprinting (MDS) exercise. Thirty-six elite male athletes were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups: general warm-up (GW), GW with loaded jump squat (SQ), and GW with loaded hip thrust (HT). Knee flexion isometric strength (MVIC), passive hip flexion range of motion (ROM), soreness, countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint time, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured at the pretest and post-24, -48, and -72 hours of the MDS. For SQ, the CK at post-72 hours was significantly lower than the GW group. The decrements of MVIC at post-48 and -72 hours for SQ were significantly less than the GW group. The CMJs at post-24 and -48 hours for SQ and at post-48 and -72 hours for HT were significantly higher than the GW group. The 0-10 m sprint time at post-48 hour for HT was significantly better than the GW group. Adding the SQ or HT interventions to a GW before MDS has a protective effect on the sprinting-induced muscle damage and faster recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e89-e95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and Functional Properties of Lower Extremity Tendons in Men.","authors":"Brett A Comstock, Shawn D Flanagan, Craig R Denegar, Robert U Newton, Keijo Häkkinen, Jeff S Volek, Carl M Maresh, William J Kraemer","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004968","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Comstock, BA, Flanagan, SD, Denegar, CR, Newton, RU, Häkkinen, K, Volek, JS, Maresh, CM, Kraemer, WJ. Structural and functional properties of lower extremity tendons in men. J Strength Cond Res 39(2): 184-191, 2025-The purpose of this study was to understand further patellar and Achilles tendon structure and function, body composition, and serum collagen turnover biomarkers in young men who performed heavy resistance training (RT, n = 13, age: 22.2 ± 1.4 years) compared with recreationally active men who were not resistance-trained (NR, n = 13, age: 22.8 ± 2.2 years). Tendon properties were measured at rest and during maximal voluntary isometric efforts using ultrasonography and dynamometry. Lean body mass (LBM) and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed with dual X-ray absorptiometry. Serum collagen turnover markers were analyzed and related to tendon measures. Resistance-trained men had significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) greater LBM and BMD compared with recreationally active men. Resistance-trained men also showed significantly greater patellar tendon (PT) stiffness (45%) and Young's modulus (36%), though the PT cross-sectional area (CSA) did not differ significantly between groups. Achilles tendon CSA was significantly larger in resistance-trained men. Still, other properties such as stiffness and modulus did not differ significantly between the groups. Serum collagen turnover markers showed no significant differences between groups and were not correlated to any tendon or bone biomarkers. The findings support that resistance-trained men have greater LBM and BMD. However now, it reveals that tendon adaptations differ, as not all measures were similarly affected in both tendons. The blood biomarkers did not show any obvious roles in explaining the differential changes in tendons. Heavy RT induces differential tendon changes potentially due to complex interactions of training variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"184-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Request for Clarification: The Effects of Anchoring a Fatiguing Forearm Flexion Task to a High Vs. Low Rating of Perceived Exertion on Torque and Neuromuscular Responses: Theoretical, Evidence-Based Approaches Are Required for Fixed Perceived Effort Tasks to Tell Us Anything Worthwhile About Effort and Perceived Effort.","authors":"Callum A O'Malley, Ryan Norbury","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004999","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":"39 2","pages":"e85-e86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training Load, Official Match Locomotor Demand, and Their Association in Top-Class Soccer Players During a Full Competitive Season.","authors":"Andrea Riboli, Filippo Nardi, Matteo Osti, Mattia Cefis, Gabriele Tesoro, Stefano Mazzoni","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Riboli, A, Nardi, F, Osti, M, Cefis, M, Tesoro, G, and Mazzoni, S. Training load, official match locomotor demand, and their association in top-class soccer players during a full competitive season. J Strength Cond Res 39(2): 249-259, 2025-To examine training load and official match locomotor demands of top-class soccer players during a full competitive season and to evaluate their association. Twenty-five top-class soccer players competing in UEFA international competitions were included. The season was divided into 2 different categories: 2 matches (M2) or 3 matches (M3) in 8 days. Starters and nonstarters were classified. Total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR, 15-20 km·h-1), very high-speed running (VHSR, 20.1-24 km·h-1), sprint (SPR, >24.1 km·h-1), and accelerations/decelerations (Acc + Dec, >3 m·s2) were recorded. Trivial to moderate differences (p < 0.05) in training load between M2 and M3 were found: HSR, VHSR, and SPR were higher in M2 than M3, whereas TD and Acc + Dec were higher in M3 than M2. Week-by-week variability in training load ranged from ∼16 to ∼59% depending on metrics. Official match locomotor