Massimiliano Ditroilo, Cristian Mesquida, Grant Abt, Daniël Lakens
{"title":"Exploratory research in sport and exercise science: Perceptions, challenges, and recommendations.","authors":"Massimiliano Ditroilo, Cristian Mesquida, Grant Abt, Daniël Lakens","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2486871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantitative exploratory research implies a flexible examination of a dataset with the purpose of finding patterns, associations, and interactions between variables to help formulate a hypothesis, which should be severely tested in a future confirmatory study. In many fields, including sport and exercise science, exploratory research is not openly reported, a practice that leads to serious problems. At the same time, exploration is a crucial step in scientific knowledge generation, and a substantial proportion of studies will be exploratory in nature, or include both confirmatory and exploratory analyses. Using a flowchart, we review how data are typically collected and used, and we distinguish exploratory from confirmatory studies by arguing that data-driven analyses, where the Type I and Type II error cannot be controlled, is what characterises exploratory research. We ask which factors increase the quality and value of exploratory analyses, and highlight large sample sizes, uncommon sample compositions, rigorous data collection, widely used measures, observing a logical and coherent pattern across multiple variables, and the potential for generating new research questions as the main factors. Finally, we provide guidelines for carrying out and transparently writing up an exploratory study.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of a 6-week foot tapping training program on lower limb strength, sprinting, jumping, and change of direction ability in soccer players.","authors":"Safouen Chaabouni, Waleed Al-Kiyoumi, Mohamed Saifeddine Fessi, Rihab Methnani, Badria Al-Hadabi, Mahfoodha Al Kitani, Khalifa Al-Jadidi, Wassim Moalla, Nabil Gmada","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2489853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 6-week foot tapping training program (TAP-Training) on enhancing lower limb strength, sprinting, jumping, and change of direction ability in soccer players. Twenty-two soccer players were randomly assigned to either the TAP-Training group (TAP-TG, <i>N</i> = 11), which underwent the 6-week TAP-Training program, or the control group (CG, <i>N</i> = 11). Pre- and post-training assessments included jumps, sprints, the foot tapping test (TAP-test), and the change of direction test (MICOD), which were compared within and between groups. Significant improvements were observed post-training only in TAP score (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and MICOD performance (<i>p</i> < 0.05) within the TAP-TG. This indicates a positive impact of the neuromuscular frequency training program on TAP scores and change of direction performance. Conversely, no significant differences were noted in any parameters for the CG (<i>p</i> > 0.05) between pre-and post-training assessments. Furthermore, post-training comparisons between groups revealed statistically significant differences favoring the TAP-TG in TAP score and MICOD performance (<i>p</i> < 0.01). In conclusion, a 6-week TAP neuromuscular training program positively influences the change of direction performance and TAP scores in soccer players.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A conceptual framework and review of multi-method approaches for 3D markerless motion capture in sports and exercise.","authors":"Habib Noorbhai, Sanghee Moon, Takashi Fukushima","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2489868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing diversity in motion capture technologies necessitates a structured approach to review and compare different systems. This paper presents a conceptual framework based on a review of existing motion capture methodologies, ranging from single-camera configurations to multi-camera systems enhanced with depth sensing and computer vision technology. The framework encompasses three distinct approaches: 1) single-camera with depth estimation, 2) single-camera with depth sensors, and 3) multiple cameras. Each method is detailed in terms of setup procedures, calibration techniques, advantages and disadvantages, as well as data processing workflows. The paper provides a framework and guide that can be adapted to different research and application contexts for sports and exercise, ensuring accurate and reliable 3D markerless motion capture. This framework aims to assist researchers, analysts and scientists in choosing the most suitable configuration based on their sport, specific requirements and/or constraints. By outlining the processes and considerations for each setup, this paper serves as a methodological guide, facilitating broader adoption and standardisation of advanced 3D motion capture technologies for sports and exercise. Although empirical data is not included in this paper, the focus on procedural guidelines demonstrates methodological rigour and practical implementation for 3D markerless motion capture research in sports and exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingyu Wang, Yuxuan He, A-Ram Kim, Kyung-Hee Lee, Seung-Wook Choi
