Journal of studies on alcohol最新文献

{"title":"The Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy scale.","authors":"C. DiClemente, J. Carbonari, R. Montgomery, S. Hughes","doi":"10.1037/T04226-000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/T04226-000","url":null,"abstract":"This study describes the development and the initial psychometric properties of a 20-item, self-report measure to assess Bandura's construct of self-efficacy applied to alcohol abstinence. Efficacy expectations are theorized to mediate behavior change and moderate effort and effective action. The sample was 174 male and 92 female subjects who came to an outpatient alcoholism treatment clinic. Abstinence efficacy was assessed with subject ratings on a 5-point Likert scale of confidence to abstain from alcohol across 20 different high-risk situations. A parallel set of items assessed subjects' temptation to drink in each situation. This Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy scale (AASE) demonstrated a solid subscale structure and strong indices of reliability and validity. The four 5-item subscales measured types of relapse precipitants labeled negative affect, social positive, physical and other concerns, and withdrawal and urges. Both in structure and mean scores the AASE demonstrated no substantive gender differences. The AASE represents a brief, easily usable and psychometrically sound measure of an individual's self-efficacy to abstain from drinking.","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79184077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spring break trips as a risk factor for heavy alcohol use among first-year college students.","authors":"Christine M Lee,&nbsp;Jennifer L Maggs,&nbsp;Lela A Rankin","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Many high school and college students are believed to use spring break vacation to travel to destinations with the intent of engaging in extreme party behaviors, including excessive alcohol use. However, the extent to which spring break travelers' behaviors are more risky than their typical behaviors remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To assess the impact of spring break as a situational risk factor, we analyzed data collected from 176 first-year college students across 10 weeks using weekly telephone interviews.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using multilevel modeling, we found the following: (1) men, participants in fraternity/sorority organizations, students traveling on spring break trips, and those with higher fun-social alcohol expectancies drank more during the regular semester; (2) alcohol use did not increase during spring break week in general; however, (3) spring break travelers increased their alcohol use during spring break.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Spring break trips are a risk factor for escalated alcohol use both during the academic semester and during spring break trips, suggesting that some students may seek out opportunities for excessive alcohol use. Results are discussed in terms of niche selection and prevention implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reclassifying DIS-III-R alcohol use disorders to DSM-IV criteria in a sample of convicted impaired drivers.","authors":"Janet C'de Baca,&nbsp;Garnett P McMillan,&nbsp;Sandra C Lapham","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study used data gathered from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version Three, Revised (DIS-III-R), which calculated diagnoses based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R), criteria and rescored the data to be compatible with the criteria of the Fourth Edition of the DSM (DSM-IV) for lifetime alcohol abuse and dependence.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A psychologist reassigned questions from the DIS-III-R according to DSM-IV criteria. Another clinician evaluated the rescoring criteria and discrepancies were discussed and resolved. Using these criteria, SAS code was written to automate the rescoring of responses to DIS-III-R questions to DSM-IV diagnoses from a population of DWI offenders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a fair-to-good level of agreement between the DSM-III-R and rescored DSM-IV diagnoses (kappa = .65). Three hundred forty-eight subjects classified as alcohol dependent using DSMIII- R were reclassified as alcohol abuse in the DSM-IV rescore. Among subjects who were alcohol dependent based on DIS-III-R criteria, the distribution of DSM-IV diagnoses was similar across gender, age, and ethnic groups. There was no difference in agreement between DSMIII- R and the rescored DSM-IV diagnoses by age category. However, women and Hispanics had significantly higher weighted kappa statistics than men and non-Hispanic whites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our rescoring results were consistent with earlier studies that compared DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnoses. Here, we offer an approach that may be useful to investigators who used the DIS-III-R in earlier studies. The DIS-III-R questions corresponding to DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence are on our Web site at www.bhrcs.org, along with the scoring algorithm.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activating action tendencies: The influence of action priming on alcohol consumption among male hazardous drinkers.","authors":"Tibor P Palfai","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Despite the importance of action components in information processing models of substance-use motivation, there has been relatively little research that has specifically examined the effects of behavioral cues on motivation to use alcohol. The current study examined the effects of action priming on alcohol-use motivation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>One hundred and eighty-eight hazardous drinkers completed a cue-exposure procedure followed by a beer-tasting task. Participants were exposed to their preferred alcohol beverage while they either lifted the beverage (action prime) or leaned toward the beverage (control). Following alcohol-cue exposure, participants completed a taste-test procedure in which they sampled three glasses of beer. Urges to drink following cue exposure and volume of beer consumed during the taste test were the primary dependent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ratings of urge to drink increased in both prime conditions following alcohol-cue exposure and predicted the amount of beer consumed. The priming conditions did not differentially influence urge; however, there was a significant Prime x Gender interaction for volume of beer consumed. Men in the action-prime condition consumed more alcohol in the subsequent