Journal of studies on alcohol最新文献

{"title":"Predictors of outcome for patients with substance-use disorders five years after treatment dropout.","authors":"John D McKellar,&nbsp;Alexander H Harris,&nbsp;Rudolf H Moos","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Few studies focus on the outcome of patients after they drop out of substance-use disorder (SUD) treatment, and there appear to be no prior studies of the long-term outcomes of these patients. The aim of this study is to determine how well such patients do after dropping out of treatment and to identify predictors of differential outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Patients in 15 residential SUD treatment programs were assessed at treatment entry and at 5-year follow-up on their frequency and severity of substance use, expectancies and beliefs about substance use, and social resources and stressors. Patients who dropped out and stayed out of treatment (n = 193) were compared with those who completed treatment (n = 3,204). Predictors of 5-year SUD problems among dropouts were identified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, dropouts and treatment completers did not differ significantly on their levels of SUD problems at 5 years. At baseline, patients who dropped out reported more involvement in 12-step organizations and greater cognitive impairment and more closely identified with the label \"drug addict\" than \"alcoholic.\" Lower severity of SUD, lower self-efficacy, fewer positive substance- use expectancies, and less stress from social networks predicted fewer SUD problems at 5 years among dropouts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In addition to focusing on substance use, providers should address the adequacy of patients' social support and counter positive substance-use expectancies at the earliest stages of treatment before patients drop out.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26148970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol craving in outpatients with alcohol dependence: rate and clinical correlates.","authors":"Gihyun Yoon,&nbsp;Suck Won Kim,&nbsp;Paul Thuras,&nbsp;Jon E Grant,&nbsp;Joseph Westermeyer","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study was undertaken to assess the rate and severity of alcohol craving symptoms among registered alcohol-dependent patients at a Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic. We also examined the relationship between alcohol craving and the clinical characteristics of alcohol-dependent patients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants included 101 alcohol-dependent veterans enrolled in an outpatient addiction clinic. Alcohol craving was measured by the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. Alcoholism severity and clinical characteristics were assessed with the Addiction Severity Index, Timeline Followback method, and other instruments. Three alcohol-craving groups (low, moderate, and high) were identified and compared using their demographic and clinical characteristics. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the potential predictors and alcohol craving.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The rate of alcohol craving was as follows: low craving (46%), moderate craving (29%), and high craving (25%). When these three craving groups were compared using univariate analyses, patients with higher alcohol craving had significantly higher alcohol composite scores (last 30 days) and severe alcohol dependence (last 1 year). In multiple regression analysis, the model explained 50% of the variance in alcohol craving, with alcoholism severity (42%), withdrawal symptoms (5%), and depression (3%) as significant predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients in an outpatient treatment setting had a wide range of alcohol cravings. Level of alcohol craving was directly associated with several increased indices of alcohol- and non-alcohol-related morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26150440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of women's alcohol consumption in managing sexual intimacy and sexual safety motives.","authors":"Maria Testa,&nbsp;Carol Vanzile-Tamsen,&nbsp;Jennifer A Livingston,&nbsp;Amy M Buddie","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Two studies, based on an alcohol myopia model, were designed to understand the role of women's alcohol consumption on vulnerability to sexual assault. We predicted that, in a high- conflict social situation, alcohol would make it more difficult to recognize sexual assault risk, lowering intentions to resist sexual advances.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In Study 1, women (N = 51) were recruited in bars and classified as having a high (.06 or greater) breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) or low BrAC. They were asked to project themselves into a hypothetical scenario that portrayed interest in establishing an intimate relationship and included mild sexual aggression. In Study 2, women (N = 101) were randomly assigned to an alcohol (target BrAC: .08%), placebo, or no-alcohol condition. They responded at two time points to a similar hypothetical scenario that described mild sexual aggression (Time 1) and serious sexual aggression (Time 2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Study 1, women with higher BrAC perceived less risk in the scenario and anticipated less resistance than women with low BrAC. In Study 2, similar results were found but only following serious aggression. There were no placebo effects. Both studies suggest that the effects of alcohol on resistance are partially mediated via risk perceptions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Alcohol appears to reduce intentions to resist sexual advances from an acquaintance while increasing intentions to pursue relationship-enhancing behaviors. Effects are not completely explained by an alcohol myopia perspective. Differences in findings between the two studies may reflect differences in methodology, context, or sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.665","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26148969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drinking status and fatal crashes: which drinkers contribute most to the problem?","authors":"Robert B Voas,&nbsp;Eduardo Romano,&nbsp;A Scott Tippetts,&nbsp;C Debra M Furr-Holden","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The object of this study was to estimate the relative contribution of various classes of drinkers (including those with alcohol-use disorders) to alcohol-related fatal motor vehicle crashes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions conducted in 2000, the percentage of state residents falling into six nonoverlapping alcohol-user categories-dependent drinkers, abusive drinkers, dependent