Joshua Wooldridge, Shaun Abbott, Clorinda Hogan, Gary Barclay, Michael Romann, Stephen Cobley
{"title":"\"All that glitters is not gold (& vice versa)?\" - How Percentile Comparison Methods (PCMs) improve youth performance evaluation.","authors":"Joshua Wooldridge, Shaun Abbott, Clorinda Hogan, Gary Barclay, Michael Romann, Stephen Cobley","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2489872","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inter-individual developmental differences compromise the capability to equitably evaluate youth sport performance. Percentile Comparison Methods (PCMs) aim to account for developmental differences, generating relative age and maturity status-specific performance percentile ranks alongside annual-age cohort ranks. This study aimed to improve PCM estimation and examined the consistency of PCM profile distributions when applied to 50-m and 200-m Front-Crawl (FC) events. Participants were <i>N</i> = 930 (50-m) and <i>N</i> = 733 (200-m FC) male swimmers, aged 11-16 years, respectively. At events, performance, background and anthropometric measures were obtained, the latter identifying maturity status. For both events, quadratic regression trendlines summarising relative age- and maturity status-performance relationships were generated, identifying trendlines and distributional performance percentile ranks. Trendline confidence intervals and maturity status estimation error were then factored into the establishment of threshold criteria to identify swimmer PCM profiles. Results identified 94% of swimmers significantly changed performance ranks when relative age and maturational differences were considered relative to normative age-group ranking. Individual-cohort PCM profiles identified five patterns of rank change, with similar prevalence across events examined. Findings highlight PCMs can help better contextualise current youth performance; inform evaluation and (de-)selection processes; address relative age and maturity-biases and provide insight toward short-term developmental trajectories.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tom Höltke, Riemer J K Vegter, Michel S Brink, Ina Janssen
{"title":"Lower limb movement asymmetry exists during volleyball stop-jump landing: Insights from markerless motion capture.","authors":"Tom Höltke, Riemer J K Vegter, Michel S Brink, Ina Janssen","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2490883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2490883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patellar tendinopathy is a highly prevalent injury associated with high knee angular accelerations. However, collecting kinematic data on the volleyball court remains challenging. This study investigated landing kinematics between dominant and non-dominant lower limbs during stop-jumps on the volleyball court and analysed landing variables to identify biomechanical patterns associated with high knee angular accelerations. Landing kinematics were quantified using 3D markerless motion capture (OpenCap) with two cameras. Fourteen male and 5 female elite volleyball players performed 10 stop-jump landings while approaching the net to spike a ball over the net. Asymmetry was found with the dominant limb landing in greater plantarflexion and hip flexion but less knee flexion. The dominant limb exhibited higher knee angular velocities (mean ± standard deviation: dominant = 274 ± 62°/s, non-dominant = 169 ± 84°/s; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and accelerations (dominant = 3924 ± 2221°/s<sup>2</sup>, non-dominant = 1441 ± 4278°/s<sup>2</sup>; <i>p</i> = 0.032), suggesting greater biomechanical load. High knee accelerations were significantly correlated with limited knee and hip flexion in the dominant limb, closer foot position, greater trunk flexion at non-dominant limb touchdown, and longer contact time with the non-dominant limb (Pearson's correlation coefficient; |0.55| ≤ <i>r</i> ≤ |0.79|, <i>p</i> < 0.018). OpenCap provided valuable insights into volleyball stop-jump kinematics. Therefore, markerless motion capture can provide coaches and scientists with a deeper understanding of landing performance and related injury mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Baker, Aaron Balloch, Peter Peeling, Machar Reid, Ash Hall, Helen Bayne
{"title":"Evaluation of a custom trained human pose estimation model for kinematic analysis of pole vault performance.","authors":"James Baker, Aaron Balloch, Peter Peeling, Machar Reid, Ash Hall, Helen Bayne","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2490418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2490418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kinematic outputs from a custom human pose estimation (HPE) system and a marker-based system (MB) were compared. Six trained/highly trained pole vaulters (two males and four females) participated in a single testing session of 2-8 vaults. HPE utilized footage from three 50 hz cameras and a pole vault-trained model (based on the ASPset21j dataset) for tracking. Vaults were temporally normalized from take-off to peak pelvis height. Centre of mass (COM) and joint centre (JC) locations were compared between systems using Bland-Altman analysis, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) in all three planes, linear regression (R<sup>2</sup>), and average Euclidean distances. Peak COM heights ranged from 2.98 to 3.94 m across participants. COM position demonstrated an adequate level of agreement in pole vault context (Bland-Altman bias: 9-63 mm, MAE: 37-71 mm, R<sup>2</sup> : .95-1.00, average Euclidean distance: 99 ± 41 mm). Between-system comparisons varied across different JCs (Bland-Altman bias: 3-93 mm, MAE: 30-99 mm, R<sup>2</sup>: 0.40-0.99, Euclidean distance: 85-127 mm). Importantly, the vertical COM MAE of 41 mm is less than the minimum increase in bar height typically applied in pole vault competition (50 mm), indicating that the HPE measure of COM height is sufficiently accurate for evaluating vault performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joshua Li, Morgan Potter, Yeongho Hwang, Madison Boyd, Ramiah Moldenhauer, Jayleen Hills, Patti-Jean Naylor, Ryan E Rhodes, Sam Liu, Jean Buckler, Valerie Carson