{"title":"Effects of different types of exercise on inflammatory markers in cancer patients: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.","authors":"Jingyu Wang, Yuxuan He, A-Ram Kim, Kyung-Hee Lee, Seung-Wook Choi","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2486886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was to investigate the effects of different exercise modalities on inflammatory markers in cancer patients. Using the standardized mean difference (SMD) as the effect size, a Bayesian random-effects network meta-analysis and regression analysis were conducted. Searches were performed across five databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving cancer patients, with exercise as the intervention, reported outcomes related to inflammatory markers, and interventions lasting more than four weeks, up to June 2024. A total of 57 RCTs (3106 patients) were included. The Cochrane risk of Bias Tool was utilized to assess the RCTs, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was employed to evaluate the quality of evidence. NMA results indicate that regular exercise is effective in reducing inflammation in cancer patients, with combined high-intensity aerobic and resistance exercises proving to be the most beneficial. The type, intensity, and total volume of exercise are critical factors in achieving positive outcomes. It is recommended to design exercise programs for cancer patients that combine aerobic and resistance training, with a gradual increase in intensity to ensure safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Shelley, Á MacNamara, S Behan, N McCarthy, B Jones, J Taylor
{"title":"No solutions, only trade-offs: An exploration of contextual factors influencing rugby union talent development environments.","authors":"A Shelley, Á MacNamara, S Behan, N McCarthy, B Jones, J Taylor","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2486884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Talent development environments (TDEs) strive to develop junior athletes towards senior elite performance, however, are subject to a range of contextual factors influencing their operations. This study aimed to investigate the influence of contextual factors on efficiency and effectiveness across all English rugby union men's academies. Fourteen focus groups were conducted, one for each academy. Underpinned by pragmatic research philosophy, focus group discussions were analysed via reflexive thematic analysis. Analysis led to the generation of four themes to explain the impact of contextual factors: \"multiple loosely connected concurrent environments\", \"regulation drives practice\", \"organisational influences\" and \"searching for bang for buck\". Findings suggest complex interactions between a network of individuals and organisations, both internal and external to the structure of the talent system. In this context, it seemed inadequate to only consider the role of a single TDE. Overall, results reflect contextual and resource challenges constrain practice within English rugby union academies. In practice, we suggest the need to consider the tension of regulation to enhance minimum standards, against the increased autonomy that may result from flexibility of regulation to facilitate enhanced efficiency and effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chrysostomos Sahinis, Ioannis G Amiridis, Roger M Enoka, Eleftherios Kellis
{"title":"Differences in activation amplitude between semitendinosus and biceps femoris during hamstring exercises: A systematic and critical review with meta-analysis.","authors":"Chrysostomos Sahinis, Ioannis G Amiridis, Roger M Enoka, Eleftherios Kellis","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2486879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the amplitude of electromyographic (EMG) recordings for the semitendinosus (ST) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles during selected exercises. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to 31 August 2024. Included studies focused on healthy adults, reported ST and BF muscle activation during hamstring strengthening exercises, and presented outcomes as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction. The analysis included 619 participants. No overall significant difference in activation was observed between ST and BF across knee- and hip-based exercises. However, EMG amplitude was greater in ST during the Nordic hamstring exercise (Standardized mean difference, SMD: -0.33, <i>p</i> = 0.01), whereas EMG amplitude was greater in BF during prone-lying curls (SMD: 0.94, <i>p</i> = 0.0076). Among hip-based exercises, EMG amplitude was greater in BF during back extensions (SMD: 0.34, <i>p</i> = 0.0092), whereas EMG amplitude was greater in ST during kettlebell swings (SMD: -0.59, <i>p</i> = 0.0007). Nonetheless, the variability in the methods used to record and analyze EMG as well as the properties of the signal itself make it difficult to reach firm conclusions on whether specific exercises can preferentially recruit ether ST or BF.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal selection of a probabilistic machine learning model for predicting high run chase outcomes in T-20 international cricket.","authors":"Syed Asghar Ali Shah, Qamruz Zaman","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2488157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2488157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predicting high-run chases in cricket is a complex task influenced by various factors, including team rankings, match conditions, pitch behavior, and inning scores. This study evaluates the effectiveness of probabilistic machine learning models, namely Naïve Bayes (NB), Bayesian Network (BN), Bayesian Regularized Neural Network (BRNN), Hidden Naïve Bayes (HNB), Correlation Feature-Based Filter Weighting Naïve Bayes (CFWNB), and Class-Specific Attribute Weighted Naïve Bayes (CAWNB), in predicting high run chases in T20I cricket. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, AUC-ROC, and entropy, while Monte Carlo simulations ensured robustness across multiple iterations. Non-parametric statistical tests were employed due to the non-normal distribution of performance metrics, with the Friedman test revealing significant ranking variations among models. The results demonstrate that CAWNB consistently outperforms other models in terms of accuracy, precision, AUC, and F1-score, making it the most reliable choice for high-run chase prediction. Future research should explore hybrid Bayesian deep learning approaches, real-time data adaptation, and the application of these models to other cricket formats and sports analytics to further enhance predictive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"No ergogenic effect of ischemic preconditioning applied 5 or 30 min before maximal self-paced cycling exercise.","authors":"Alex Isidori, Liam O'Brien, Ira Jacobs","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2481532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2481532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a potential ergogenic technique but the response rates vary considerably in the literature. The use of markedly different IPC protocols among the published literature, including pressure, rounds of ischemia, and time latencies potentially contribute to heterogenous responses. This study investigated whether the duration of time between the application of IPC and the commencement of exercise may explain equivocal ergogenic results. Fourteen (<i>n</i> = 11 male, <i>n</i> = 3 female) moderately trained volunteers participated in a familiarization and three experimental trials: no IPC (CON), IPC-5 (4 × 5 min IPC applied 5 min before exercise), and IPC-30 (4 × 5 min IPC applied 30 min before exercise). Participants completed maximal 10-min accumulated work (kJ) cycling time trials. Oxygen uptake (<math><mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext><mo>.</mo></mover><mtext>O2</mtext></mrow></math>), heart rate, vastus lateralis tissue oxygenation, and blood lactate concentrations ([La<sup>-</sup>]<sub>b</sub>) were measured before, during, and after exercise. There were no differences in performance or physiological responses during or after exercise among CON, IPC-5, and IPC-30. These findings add further evidence to the existing literature reporting that IPC-related ergogenicity is equivocal when administered 5 or 30 min before exercise. These results reinforce the requirement to clarify whether there exists an IPC protocol that reliably elicits an ergogenic effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenjin Wang, Shulin Xu, Marvin Zedler, Yutong Jing, Wolfgang Potthast
{"title":"Tracking of time-dependent changes in concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring torques and powers after a half-marathon.","authors":"Wenjin Wang, Shulin Xu, Marvin Zedler, Yutong Jing, Wolfgang Potthast","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2489857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing participation in running events, particularly half-marathons, has been noteworthy in recent decades. However, the time course of recovery of muscle performance after a half-marathon running remains largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate changes in concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring peak torques and mean powers, as well as hamstring to quadriceps torque and power ratios, after a half-marathon. Thirty-eight recreational runners participated in this study. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to measure peak torque and mean power at four time points: pre (baseline), immediately post (within 5 min), 1 day post and 2 days post half-marathon running. Compared with baseline measurements, reductions were observed in concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring peak torques (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and mean powers (<i>p</i> < 0.001), reductions in eccentric hamstring to concentric quadriceps torque ratios (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and power ratios (<i>p</i> = 0.033). Most measured parameters recovered to baseline within 1 day, except concentric quadriceps peak torques and mean powers, which were restored within 2 days. By the second day, we also observed supercompensation in concentric hamstring and eccentric quadriceps peak torques and mean powers. These findings suggest that recreational runners should avoid high-intensity exercise within 2 days after a half-marathon to minimize injury risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas J O'Brien, Simon J Briley, Conor Murphy, Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
{"title":"The role of power and kinetic asymmetry in differentiating elite vs. sub-elite wheelchair rugby sprint performance.","authors":"Thomas J O'Brien, Simon J Briley, Conor Murphy, Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2481346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2481346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheelchair sprint performance varies by sports classification. Yet, it is unclear how spatio-temporal, kinetic and kinetic asymmetries of wheelchair sprinting differ among wheelchair rugby players of different performance standard. The study purpose was to examine the associations between 30s sprint performances and spatio-temporal, kinetic and kinetic asymmetries on a dual-roller ergometer in elite and sub-elite wheelchair rugby players (<i>n</i> = 20). Kinetic differences between groups were investigated using statistical parametric mapping. Peak velocities were associated with the acceleration phase and higher peak power (<i>r</i> = 0.62, <i>p</i> = 0.003) and lower push times (<i>r</i>=-0.50, <i>p</i> = 0.020). Greater distance travelled during the acceleration phase were correlated with lower asymmetries in peak power (<i>r</i>=-0.58, <i>p</i> = 0.005). Overall, both peak velocity and total distance covered during the entire sprint was correlated with lower push times (<i>r</i>=-0.61, <i>p</i> = 0.003 and <i>r</i>=-0.62, <i>p</i> = 0.003) but greater peak power (<i>r</i>=-0.61, <i>p</i> = 0.003 and <i>r</i>=-0.62, <i>p</i> = 0.003). Elite players had lower power asymmetries between 1 to 15% and 95 to 100% of the push phase during the acceleration phase, accompanied by a lower initial contact asymmetry (<i>p</i> = 0.011). While power is an essential feature of sprinting, our findings show that how it is applied, in terms of asymmetry and coordination might differentiate the performance in wheelchair rugby.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}