and abusive drinkers, heavy episodic drinkers, current normative drinkers, and current nondrinkers- was determined based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, classifications. The percentage of residents in each state in each of these user categories and their relationships to the number of drinking drivers involved in fatal crashes in that state were determined through regression analysis using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportion of drinkers in a state in each of the six consumption categories was positively related to the number of drinking drivers in fatal crashes in that state. Conversely, the percentage of the state's population who were current nondrinkers was negatively related to the number of drinking road users in crashes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although alcohol abusive and heavy episodic drinkers had substantially higher associations with impaired drivers in fatal crashes, half of such drivers were associated with the percentage of current nominative drinkers in the state. Despite the relevancy of these findings, they must be qualified by statistical limitations associated with the use of state as the unit of analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.722","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26148276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The family transmission of adolescent alcohol abuse and dependence.","authors":"Christie A Hartman,&nbsp;Jeffrey M Lessem,&nbsp;Christian J Hopfer,&nbsp;Thomas J Crowley,&nbsp;Michael C Stallings","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines the familial transmission of alcohol abuse and dependence to adolescents.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Male adolescents recruited from a treatment program for substance problems, matched controls, and all available biological parents and siblings were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview assessing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, based diagnoses of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. A total of 2,612 individuals from 911 families were interviewed. Structural equation modeling estimated tetrachoric correlations among family members, the proportion of variance in abuse and dependence attributable to parent-offspring transmission, and the effects of assortative mating and horizontal transmission among siblings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tetrachoric correlations among siblings and parent-offspring ranged from .19 to .34 for abuse and dependence. Mother-father correlations were .14 and .37 for abuse and dependence, respectively. Modeling of familial transmission showed that 33% of the variance in abuse and 56% of the variance in dependence was accounted for by factors transmitted from parents. The effects of assortative mating could not be dropped from the abuse model without significant loss of model fit but could be dropped from the dependence model. Horizontal transmission among siblings could be dropped from both models without significant loss of fit.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that aggregation of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in families of male probands is significantly influenced by parental transmission of risk but is not reliably influenced by horizontal sibling effects such as sibling interactions or cohort effects. Spousal resemblance was found to be an important source of familial aggregation for alcohol abuse but not alcohol dependence.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.657","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26148968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of alcohol on group formation among male social drinkers.","authors":"Thomas R Kirchner,&nbsp;Michael A Sayette,&nbsp;Jeffrey F Cohn,&nbsp;Richard L Moreland,&nbsp;John M Levine","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Social factors affect alcohol use and misuse, yet researchers rarely study the acute effects of alcohol in groups. This study used systematic observation techniques to measure the effects of alcohol on behavioral responses during an initial group interaction.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Fifty-four male social drinkers were assembled into three-person groups of strangers, and all members of each group were administered either a 0.82 g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo to be consumed during a 30-minute period. This social interaction was video recorded, and the duration and sequence of selected smiling and speech behaviors were coded on a 1-second time base.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Alcohol consumption increased individual- and group-level coordination of smiling and speech behaviors over time and improved self-reported bonding.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data suggest that alcohol may facilitate social bonding during initial group formation. Measuring behavioral responses in a social context provides new directions for studying the acute effects of alcohol.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26150442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term mortality from alcoholism: a descriptive analysis.","authors":"Raymond M Costello","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Short-term alcoholism mortality studies are limited in their ramifications for long-term, comprehensive treatment program planning. Therefore, this study was pursued for more than 33 years to answer questions such as how, when, and why alcoholics die after discharge from an intermediate care component of a comprehensive community-based treatment program.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cohort of 500 alcoholics admitted in five groups of 100 in the years 1963, 1964, 1967, 1970, and 1972 to an intermediate care unit of a community-based, comprehensive treatment program was tracked for 33-42 years to document deaths. Case-fatality rate (CFR) and cause-specific mortality rate were computed and correlated with follow-up lag and ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four hundred and forty nine subjects died within 39 years, with 50% of the deaths occurring by Year 11. Average annual CFR was .057. Cause-specific mortality varied over time and with ethnicity. Deaths attributable to lifestyle causes (i.e., suicide, homicide, accidents, and AIDS) occurred disproportionately in the earlier years of the follow-up, claiming the youngest and ethnic minority (black and Hispanic) persons disproportionately to white. Whites tended to live longer, but all three racial/ethnic groups died of lifestyle causes at young ages, early in the follow-up series, and at relatively older ages from cancer and diseases of the lung late in the follow-up series.