Massimiliano Ditroilo, Cristian Mesquida, Grant Abt, Daniël Lakens
{"title":"Exploratory research in sport and exercise science: Perceptions, challenges, and recommendations.","authors":"Massimiliano Ditroilo, Cristian Mesquida, Grant Abt, Daniël Lakens","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486871","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantitative exploratory research implies a flexible examination of a dataset with the purpose of finding patterns, associations, and interactions between variables to help formulate a hypothesis, which should be severely tested in a future confirmatory study. In many fields, including sport and exercise science, exploratory research is not openly reported, a practice that leads to serious problems. At the same time, exploration is a crucial step in scientific knowledge generation, and a substantial proportion of studies will be exploratory in nature, or include both confirmatory and exploratory analyses. Using a flowchart, we review how data are typically collected and used, and we distinguish exploratory from confirmatory studies by arguing that data-driven analyses, where the Type I and Type II error cannot be controlled, is what characterises exploratory research. We ask which factors increase the quality and value of exploratory analyses, and highlight large sample sizes, uncommon sample compositions, rigorous data collection, widely used measures, observing a logical and coherent pattern across multiple variables, and the potential for generating new research questions as the main factors. Finally, we provide guidelines for carrying out and transparently writing up an exploratory study.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1108-1120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relationships between coordination, strength and performance during initial sprint acceleration.","authors":"Byron Donaldson, Neil Bezodis, Helen Bayne","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2482361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2482361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite strong logical and theoretical links, no studies have directly examined the relationship between physical qualities and coordination during sprint acceleration. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between initial acceleration coordination and lower body strength and explore potential interactions between strength and coordination in relation to acceleration performance. Sagittal plane kinematics and velocity-time profiles were obtained for highly trained to world class male sprinters (100 m PB: 9.95-11.17 s). Thigh-thigh and shank-foot coordination was determined for the first four steps using vector coding, and external kinetic parameters derived from a mono-exponential fit to velocity-time profiles. Lower body strength was measured with isometric squat (ISqT), countermovement jump (CMJ), repeated hop (HJ) and Nordic hamstring tests. Large to very large correlations (ρ = 0.59-0.82) existed between ISqT, CMJ, HJ tests and specific coordination features in both step 1 and steps 2-4, and exploratory regression analyses suggested the potential for higher or lower magnitudes of a given strength capacity to modify the relationships between coordination features and acceleration performance. These findings support an individualised approach to technique in sprint training, and consideration of the influence of strength qualities on the adoption and effectiveness of particular movement patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":"43 12","pages":"1095-1107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenjin Wang, Shulin Xu, Marvin Zedler, Yutong Jing, Wolfgang Potthast
{"title":"Tracking of time-dependent changes in concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring torques and powers after a half-marathon.","authors":"Wenjin Wang, Shulin Xu, Marvin Zedler, Yutong Jing, Wolfgang Potthast","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489857","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing participation in running events, particularly half-marathons, has been noteworthy in recent decades. However, the time course of recovery of muscle performance after a half-marathon running remains largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate changes in concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring peak torques and mean powers, as well as hamstring to quadriceps torque and power ratios, after a half-marathon. Thirty-eight recreational runners participated in this study. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to measure peak torque and mean power at four time points: pre (baseline), immediately post (within 5 min), 1 day post and 2 days post half-marathon running. Compared with baseline measurements, reductions were observed in concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring peak torques (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and mean powers (<i>p</i> < 0.001), reductions in eccentric hamstring to concentric quadriceps torque ratios (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and power ratios (<i>p</i> = 0.033). Most measured parameters recovered to baseline within 1 day, except concentric quadriceps peak torques and mean powers, which were restored within 2 days. By the second day, we also observed supercompensation in concentric hamstring and eccentric quadriceps peak torques and mean powers. These findings suggest that recreational runners should avoid high-intensity exercise within 2 days after a half-marathon to minimize injury risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1070-1075"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of a 6-week foot tapping training program on lower limb strength, sprinting, jumping, and change of direction ability in soccer players.","authors":"Safouen Chaabouni, Waleed Al-Kiyoumi, Mohamed Saifeddine Fessi, Rihab Methnani, Badria Al-Hadabi, Mahfoodha Al Kitani, Khalifa Al-Jadidi, Wassim Moalla, Nabil Gmada","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489853","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 6-week foot tapping training program (TAP-Training) on enhancing lower limb strength, sprinting, jumping, and change of direction ability in soccer players. Twenty-two soccer players were randomly assigned to either the TAP-Training