Jeremy P Loenneke, William B Hammert, Ryo Kataoka, Yujiro Yamada, Takashi Abe
{"title":"Twenty-five years of blood flow restriction training: What we know, what we don't, and where to next?","authors":"Jeremy P Loenneke, William B Hammert, Ryo Kataoka, Yujiro Yamada, Takashi Abe","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2474329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2474329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood flow restriction is a technique that involves inflating a cuff at the proximal portion of the limb with the goal of reducing arterial inflow into the muscle and venous outflow from the muscle. Low-load or low-intensity exercise in combination with blood flow restriction has been consistently shown to augment adaptations over the same/similar exercise without restriction, with changes in muscle size and strength being two of the most commonly measured adaptations. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an updated narrative review on blood flow restriction. Blood flow restriction's history, methodology, safety, and efficacy are highlighted. We discuss the effects of blood flow restriction on changes in muscle size and strength, and also review work completed on other variables (e.g. bone, resting blood flow, tendon, pain sensitivity, cognition, orthostatic intolerance). We finish by highlighting six possible areas for future research: 1) identifying mechanisms for growth and strength; 2) sex differences in the effects of blood flow restriction; 3) individual responses to blood flow restriction; 4) influence of pressure versus amount of blood flow restricted; 5) application of blood flow restriction with higher-loads; and 6) what considerations should be made to test the effects of blood flow restriction.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin Burtscher, Jesus Álvarez-Herms, Johannes Burtscher, Barbara Strasser, Martin Kopp, Benjamin Pageaux
{"title":"Could the perception of effort help us unravel the potential of \"<i>living low-training high</i>\"? A perspective article.","authors":"Martin Burtscher, Jesus Álvarez-Herms, Johannes Burtscher, Barbara Strasser, Martin Kopp, Benjamin Pageaux","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2474352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2474352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Living low-training</i> high may promote favourable physiological adaptations and improvement of exercise performance in normoxia following training at altitudes above 1500 m. Whether and how physiological adaptations to training high interact with the perception of effort remains unknown. This perspective article aims to carve out potential contributory effects of the perception of effort on performance changes following living low-training high interventions. It is based on two unique case reports, findings on known physiological adaptations to living low-training high, and integration of current knowledge on the neurophysiology of effort perception. Considering the current state of knowledge on the effect of exercising in hypoxia on perceived effort, we propose that the hypoxia exposure associated with living low-training high protocols interact with the perception of effort and its rating, by inducing adaptations that i) slow the development of neuromuscular fatigue and associated compensatory increase in motor command, ii) alter the functioning of the anterior cingulate cortex and/or the motor areas, and iii) alter the interaction with other psychological responses to the exercise. In the proposed framework using a psychophysiological approach, changes in the participants' report of their perceived effort would reflect underlying neurophysiological and psychological adaptations to hypoxia exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tulasiram Bommasamudram, Zoe G Morrell, Matthew J Clarkson, Kirtana Raghurama Nayak, Rajagopal Kadavigere, Aaron P Russell, Stuart A Warmington
{"title":"Chronic adaptations to blood flow restriction aerobic or bodyweight resistance training: A systematic review.","authors":"Tulasiram Bommasamudram, Zoe G Morrell, Matthew J Clarkson, Kirtana Raghurama Nayak, Rajagopal Kadavigere, Aaron P Russell, Stuart A Warmington","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2474346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2474346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review aimed to examine the chronic adaptations of blood flow restriction (BFR) in conjunction with aerobic and bodyweight resistance training. A search of the electronic databases PubMed (MEDLINE), CINAHL, SPORTDiscus® (via EBSCOhost), Embase, and Cochrane (Central) was conducted to identify relevant published studies. The inclusion criteria encompassed a healthy adult sample population (>18 years), original studies, chronic exercise training interventions (minimum 2 weeks duration) employing aerobic BFR exercise or bodyweight resistance BFR exercise, and comparisons with equivalent intensity non-BFR aerobic or bodyweight resistance training. Thirty-three (<i>n</i> = 33) studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Among the included studies, chronic adaptations to BFR aerobic training were characterized by significant improvements in aerobic capacity (4-9%), muscle strength (6-31%), and muscle hypertrophy (2-11%) compared to non-BFR aerobic training. Furthermore, bodyweight resistance BFR training increased muscle hypertrophy (3-5%) and strength (4-11%). The findings suggest that both aerobic and bodyweight BFR training provide interchangeable options for practitioners prescribing BFR without access to a traditional equipment filled training environment, supporting flexibility in exercise programme design tailored to individual preferences, facility constraints, and specific fitness goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan J Evans, Harry S Battersby, Leah E Williams, Derek N Pamukoff