{"title":"Individual and environmental correlates of physical literacy sub-components in early childhood.","authors":"Joshua Li, Morgan Potter, Yeongho Hwang, Madison Boyd, Ramiah Moldenhauer, Jayleen Hills, Patti-Jean Naylor, Ryan E Rhodes, Sam Liu, Jean Buckler, Valerie Carson","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2491162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2491162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined individual and environmental correlates of physical literacy sub-components among preschool-aged children (3-5 years). This cross-sectional study utilized baseline data from the PLAYshop intervention. Participants were 122 families from Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Informed by Dynamical Systems Theory, individual (children's age, sex, race/ethnicity) and environmental (parental education, physical activity modelling, capability, opportunity, motivation) correlates were measured via a parental questionnaire. Five fundamental movement skills (FMS; horizontal jump, hop, overhand throw, underhand throw, balance) were assessed via recorded virtual meetings using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2). Children's motivation/enjoyment/confidence of active play was parental-reported using the Preschool Physical Literacy Assessment Tool (Pre-PLAy) and children's enjoyment was self-reported via an adapted Five Degrees of Happiness Likert scale. Regression models were conducted. Children's age was a significant positive correlate of all FMS. Females had significantly lower scores for overhand throw, underhand throw, and parental-reported children's motivation, compared to males. Higher parental capability was associated with higher balance scores. Higher parental education was associated with lower children's self-reported enjoyment. Findings for race/ethnicity were mixed. Future research should explore additional correlates across settings and physical literacy sub-components to better inform physical literacy interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monitoring of cardiac adaptation in elite soccer players over a season through machine learning.","authors":"Iwen Diouron, Abdelhak Imoussaten, Sébastien Harispe, Guilhem Escudier, Gérard Dray, Stéphane Perrey","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2489855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of professional soccer players' training status by monitoring an indicator of cardiovascular fitness (ΔHR) over an entire season. The locomotor activity (GPS) and heart rate (HR) of 31 professional soccer players were recorded during small-sided games (SSG) during the 2022-2023 season. Individual predictive models of HR responses built using machine learning methods (i.e. Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting) were trained on a dataset that contains GPS and weather data, Borg CR-10 scale scores and cumulative load. ΔHR was defined as the difference between predicted and measured HR responses. Robustness of models was assessed through a resampling procedure (<i>n</i> = 20). A difference in ΔHR between months was found (<i>p</i> < .05), with a decrease of ΔHR between the early and the middle of the season, and an increase between the middle and the end of the season. The best HR predictive performance was obtained by Random Forest models trained on data including GPS, weather and preceding training load (Mean Absolute Error = 6.59 ± 1.41). Given its ease of use in the context of elite football, ΔHR represents an invisible method to follow elite football players' training status.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sam Barraclough, Kevin Till, Adam Kerr, Stacey Emmonds
{"title":"An examination of signs, samples and subjective expert opinion as predictors of (de)selection in a youth male soccer academy in the UK.","authors":"Sam Barraclough, Kevin Till, Adam Kerr, Stacey Emmonds","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2490882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2490882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multidisciplinary profiling provides coaches with key information to augment their (de)selection decisions. These profiles often encompass objective and subjective data in the form of signs (isolated assessments), samples (contextualised assessments) and subjective expert opinion (SEO). Whilst multiple sources of information are considered by coaches during their decision-making, research exploring the extent to which objective and subjective multidisciplinary information can classify (de)selection is limited. Multidisciplinary data (physical profiling, match statistics, coach match ratings) were collected on 58 Under-16 (<i>n</i> = 20) and Under-18 (<i>n</i> = 38) youth male soccer players from a single academy in the United Kingdom. Group-level differences between selected (<i>n</i> = 39) and deselected (<i>n</i> = 24) players were explored, and binary logistic regression models were created to classify (de)selection. Analysis revealed a significant difference between selected and deselected players for match ratings (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), 505 left foot (<i>p</i> < 0.01), frequency of passes, percentage of successful aerial duels, and percentage of accurate crosses (<i>p</i> < 0.05). A classification model containing signs, samples and SEO data demonstrated the best model fit (AIC = 72.63), the highest discriminatory power (AUC = 0.79) and classified players with the greatest accuracy (78%) for (de)selection purposes. The use of signs, samples and SEO can support (de)selection decisions but fails to fully represent the complexity of the (de)selection process.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sam D Joseph, Suzanna Russell, Shona L Halson, Rich D Johnston, Ryan G Timmins, Nick B Murray, Selwyn Griffith, Stuart J Cormack