group (TAP-TG, <i>N</i> = 11), which underwent the 6-week TAP-Training program, or the control group (CG, <i>N</i> = 11). Pre- and post-training assessments included jumps, sprints, the foot tapping test (TAP-test), and the change of direction test (MICOD), which were compared within and between groups. Significant improvements were observed post-training only in TAP score (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and MICOD performance (<i>p</i> < 0.05) within the TAP-TG. This indicates a positive impact of the neuromuscular frequency training program on TAP scores and change of direction performance. Conversely, no significant differences were noted in any parameters for the CG (<i>p</i> > 0.05) between pre-and post-training assessments. Furthermore, post-training comparisons between groups revealed statistically significant differences favoring the TAP-TG in TAP score and MICOD performance (<i>p</i> < 0.01). In conclusion, a 6-week TAP neuromuscular training program positively influences the change of direction performance and TAP scores in soccer players.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1150-1157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A conceptual framework and review of multi-method approaches for 3D markerless motion capture in sports and exercise.","authors":"Habib Noorbhai, Sanghee Moon, Takashi Fukushima","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489868","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing diversity in motion capture technologies necessitates a structured approach to review and compare different systems. This paper presents a conceptual framework based on a review of existing motion capture methodologies, ranging from single-camera configurations to multi-camera systems enhanced with depth sensing and computer vision technology. The framework encompasses three distinct approaches: 1) single-camera with depth estimation, 2) single-camera with depth sensors, and 3) multiple cameras. Each method is detailed in terms of setup procedures, calibration techniques, advantages and disadvantages, as well as data processing workflows. The paper provides a framework and guide that can be adapted to different research and application contexts for sports and exercise, ensuring accurate and reliable 3D markerless motion capture. This framework aims to assist researchers, analysts and scientists in choosing the most suitable configuration based on their sport, specific requirements and/or constraints. By outlining the processes and considerations for each setup, this paper serves as a methodological guide, facilitating broader adoption and standardisation of advanced 3D motion capture technologies for sports and exercise. Although empirical data is not included in this paper, the focus on procedural guidelines demonstrates methodological rigour and practical implementation for 3D markerless motion capture research in sports and exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1167-1174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camilla De Bleecker, Stefan Vermeulen, Tine Willems, Valentien Spanhove, Veerle Segers, Adelheid Steyaert, Philip Roosen, Jos Vanrenterghem, Roel De Ridder
{"title":"Higher knee joint work is a risk factor for patellar tendinopathy in male volleyball players: A prospective study.","authors":"Camilla De Bleecker, Stefan Vermeulen, Tine Willems, Valentien Spanhove, Veerle Segers, Adelheid Steyaert, Philip Roosen, Jos Vanrenterghem, Roel De Ridder","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486795","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to prospectively investigate knee jump-landing biomechanics associated as risk factors for patellar tendinopathy (PT) in volleyball players. Seventy-nine healthy male volleyball players were followed during one season. Pre-season, three-dimensional full-body biomechanics were collected during spike jump, block jump and drop vertical jump. During follow-up, injury data were collected by using a weekly and 3-monthly online retrospective control questionnaire. Univariate cox regression with competing risk analysis was used to identify contributors to the development of PT (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Ten volleyball players (13%) developed PT during follow-up. No knee kinematic risk factors for PT were identified. Increased concentric knee joint work during all jump-landing tasks (block jump Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.323, <i>p</i> = 0.012; spike jump HR = 1.200, <i>p</i> = 0.033; drop vertical jump HR = 1.240, <i>p</i> = 0.036) and increased eccentric knee joint work during the block jump (HR = 1.246, <i>p</i> = 0.035) were predictive parameters to develop PT. The results of this study suggest that knee joint work is an important measure in the prevention of PT, whereas the evaluation of joint kinematics is not sensitive enough to predict this overuse injury. Further research is needed to investigate if adaptation of the defined risk factors could prevent PT.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1044-1053"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using markerless motion analysis to quantify sex and discipline differences in external mechanical work during badminton match play.","authors":"Filippo Santiano, Seb Ison, Julie Emmerson, Steffi Colyer","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2489863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2489863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The high prevalence of overuse injuries in badminton poses a major threat to player development and success, with current training 'load' metrics insufficient for capturing the physical demands. This study quantified the external mechanical work performed during badminton match play across different sexes and disciplines. An eight-camera system captured fourteen male and fourteen female competitive (University to national level) badminton players competing across a total of nine singles and six doubles matches. Markerless pose estimation (HRNet) was used to drive a kinematic model (OpenSim) of each player and compute mass-normalised external mechanical work and power for 30 points per match. A linear mixed effects model found normalised work and power to be greater in men's vs. women's matches (effect size [ES] ± 90% CI = 0.60 ± 0.29 and 1.10 ± 0.48, respectively). Normalised work and power were also greater in singles vs. doubles matches (ES = 0.44 ± 0.29 and 0.47 ± 0.44, respectively). Interestingly, discipline differences were greatest among the most skilled players (e.g. ES = 0.88 ± 0.49 for first-team males). These findings highlight the importance of additional strength training and adequate recovery for elite male players to manage the high physical demands of singles match play.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":"43 12","pages":"1158-1166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144032213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chrysostomos Sahinis, Ioannis G Amiridis, Roger M Enoka, Eleftherios Kellis