demands were similar (p > 0.05) in M2 and M3 with ∼5 to ∼29% match-to-match variability depending on metrics. Total load (i.e., training plus match loads) was higher (p < 0.05, ES: 0.75/1.61) in starters than nonstarters, because of a higher match load and no difference in the training load. Very high-speed running and SPR accumulated during training sessions were largely to very largely (r = 0.60 to 0.72) associated with TD, HSR, VHSR, and Acc + Dec covered during official match; VHSR and TD during training were largely to very largely (r = 0.57 and 0.71) associated with SPR and Acc + Dec during official match. In conclusion, (a) congested periods seemed to not affect official match locomotor performance; (b) practitioners may consider high week-by-week workload variability for individualizing training prescriptions, especially for nonstarters; and (c) the VHSR and SPR accumulated during training were associated with the official match locomotor demands, and it may be considered for maximizing performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":"39 2","pages":"249-259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Influence of Season Phase, Age, and Anthropometrics on Body Composition Trends in National Basketball Association Athletes.","authors":"Jennifer L Russell, Breanne S Baker, Richard A J Mercer, Blake D McLean","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004959","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Russell, JL, Baker, BS, Mercer, RA, and McLean, BD. Examining the influence of season phase, age, and anthropometrics on body composition trends in NBA athletes. J Strength Cond Res 39(2): 227-233, 2025-This study aimed to describe seasonal body composition changes in NBA athletes using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and to explore the relationship between these changes and factors such as age and anthropometrics. A retrospective analysis was conducted using 402 DXA scans from 62 professional male basketball players, obtained from one NBA team between 2012 and 2023. Seasonal phases were defined as preseason, pre all-star, post all-star, and offseason. A custom region of interest (ROI) method was used to ensure consistent scan areas for taller athletes who exceeded the DXA bed length. Linear mixed models analyzed the influence of seasonal phases, age, and height on lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), and bone mineral content (BMC). In-season phases (pre all-star and post all-star) showed small increases in LM and decreases in FM compared with the preseason, with no significant BMC changes. Chronological age was associated with increases in LM but not FM. Taller athletes exhibited increases in LM, FM, and BMC. Significant random variance across players and seasons indicated that additional unmeasured factors might influence body composition. NBA athletes generally gain LM and lose FM during the season, with older players showing increased LM gain. The study's novel ROI method provide reliable data for athletes exceeding standard DXA limits, highlighting the importance of tailored body composition assessments in professional basketball. These findings can inform strength and conditioning, nutrition, and player development strategies across different seasonal phases and ages.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"227-233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soft Tissue Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit Revealed Detailed Musculoskeletal Factors of Baseball Players.","authors":"Yi-Hsuan Weng, Tsun-Shun Huang, Che-Yuan Chang, Jing-Lan Yang, Wen-Shiang Chen, Jiu-Jenq Lin","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004964","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Weng, Y-H, Huang, T-S, Chang, C-Y, Yang, J-L, Chen, W-S, and Lin, J-J. Soft tissue glenohumeral internal rotation deficit revealed detailed musculoskeletal factors of baseball players. J Strength Cond Res 39(2): e129-e134, 2025-Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) remains contentious regarding its role in shoulder injuries. Soft tissue GIRD (ST-GIRD), reflecting soft tissue changes, may offer a more precise understanding of the injury mechanism. This study investigates correlations between ST-GIRD, self-perceived function/performance, and musculoskeletal factors in baseball players, comparing them with traditional GIRD measurements. Subjects completed the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic self-report questionnaire for function and performance. Soft tissue GIRD, adjusted for humeral retrotorsion, was calculated. Eighty baseball players from various levels were recruited. Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic scores significantly correlated with ST-GIRD ( r = 0.307, p = 0.046) but not with GIRD ( r = 0.164, p = 0.161). Soft tissue GIRD significantly correlated with scapula root of spine alignment ( r = -0.303, p = 0.023) but not with GIRD ( r = -0.069, p = 0.614). Higher correlation coefficients were found between acromiohumeral distance and posterior capsule thickness with ST-GIRD ( r = -0.241 and 0.236, respectively) than with GIRD ( r = 0.183 and 0.122, respectively). Soft tissue GIRD offers more detailed musculoskeletal insights than GIRD, showing improved correlations with function/performance, scapular alignment, acromiohumeral distance, and posterior capsule thickness. This supports the notion that internal rotation deficiency is associated with increased posterior capsule thickness and decreased acromiohumeral distance. These results provide coaches and health care practitioners a more detailed way to monitor function and performance of baseball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e129-e134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do They Decide? Performance Support Staff Perceptions of Decision-Making in Elite-Sport Environments.","authors":"Patrick J Wilson, Gregory Roe, John Kiely","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004989","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Wilson, PJ, Roe, G, and Kiely, J. How do they decide? Performance support staff perceptions of decision-making in elite-sport environments. J Strength Cond Res 39(2): 192-199, 2025-Decision-making is a critical component of performance support staff responsibilities, yet research exploring staff perceptions relating to key facets of decision-making is lacking. This study aimed to explore perceptions of performance support staff relating to; the importance of decision-making in their role, the value of team decision-making, strategies to enhance decision-making skills, monitoring the process and outcome of decisions, and the obstacles to good decision-making within their professional contexts. A mixed-methods approached was used to explore perceptions of decision-making in 191 performance support staff (male staff = 179, female staff = 12) working in professional ( n = 147) or international ( n = 44) sport. Performance support staff reported decision-making as extremely important to their role; however, only 31% had received formal decision-making education and revealed underdeveloped decision-making capabilities within their organizations as a barrier to good decision-making. Most performance support staff conveyed that team decision-making is a valuable endeavor and augments decision outcomes; yet articulated dysfunctional team dynamics as an obstacle to good decision-making in their environments. Largely, performance support staff reported an absence of organizational strategy and workflow systems and processes for tracking and making decisions, respectively, whereas only 22% had a consistent reviewing and updating process. When making decisions, performance support staff faced several different cognitive biases and were challenged by the environmental pressures . The perspectives documented here suggest that performance support staff would likely benefit from undertaking evidence-based training and implementing scientifically informed strategies to enhance decision-making processes within their organizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"192-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142877327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Velocity-Based-Training Frequency Impacts Changes in Muscle Morphology, Neuromuscular Performance, and Functional Capability in Persons With Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Caleb Calaway, Kelsey Walls, Harvey Levitt, Joseph Caplan, Bryan Mann, Kylie Martinez, Rachel Gastaldo, Ihtsham Haq, Joseph F Signorile","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004951","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Calaway, C, Walls, K, Levitt, H, Caplan, J, Mann, B, Martinez, K, Gastaldo, R, Haq, I, and Signorile, JF. Velocity-based-training frequency impacts changes in muscle morphology, neuromuscular performance, and functional capability in persons with Parkinson's disease. J Strength Cond Res 39(1): 99-106, 2025-Velocity-based training (VBT) positively impacts muscle morphology and performance in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, optimal training frequencies for VBT in patients with PD remain undetermined. Changes in ultrasound-determined muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI)-derived muscle quality of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL), neuromuscular performance, and functional capacity were examined following 2 VBT frequencies (2-3 d·wk -1 ) using 30% velocity loss thresholds for 12 weeks. Neuromuscular performance was assessed using computerized pneumatic resistance machines. For each variable, 2 (time) × 2 (group) repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine significant main effects and interactions. Significant time effects were seen for MT and EI of all muscles ( p < 0.05). Muscle thickness improvements included right VL (RVL) (0.171 ± 0.065 cm; p = 0.019), left VL (LVL) (0.214 ± 0.101 cm; p = 0.049), right RF (RRF) (0.194 ± 0.077 cm; p = 0.023), and left RF (LRF) (0.318 ± 0.109 cm; p = 0.010). For EI, improvements occurred in RVL (-18.688 ± 3.600; p = <0.001), LVL (-10.959 ± 4.894; p = 0.040), RRF (-9.516 ± 3.537; p = 0.016), and LRF (-9.018 ± 3.444; p = 0.019). Time effects were seen for leg-press 1-repetition maximum and peak power ( p < 0.01) and habitual walking speed ( p = 0.022), with a group by time interaction for maximal gait speed favoring the 3 d·wk -1 condition (∆0.15 m·s -1 , p = 0.002). The results indicate that VBT at 2 or 3 d·wk -1 can significantly improve muscle morphology, neuromuscular performance, and functional capability in patients with PD; however, improvements in maximal gait speed require 3 d·wk -1 . These findings provide flexibility when developing exercise prescriptions for patients with PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"99-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}