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Comprehensive treatment programs must prepare for lifestyle crises soon after discharge from intermediate care and for organ diseases later. Ethnicity is a significant predictor of early death in alcoholic cohorts and must be considered in comprehensive treatment program planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.694","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26148272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of small-world network theory in alcohol epidemiology.","authors":"Richard J Braun,&nbsp;Robert A Wilson,&nbsp;John A Pelesko,&nbsp;J Robert Buchanan,&nbsp;James P Gleeson","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study develops a mathematical model of alcohol abuse in structured populations, such as communities and college campuses. The study employs a network model that has the capacity to incorporate a variety of forms of connectivity membership besides personal acquaintance, such as geographic proximity and common organizations. The model also incorporates a resilience dimension that indicates the susceptibility of each individual in a network to alcohol abuse. The model has the capacity to simulate the effect of moving alcohol abusers into networks of nonabusers, either as the result of treatment or membership in self-help organizations.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study employs a small-world model. A cubic equation for each person (vertex on a graph) governs the evolution of an individual's state between 0 and 1 with regard to alcohol dependence, with 1 indicating absolute certainty of alcohol dependence. The simulations are dependent on initial conditions, the structure of the network, and the resilience distribution of the network. The simulations incorporate multiple realizations of social networks, showing the effect of different network structures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model suggests that the prevalence of alcohol abuse can be minimized by treating a relatively small percentage of the study population. In the small populations that we studied, the critical point was 10% or less of the study population, but we emphasize that this is within the limitations and assumptions of this model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of a simple model that incorporates the influence of the social network neighbors in structured populations shows promise for helping to inform treatment and prevention policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26055935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of designated boat operators and designated drivers among college students.","authors":"JeeWon Cheong,&nbsp;Nicole M Hall,&nbsp;David P MacKinnon","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Prior research has shown that designated drivers (DD) are widely used as a preventive measure for driving under the influence. Despite the prevalence of alcohol involvement in boating accidents, much less is known about the use of a designated boat operator (DBO). The current study investigated the prevalence of DBO use in recreational boating and compared the characteristics of DD users and DBO users.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Several survey questionnaires were distributed to a group of undergraduate students at a large southwestern university for the purpose of investigating demographic characteristics, alcohol-use pattern, and other alcohol-related problem behaviors, such as driving and boating under the influence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately 45% of the boaters reported they had drunk alcohol while boating, and approximately 70% had used a DBO in the most recent boating event. The DBO users were found to be similar to the DD users in terms of drinking pattern, age of drinking onset, and driving behaviors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>High rates of alcohol use in recreational boating suggest the need for prevention strategies. Furthermore, future studies are needed to investigate the selection process of the DBOs and the differences between passengers and boat operators, which could shed light on strategies to prevent alcohol- involved boating injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26055938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter and category fluency in children with fetal alcohol syndrome from a community in South Africa.","authors":"Piyadasa W Kodituwakku,&nbsp;Colleen M Adnams,&nbsp;Andrea Hay,&nbsp;Ansie E Kitching,&nbsp;Elana Burger,&nbsp;Wendy O Kalberg,&nbsp;Denis L Viljoen,&nbsp;Philip A May","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated whether there were differential effects of substantial prenatal alcohol exposure on letter and category fluency in children. Given that children with prenatal alcohol exposure are often impaired in executive functioning and that letter fluency taxes executive processes more than category fluency, it was expected that children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) would be more impaired in letter than in category fluency. A second objective of the study was to examine the developmental trends in the two types of fluency in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. It was hypothesized that between the ages of 6 and 9 years, these FAS children would show age-related changes in category fluency but not in letter fluency.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>As part of a neuropsychological test battery designed for an international collaborative study of FAS in South Africa, tests of letter and category fluency were administered in Afrikaans. The participants were 62 children with FAS and 61 controls matched with respect to age, gender (58 boys and 65 girls), ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that the FAS group had relatively greater difficulty with letter fluency than with category fluency and that the FAS group generated fewer words in both fluency conditions. Contrary to the expectation, however, alcohol-affected children demonstrated age-related linear trends in both letter and category fluency.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study of verbal fluency involving a large sample of well-diagnosed children with FAS conducted in a nonwestern environment. The results are nonetheless consistent with those obtained in western countries in studies of children with various levels of prenatal alcohol exposure and various levels of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. This study suggests that at least some aspects of the cognitive profile associated with prenatal alcohol exposure may be generalizable across cultural and ethnic boundaries.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.502","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26054312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}