taste-test procedure than men who were in the control condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that behavioral sequences associated with drinking may prime alcohol-related motivational states among hazardous-drinking men. Moreover, these action primes may affect subsequent alcohol use independent of changes in subjective indices of alcohol-related motivation. Implications for understanding the distinct effects of alcohol-related cues on controlled and automatic processes underlying alcohol use are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.926","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol abuse and dependence in college and noncollege samples: A ten-year prospective follow-up in a national survey.","authors":"Thomas C Harford,&nbsp;Hsiao-Ye Yi,&nbsp;Michael E Hilton","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.803","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE This prospective study examines the association of educational status in 1984 and the risk for past-year Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) in 1994, 10 years later. METHOD A sample of 8,661 respondents was drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience in Youth. Measures included baseline heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-dependence symptoms, early problem behaviors (antisocial behaviors, illicit substance use, family history of alcoholism, and age at onset of alcohol use), demographic characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity, age, marital status), and 1994 assessment for past-year DSM-IV AUDs. RESULTS Findings from this 10-year prospective study indicate that education beyond high school had a protective effect for alcohol dependence, and dropping out of high school resulted in an elevated long-term risk for alcohol dependence. These associations remained significant when other early behavioral problems were included in the models. CONCLUSIONS The risk of alcohol dependence and, consequently, the need for appropriately tailored prevention efforts is greater among high school dropouts and college nonattenders than among college students, although much of the current literature has focused on the latter.","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypercortisolism in alcohol dependence and its relation to hippocampal volume loss.","authors":"Thomas P Beresford,&nbsp;David B Arciniegas,&nbsp;Julie Alfers,&nbsp;Lori Clapp,&nbsp;Brandon Martin,&nbsp;Henry F Beresford,&nbsp;Yiping Du,&nbsp;Dengfeng Liu,&nbsp;Dinggang Shen,&nbsp;Christos Davatzikos,&nbsp;Mark L Laudenslager","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The effects of hypercortisolism on hippocampal volume have not been studied in heavy drinkers. Prior work suggested increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in relation to lowered total hippocampus volume (THV) in heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent (AD) subjects. The present study hypothesized the following: (1) that chronic heavy-drinking subjects would demonstrate significantly higher salivary cortisol concentrations than light-drinking control subjects and (2) that data from the whole sample group would present an inverse relationship between cortisol concentration and THV.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In carefully selected test and control subject groups matched for age, gender, and ethnicity, we measured salivary cortisol samples at waking, waking + 30 minutes, noon, and 4 PM on the day of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. We next compared mean cortisol concentrations between groups and assessed the statistical association between cortisol concentration and hippocampus volume measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparison of AD test subjects (n = 8) and non-AD control subjects (n = 8) found significantly higher cortisol concentrations at both morning sampling times (mean [SD] at waking: 0.49 [0.23] vs 0.24 [0.14] microg/dl, p = .012; at waking + 30 minutes: 0.57 [0.37] vs 0.28 [0.11] microg/dl, p = 0.043). Controlling for intracranial volume, there was a significant inverse correlation between waking cortisol concentration and THV (p = .007) in the total sample group (N = 16). However, when analyzed separately, only the control group maintained a strong, inverse association (p = .025). There was no association among the heavy drinking subjects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These early data in a small sample support the view that chronic heavy drinking results in high salivary cortisol concentrations. What remains unclear is whether hypercortisolism exerts a selectively injurious effect that results in observed hippocampus volume loss. Further research in larger groups using more frequent, monitored sampling must address the following: (1) whether this finding can be replicated and (2) if replicated, whether the lack of an association between low hippocampal volumes and high cortisol levels may indicate an extent of injury beyond which a normal association of the two may be lost.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multisite randomized trial of social norms marketing campaigns to reduce college student drinking.","authors":"William DeJong,&nbsp;Shari Kessel Schneider,&nbsp;Laura Gomberg Towvim,&nbsp;Melissa J Murphy,&nbsp;Emily E Doerr,&nbsp;Neal R Simonsen,&nbsp;Karen E Mason,&nbsp;Richard A Scribner","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>An 18-site randomized trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of social norms marketing (SNM) campaigns in reducing college student drinking. The SNM campaigns are intended to correct misperceptions of subjective drinking norms and thereby drive down alcohol consumption.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Institutions of higher education were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. At the treatment group institutions, SNM campaigns delivered school-specific, data-driven messages through a mix of campus media venues. Cross-sectional student surveys were conducted by mail at baseline (n = 2,771) and at posttest 3 years later (n = 2,939). Hierarchical linear modeling was applied to examine multiple drinking outcomes, taking intraclass correlation into account.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Controlling for other predictors, having an SNM campaign was significantly associated with lower perceptions of student drinking levels and lower alcohol consumption, as measured by a composite drinking scale, recent maximum consumption, blood alcohol concentration for recent maximum consumption, drinks consumed when partying, and drinks consumed per week. A moderate mediating effect of normative perceptions on student drinking was demonstrated by an attenuation of the Experimental Group x Time interaction, ranging from 16.4% to 39.5% across measures. Additional models that took into account the intensity of SNM campaign activity at the treatment institutions suggested that there was a dose-response relationship.