{"title":"The influence of high-intensity interval running bouts on distal anterior femoral cartilage in competitive distance and middle-distance runners.","authors":"Ryan J Evans, Harry S Battersby, Leah E Williams, Derek N Pamukoff","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2465943","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2465943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Competitive runners compared with recreational runners have increased odds of osteoarthritis and running-related injury, potentially from different running types. We compared distal anterior femoral cartilage deformation in competitive runners following a continuous and high-intensity interval run (10 × 400 m, 300 m jog) and evaluated the association between running kinetics and cartilage deformation. Twenty-four competitive runners (11 females and 13 males), between 18 and 35 years old underwent femoral cartilage ultrasound imaging before and after both running conditions in a counterbalanced order 2-7 days apart. Footwear was instrumented with force-sensing insoles to extract peak ground reaction force, loading rate, and impulse. A 2 (time) by 2 (condition) ANOVA with repeated measures evaluated the change in cartilage thickness after running between conditions. The lateral cartilage region showed greater deformation after interval compared with continuous running (<i>p</i> = 0.003). A main effect of time was seen where cartilage was thinner after running compared with baseline regardless of condition (1.92 (1.82, 2.02) vs. 1.83 (1.73, 1.93) mm; mean difference = -0.094 (-0.147, -0.042) mm, <i>p</i> = 0.001). No significant associations were found between cartilage deformation and loading rate, peak ground reaction force, or impulse (all <i>r</i> < 0.32, all <i>p</i> > 0.05). Interval running contributed to greater lateral distal anterior femoral cartilage deformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"499-511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A prospective randomised controlled trial investigating the impact of a musculoskeletal injury prevention warm-up program for youth badminton: A preliminary study.","authors":"Michael Phomsoupha, Anne Tran, Henri Guermont","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2461931","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2461931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are warm-up programs designed to reduce injuries for various sports; however, no study has been conducted on the development of a protocol for preventing injuries in badminton. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a prevention warm-up program (PreventiBad) in reducing injury rates among youth badminton players. A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted, involving 273 youth badminton players (13.81 ± 2.76 years). The intervention group incorporated the program as part of their warm-up during training sessions, while the control group adhered to their usual warm-up. The participants were monitored over an 8 weeks period, with primary outcome measures including the incidence of overall injuries, typology and severity. The rate of adherence to the intervention program was assessed as a secondary outcome. A total of 14 injuries were reported among 147 players in the control group in 3440.50 h of exposure (4.07 injuries/1000 h), and a total of 6 injuries were reported across 126 players within the intervention group in 4865.00 exposure hours (1.23 injuries/1000 h). The Injury Risk Ratio was 0.30 (95%CI 0.12 to 0.75). Results indicated that the use of PreventiBad in the intervention group led to a 70% reduction compared to the control group.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"440-447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced physical performance, attention, and mood states after a nap opportunity following a sleep restriction night in female athletes: A randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Sahar BenSalem, Atef Salem, Omar Boukhris, Achraf Ammar, Nizar Souissi, Jorden M Glenn, Haithem Jahrami, Khaled Trabelsi, Hamdi Chtourou","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2464440","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2464440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the effects of two nap durations (40 minutes (N40) and 90 minutes (N90)) on physical performance, sleepiness, attention, mood states (Profile of Mood States, POMS), perceived exertion (RPE), pain perception (PP), recovery (PRS), and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in well-trained women. Fourteen female boxers underwent the digit cancellation test, POMS, and the 5-meter shuttle run test (5mSRT) under no-nap (N0), N40, and N90 conditions after either normal sleep (NSN) or sleep restriction (SRN). RPE and PP were assessed immediately post-5mSRT, while PRS and DOMS were recorded at 5 min and 24 h post-5mSRT. Total distance (TD) and higher distance (HD) were better in N40 and N90 after NSN compared to SRN (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Fatigue index (FI) was lower in N40 and N90 than in N0, and lower in N90 than N40 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). PRS improved and RPE, DOMS, and PP decreased significantly after N40 and N90 compared to N0, with N90 showing greater benefits (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Total POMS scores were better after N40 and N90 than N0, with N90 outperforming N40 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Overall, N90 provided greater benefits than N40 in enhancing physical performance, attention, recovery, and mood, while reducing exertion, pain, and soreness after both NSN and SRN.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"477-489"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Luis Cosio, Lia Moreno-Simonet, Sandra Mechó, Xavier de Blas Foix, Mario Lloret, Xavier Padulles, Josep Maria Padulles, Andreu Farran-Codina, Gil Rodas, Joan Aureli Cadefau