{"title":"Differences in activation amplitude between semitendinosus and biceps femoris during hamstring exercises: A systematic and critical review with meta-analysis.","authors":"Chrysostomos Sahinis, Ioannis G Amiridis, Roger M Enoka, Eleftherios Kellis","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486879","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2486879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the amplitude of electromyographic (EMG) recordings for the semitendinosus (ST) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles during selected exercises. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to 31 August 2024. Included studies focused on healthy adults, reported ST and BF muscle activation during hamstring strengthening exercises, and presented outcomes as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction. The analysis included 619 participants. No overall significant difference in activation was observed between ST and BF across knee- and hip-based exercises. However, EMG amplitude was greater in ST during the Nordic hamstring exercise (Standardized mean difference, SMD: -0.33, <i>p</i> = 0.01), whereas EMG amplitude was greater in BF during prone-lying curls (SMD: 0.94, <i>p</i> = 0.0076). Among hip-based exercises, EMG amplitude was greater in BF during back extensions (SMD: 0.34, <i>p</i> = 0.0092), whereas EMG amplitude was greater in ST during kettlebell swings (SMD: -0.59, <i>p</i> = 0.0007). Nonetheless, the variability in the methods used to record and analyze EMG as well as the properties of the signal itself make it difficult to reach firm conclusions on whether specific exercises can preferentially recruit ether ST or BF.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1054-1069"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiduo Chen, Shudong Tian, Yuge Tian, Beibei Shi, Shangjian Yang
{"title":"Comparative effectiveness of various exercise interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness in adults living with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.","authors":"Zhiduo Chen, Shudong Tian, Yuge Tian, Beibei Shi, Shangjian Yang","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2483591","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2483591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated how different exercise interventions affect maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2max</sub>) in adults with overweight or obesity. We systematically searched five databases from inception to February 2025 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We used the Cochrane risk of bias tool. A Bayesian network meta-analysis with a random-effects model was conducted. A total of 93 RCTs involving 4,446 participants were included. The network meta-analysis showed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) ranked highest (Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve [SUCRA]: 82.5%; Standardized Mean Difference [SMD]: 4.85; 95%Credible Interval [CrI]: 3.90, 5.80), followed by high-intensity aerobic training (HAT) (SUCRA: 76.7%; SMD: 4.72; 95%CrI: 3.78, 5.68), and combined aerobic and resistance training (CT) (SUCRA: 69.1%; SMD: 4.52; 95%CrI: 3.48, 5.60), with resistance training (RT) least effective (SUCRA: 18.3%; SMD: 2.57; 95%CrI: 1.32, 3.86). All six interventions effectively improved VO2max in overweight or obese adults. Among them, HIIT was most beneficial. Coaches and fitness professionals should consider these findings to help adults with overweight or obesity achieve optimal outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1027-1035"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven James Eustace, Kirsty Alderman, Katie Murray, Jason Tallis, Tony Myers, Richard Michael Page
{"title":"The influence of soccer-specific exercise on isokinetic angle-specific thigh musculature strength in female soccer players.","authors":"Steven James Eustace, Kirsty Alderman, Katie Murray, Jason Tallis, Tony Myers, Richard Michael Page","doi":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2482367","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02640414.2025.2482367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed the influence of soccer-specific exercise on thigh musculature strength in female soccer players. Eight amateur female soccer players (age 24 ± 6 years; height 163 ± 8 cm; mass 68 ± 11 kg) participated in the study. Participants completed the female match simulation-90 (FEMS-90), replicating a 90-minute match. Isokinetic strength assessments of the concentric knee extensors (conKE), concentric knee flexors (conKF), eccentric knee extensors (eccKE) and eccentric knee flexors (eccKF) for the dominant lower limb were conducted at 60°∙s<sup>-1</sup> where conventional ratios (CR) and dynamic control ratios (DCR) were determined. All strength data were expressed as angle-specific torque (AST). A Bayesian approach identified a 66-78% probability that AST of all muscle actions were lower post SSEP, and a 57-66% probability of a difference that CR<sub>AST</sub> and DCR<sub>AST</sub> were lower post SSEP across all angles. The results of this study provides unique insight into how female soccer players respond to soccer match-play, and may have implications for potential injury risk, exercise prescription and recovery. Moreover, given the prevalence and burden of knee ligament injuries in female soccer players, this study provides insight into thigh musculature strength acutely responds following simulated match-play.</p>","PeriodicalId":17066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1005-1014"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}