{"title":"Mental fatigue, skill performance and activity profile in elite male Australian Football match play.","authors":"Sam D Joseph, Suzanna Russell, Shona L Halson, Rich D Johnston, Ryan G Timmins, Nick B Murray, Selwyn Griffith, Stuart J Cormack","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2489883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to identify relationships between mental fatigue (MF), match activity profile and skill execution in elite Australian Football (AF) match play. Thirty-nine elite male AF athletes (24.6 ± 4.5y) rated their MFs on a visual analogue scale on each training day of a 25 week, 23 match seasons. Match activity profile was measured by global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and match statistics measured by official Australian Football League (AFL) statistics in 23 AFL matches. Match statistics were coded based on an offensive or defensive skill and association with positive or negative outcomes. Linear mixed models were used to determine relationships between weekly median MF, measures of match activity profile and match statistics. Increased MF was significantly associated with decreased match running intensity, low velocity running intensity and PlayerLoad™ intensity (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Increased MF was associated with increased handballs per match (<i>p</i> = 0.02), but no other individual skill measure. There was no impact of MF on positive or negative skill outcome, nor offensive or defensive skill types. Increased subjective MF during a week modifies activity profile but not skill performance in elite AF match-play.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas A Busuttil, Marcus Dunn, Alexandra H Roberts, Corey Perrett, Kane J Middleton
{"title":"Acute effects of a physically constraining tool on different phases of tennis serve technique.","authors":"Nicholas A Busuttil, Marcus Dunn, Alexandra H Roberts, Corey Perrett, Kane J Middleton","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2490417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2490417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to compare upper-body kinematics of tennis players when modifying their grip position using a physically constraining tool during the tennis serve. Thirty right-handed tennis players performed serves using two grip position variations (preferred [Continental], grip-constrained [Precision-continental]) across two directions (Deuce, Advantage). Upper limb and racket trajectory data were captured with 60 reflective skin-attached markers using a 22-camera Vicon motion capture system (240 hz). Shot accuracy and racket kinematics were similar; however, the peak horizontal racket velocity was greater in the deuce condition. Significant main effects were observed at the dominant shoulder across grip type and shot direction, while grip-constrained serves featured increased elbow pronation and wrist ulnar deviation during the preparation and propulsion-acceleration phases. During the preparation phase, significant interactions between grip type and shot direction occurred for grip angle (17-40% of the phase) and elbow pronation/supination (0-5%, 65-77%), where the grip-constrained condition featured increased counterclockwise rotation (grip angle) and supination of ~ 3°. Using a physically constraining tool for acute grip modification appears to influence upper limb kinematics, with the magnitude possibly being serving direction-dependent.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Shelley, Á MacNamara, S Behan, N McCarthy, B Jones, J Taylor
{"title":"No solutions, only trade-offs: An exploration of contextual factors influencing rugby union talent development environments.","authors":"A Shelley, Á MacNamara, S Behan, N McCarthy, B Jones, J Taylor","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486884","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Talent development environments (TDEs) strive to develop junior athletes towards senior elite performance, however, are subject to a range of contextual factors influencing their operations. This study aimed to investigate the influence of contextual factors on efficiency and effectiveness across all English rugby union men's academies. Fourteen focus groups were conducted, one for each academy. Underpinned by pragmatic research philosophy, focus group discussions were analysed via reflexive thematic analysis. Analysis led to the generation of four themes to explain the impact of contextual factors: \"multiple loosely connected concurrent environments\", \"regulation drives practice\", \"organisational influences\" and \"searching for bang for buck\". Findings suggest complex interactions between a network of individuals and organisations, both internal and external to the structure of the talent system. In this context, it seemed inadequate to only consider the role of a single TDE. Overall, results reflect contextual and resource challenges constrain practice within English rugby union academies. In practice, we suggest the need to consider the tension of regulation to enhance minimum standards, against the increased autonomy that may result from flexibility of regulation to facilitate enhanced efficiency and effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal selection of a probabilistic machine learning model for predicting high run chase outcomes in T-20 international cricket.","authors":"Syed Asghar Ali Shah, Qamruz Zaman","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2488157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2488157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predicting high-run chases in cricket is a complex task influenced by various factors, including team rankings, match conditions, pitch behavior, and inning scores. This study evaluates the effectiveness of probabilistic machine learning models, namely Naïve Bayes (NB), Bayesian Network (BN), Bayesian Regularized Neural Network (BRNN), Hidden Naïve Bayes (HNB), Correlation Feature-Based Filter Weighting Naïve Bayes (CFWNB), and Class-Specific Attribute Weighted Naïve Bayes (CAWNB), in predicting high run chases in T20I cricket. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, AUC-ROC, and entropy, while Monte Carlo simulations ensured robustness across multiple iterations. Non-parametric statistical tests were employed due to the non-normal distribution of performance metrics, with the Friedman test revealing significant ranking variations among models. The results demonstrate that CAWNB consistently outperforms other models in terms of accuracy, precision, AUC, and F1-score, making it the most reliable choice for high-run chase prediction. Future research should explore hybrid Bayesian deep learning approaches, real-time data adaptation, and the application of these models to other cricket formats and sports analytics to further enhance predictive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}