{"title":"Neuromuscular and biochemical responses of the hamstrings to a <i>Flywheel Russian belt Deadlift</i> in women and men.","authors":"Pedro Luis Cosio, Lia Moreno-Simonet, Sandra Mechó, Xavier de Blas Foix, Mario Lloret, Xavier Padulles, Josep Maria Padulles, Andreu Farran-Codina, Gil Rodas, Joan Aureli Cadefau","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2461939","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2461939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of the study was to analyze hamstrings muscle damage and recovery after a novel <i>Flywheel Russian belt Deadlift</i> (FRBD) exercise using neuromuscular tests and associated biochemical markers of structural damage. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque and rate of force development (RFD) over several time-intervals by the <i>90º</i><sub><i>hip</i></sub>:<i>20º</i><sub><i>knee</i></sub> <i>test</i> (standing isometric test for the hamstrings) and range of motion (ROM) <i>Jurdan test</i> (combination of <i>active knee extension test</i> and <i>modified Thomas test</i>), together with serum biomarkers of muscle damage and oxidative stress, were tested at baseline and +24h, +48h and +72h in healthy, untrained and physically active 15 females (age= 21.5±3.4 years) and 15 males (age= 21.4±1.9 years). FRBD-induced muscle damage was observed as a reduction in MVIC torque and RFD at all time-intervals until +72h. Also, hamstrings neuromuscular capacity reductions were associated with serum biomarkers of structural and oxidative damage. However, only males showed ROM changes. Overall, the FRBD triggered a decrease in hamstrings neuromuscular capacities, and an upregulation of biochemical markers of structural and oxidative damage until +72h. The <i>90º</i><sub><i>hip</i></sub>:<i>20º</i><sub><i>knee</i></sub> <i>test</i> provides an adequate reliability to screen hamstrings recovery in both women and men after flywheel training, through MVIC torque and both early and late RFD.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"456-467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Subjective recovery in professional soccer players: A machine learning and mediation approach.","authors":"Carlo Simonelli, Damiano Formenti, Alessio Rossi","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2461932","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2461932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coaches often ask players to judge their recovery status (subjective recovery). We aimed to explore potential determinants of subjective recovery in 101 male professional soccer players of 4 Italian Serie C teams and to further investigate whether the relationship between training load and subjective recovery is mediated by fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, stress and mood. A complete season for each of the four teams was recorded for a total of 16,989 training sessions and matches. Every morning, players rated their perceived fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, stress and mood, and judged their recovery using the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) questionnaire. Training load was obtained after each training session or match. A framework of data analytics of time series was employed to detect the factors associated with subjective recovery. Machine learning and mediation analyses suggest that TQR is primarily associated with ratings of fatigue and muscle soreness at the judgements time, and that these factors mediate most of the relationship between training load of the previous day and subjective recovery. These findings suggest that, to maximize subjective recovery, strategies minimizing fatigue and muscle soreness should be implemented. Reducing the training load of the previous day seems the most effective strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"448-455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143256102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annaleise Naylor, Richard Keegan, Kristy Martin, Andrew Flood
{"title":"Associations between physical literacy and physical activity in adults. A cross-sectional study with self-report and device-based physical activity assessments.","authors":"Annaleise Naylor, Richard Keegan, Kristy Martin, Andrew Flood","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2468593","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2468593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical literacy has been shown to relate to children's engagement in physical activity. However, it is unclear whether this relationship extends to adults. A two-phase cross-sectional study was conducted to examine whether physical literacy relates to physical activity in adults. In phase one, 225 participants reported their perceived levels of physical literacy using the Physical Literacy in Adults Scale (PLAS) and their physical activity behaviours using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. In phase two, 59 participants wore an accelerometer to provide a device-based assessment of physical activity before completing the PLAS. A series of bivariate regressions were conducted to assess the relationship between physical literacy and physical activity. Physical literacy was a significant predictor of self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total physical activity. However, scores on the PLAS did not predict light intensity self-reported physical activity. For device-based assessment of physical activity, physical literacy was a significant predictor of MVPA, but did not predict light or total physical activity. These findings indicate that physical literacy relates to physical activity, particularly MVPA. Differences in findings between self-report and device-based assessment warrant further consideration. Future research should continue to assess the role of physical literacy across physical activity types (e.g. leisure time, work related) and intensities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"593-599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Dawson, Paul Downward, Vincent Hogan, Patrick Massey
{"title":"Official bias and match results in the United Rugby Championship: Much ado about nothing?","authors":"Peter Dawson, Paul Downward, Vincent Hogan, Patrick Massey","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2464467","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2464467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores the factors associated with official bias and its association with match outcomes. Data are drawn from 2,032 matches of the international rugby club competition, the 'United Rugby Championship' (URC) spanning the 2003-2004 to 2020-2021 seasons. Analysis including and excluding games whose attendance was affected by the COVID-19 reveals no evidence that disciplinary sanction is associated with match outcomes. Estimates also show that there is no association between the nationality of the on-field official being shared by any of the teams and sanction or match outcome. However, it is identified that having a home nationality Television Match Official (TMO) is associated with an increase in the incidence of away team sanction. The results support the case for neutral TMOs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":"43 5","pages":"490-498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}