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study is the most rigorous evaluation of SNM campaigns conducted to date. Analysis revealed that students attending institutions that implemented an SNM campaign had a lower relative risk of alcohol consumption than students attending control group institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A successful social norms campaign to reduce alcohol misuse among college student-athletes.","authors":"H Wesley Perkins,&nbsp;David W Craig","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines the impact of a social norms intervention to reduce alcohol misuse among student-athletes. The intervention was designed to reduce harmful misperceptions of peer norms and, in turn, reduce personal risk.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A comprehensive set of interventions communicating accurate local norms regarding alcohol use targeted student-athletes at an undergraduate college. An anonymous survey of all student-athletes was conducted annually for 3 years (2001: n = 414, 86% response; 2002: n = 373, 85% response; and 2003: n = 353, 79% response). A pre/post comparison of student-athletes was conducted separately for new and ongoing athletes at each time point to isolate any general time period effects from intervention effects. A cross-sectional analysis of student-athletes with varying degrees of program exposure was also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The intervention substantially reduced misperceptions of frequent alcohol consumption and high-quantity social drinking as the norm among student-athlete peers. During this same time period, frequent personal consumption, high-quantity consumption, high estimated peak blood alcohol concentrations during social drinking, and negative consequences all declined by 30% or more among ongoing student-athletes after program exposure. In contrast, no significant differences across time were seen for new student-athletes each year with low program exposure. Among student-athletes with the highest level of program exposure, indications of personal misuse were at least 50% less likely on each measure when compared with student-athletes with the lowest level of program exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This social norms intervention was highly effective in reducing alcohol misuse in this high-risk collegiate subpopulation by intensively delivering data-based messages about actual peer norms through multiple communication venues.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.880","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drinking in the year after treatment as a predictor of three-year drinking outcomes.","authors":"Stephen A Maisto,&nbsp;Patrick R Clifford,&nbsp;Robert L Stout,&nbsp;Christine M Davis","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Previous research suggests that abstinence from alcohol during the first year posttreatment for alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) is an important, independent predictor of longer-term alcohol consumption and related functioning. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that abstinence during the first year posttreatment initiation predicts alcohol use at Months 37-39. A second aim of this study was to explore the relationship between \"moderate\" drinking in the first year and drinking at Months 37-39.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Secondary data analyses were conducted on the outpatient Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity) sample (N = 952 at baseline and 802 at Months 37-39). For these analyses, participants were classified first as abstainers, moderate drinkers, or heavy drinkers based on their alcohol use in the first year posttreatment initiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses of covariance showed that the first-year drinker classification predicted both percentage of days abstinent and drinks per drinking day at Months 37-39. Subsequent analyses showed that the abstainers functioned significantly better than (1) both of the other drinker groups combined and (2) either of the other two groups, which did not differ from each other on either measure of alcohol use. A third set of exploratory analyses evaluated first-year abstinence and heavy drinking as continuous variables and showed an essentially linear relationship between them and drinking at 3 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study confirmed the strong relationship between first-year abstinence and later drinking but did not show that participants who engaged in moderate drinking during the first year had positive alcohol-use outcomes at 3 years. The clinical implications of the findings, their generalizability to different populations of individuals presenting for specialty alcohol treatment, and future research directions are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol, illegal drugs, violent crime, and traffic-related and other unintended injuries in U.S. local and national news.","authors":"Michael D Slater,&nbsp;Marilee Long,&nbsp;Valerie L Ford","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study seeks to establish the extent to which media coverage acknowledges alcohol's contribution to violent crime as well as to motor vehicle injuries and other injury incidents.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study content-analyzes a unique sample, closely approximating national representativeness, of local and national television news, local newspapers, and national magazines randomly sampled during a 2-year period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Alcohol's role in violent crime and, to a lesser extent, in motor vehicle and other injury incidents is underreported relative to available estimates regarding alcohol-attributable fractions. Relative frequency of various news frames for coverage of alcohol and illegal drugs and differences in coverage of alcohol and illegal drugs as a function of the type of story and news medium are described.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The underreporting in the United States of alcohol's contribution to serious and fatal injury from these causes may reduce public perceptions of alcohol-related risks, potentially influencing behavior, including public support of alcohol-control policies. This provides an opportunity for media-advocacy approaches to improve public health content of news coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26326771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}